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Journal of Ethnopharmacology Sep 2024Moshen Fuyuan Formula (MSFY) is one of the representative Chinese medicine compound for Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), that originate from Fang Ji Huang Qi...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Moshen Fuyuan Formula (MSFY) is one of the representative Chinese medicine compound for Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), that originate from Fang Ji Huang Qi decoction in the Han dynasty. IMN is usually accompanied by different tongue coatings in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and tongue microorganisms are important factors affecting the formation of the tongue coating. Recently, oral microbiomes, including bacteria and fungi, have been identified as pivotal factors that contribute to disease development. However, the regulation of oral microbiomes by MSFY has not been defined.
AIM OF THE STUDY
In this work, we explore the characteristics of oral bacteria and fungi in IMN patients with different tongue coatings, and clarify the therapeutic effect of MSFY based on oral microbiome.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We enrolled 24 patients with IMN, including 11 with white tongue (IMN-W) and 13 with yellow tongue (IMN-Y), and recruited an additional 10 healthy individuals. Patients with IMN were treated with the MSFY. The oral bacteriome and fungi before and after treatment were detected using full-length 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing.
RESULTS
The therapeutic effect of MSFY on patients with yellow tongue coating was more significant than that on patients with white tongue coating. In terms of oral bacteriome, Campylobacter bacteria were enriched in patients with yellow tongue and could be a promising biomarker for yellow coating. Enrichment of Veillonella parvula_A may partially account for the therapeutic effect of MSFY. As for oral fungi, Malassezia globosa was enhanced in patients with IMN-W and reduced in patients with IMN-Y. Notably, it was reduced by MSFY. We also found that mycobiome-bacteriome interactions were highly complex and dynamic in patients with IMN.
CONCLUSION
The regulation of the dynamic balance between oral fungi and bacteria by MSFY contributes to the treatment of IMN. This study determined the oral bacteriome and mycobiome of patients with IMN with different tongue coatings before and after MSFY treatment, which aids in promoting personalized treatment in clinical TCM and provides direction for investigating the mechanism of Chinese herbal medicines.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Middle Aged; Tongue; Adult; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous; Bacteria; Mycobiome; Aged; Microbiota
PubMed: 38685365
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118233 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024Ridomil Gold SL (45.3% a.i. mefenoxam) is a widely used chemical fungicide for the control of oomycetes. However, its impact on fungal communities remains unexplored....
Ridomil Gold SL (45.3% a.i. mefenoxam) is a widely used chemical fungicide for the control of oomycetes. However, its impact on fungal communities remains unexplored. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the effects of mefenoxam on the temporal dynamics of fungal taxonomic and functional diversities during carrot cultivation under four treatment groups: mefenoxam application with and without Pythium inoculation, and untreated control groups with and without Pythium inoculation. Our in vitro sensitivity assay showed that the maximum recommended concentration of mefenoxam, 0.24 ppm, did not suppress the mycelial growth of P. irregulare. At 100 ppm, mycelial growth was only reduced by 11.4%, indicating that the isolate was resistant to mefenoxam. MiSeq sequencing data revealed transient taxonomic variations among treatments 2 weeks post-treatment. Mortierella dominated the fungal community in the mefenoxam-Pythium combination treatment, as confirmed through PCR using our newly designed Mortierella-specific primers. Conversely, mefenoxam-Pythium combination had adverse effects on Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Fusarium, and decrease the overall alpha diversity. However, these compositional changes gradually reverted to those observed in the control by the 12th week. The predicted ecological functions of fungal communities in all Pythium and mefenoxam treatments shifted, leading to a decrease in symbiotrophs and plant pathogen functional groups. Moreover, the community-level physiological profiling approach, utilizing 96-well Biolog FF microplates, showed discernible variations in the utilization of 95 diverse carbon sources among the treatments. Notably, arbutin, L-arabinose, Tween 80, and succinamic acid demonstrated a strong positive association with Mortierella. Our findings demonstrate that a single application of mefenoxam at its recommended rate triggers substantial taxonomic and functional shifts in the soil fungal community. Considering this impact, the conventional agricultural practice of repeated mefenoxam application is likely to exert considerable shifts on the soil ecosystem that may affect agricultural sustainability.
Topics: Daucus carota; Pythium; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; Soil Microbiology; Mycobiome; Mortierella; Alanine
PubMed: 38684826
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59587-2 -
Medical Mycology May 2024Malassezia yeasts belong to the normal skin microbiota of a wide range of warm-blooded animals. However, their significance in cattle is still poorly understood. In the...
Malassezia yeasts belong to the normal skin microbiota of a wide range of warm-blooded animals. However, their significance in cattle is still poorly understood. In the present study, the mycobiota of the external ear canal of 20 healthy dairy Holstein cows was assessed by cytology, culture, PCR, and next-generation sequencing. The presence of Malassezia was detected in 15 cows by cytology and PCR. The metagenomic analysis revealed that Ascomycota was the predominant phylum but M. pachydermatis the main species. The Malassezia phylotype 131 was detected in low abundance. Nor M. nana nor M. equina were detected in the samples.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Ear Canal; Mycobiome; Malassezia; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Female; Metagenomics; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 38684473
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae049 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024infection (CDI) is responsible for around 300,000 hospitalizations yearly in the United States, with the associated monetary cost being billions of dollars. Gut...
infection (CDI) is responsible for around 300,000 hospitalizations yearly in the United States, with the associated monetary cost being billions of dollars. Gut microbiome dysbiosis is known to be important to CDI. To the best of our knowledge, metatranscriptomics (MT) has only been used to characterize gut microbiome composition and function in one prior study involving CDI patients. Therefore, we utilized MT to investigate differences in active community diversity and composition between CDI+ ( = 20) and CDI- ( = 19) samples with respect to microbial taxa and expressed genes. No significant (Kruskal-Wallis, > 0.05) differences were detected for richness or evenness based on CDI status. However, clustering based on CDI status was significant for both active microbial taxa and expressed genes datasets (PERMANOVA, ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, differential feature analysis revealed greater expression of the opportunistic pathogens and in CDI+ compared to CDI- samples. When only fungal sequences were considered, the family Saccharomycetaceae expressed more genes in CDI-, while 31 other fungal taxa were identified as significantly (Kruskal-Wallis ≤ 0.05, log(LDA) ≥ 2) associated with CDI+. We also detected a variety of genes and pathways that differed significantly (Kruskal-Wallis ≤ 0.05, log(LDA) ≥ 2) based on CDI status. Notably, differential genes associated with biofilm formation were expressed by . This provides evidence of another possible contributor to 's resistance to antibiotics and frequent recurrence . Furthermore, the greater number of CDI+ associated fungal taxa constitute additional evidence that the mycobiome is important to CDI pathogenesis. Future work will focus on establishing if is actively producing biofilms during infection and if any specific fungal taxa are particularly influential in CDI.
PubMed: 38680911
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1398018 -
Microorganisms Mar 2024Gut microbes play a vital role in the health and disease of animals, especially in relation to pathogen infections. Chinchillas, ferrets, and marmots are commonly used...
Gut microbes play a vital role in the health and disease of animals, especially in relation to pathogen infections. Chinchillas, ferrets, and marmots are commonly used as important laboratory animals for infectious disease research. Here, we studied the bacterial and fungal microbiota and discovered that chinchillas had higher alpha diversity and a higher abundance of bacteria compared to marmots and ferrets by using the metabarcoding of 16S rRNA genes and ITS2, coupled with co-occurrence network analysis. The dominant microbes varied significantly among the three animal species, particularly in the gut mycobiota. In the ferrets, the feces were dominated by yeast such as and , while in the , we found and dominating, and , , and in the marmots. Nevertheless, the dominant bacterial genera shared some similarities, such as and across the three animal species. However, there were significant differences observed, such as and in the ferrets, and in the chinchillas, and and in the marmots. Additionally, our differential analysis revealed significant differences in classification levels among the three different animal species, as well as variations in feeding habitats that resulted in distinct contributions from the host microbiome. Therefore, our data are valuable for monitoring and evaluating the impacts of the microbiome, as well as considering potential applications.
PubMed: 38674591
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040646 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024An amplicon metagenomic approach based on the ITS2 region of fungal rDNA was used to investigate the diversity of fungi associated with mature strawberries collected...
An amplicon metagenomic approach based on the ITS2 region of fungal rDNA was used to investigate the diversity of fungi associated with mature strawberries collected from a volcanic orchard and open-air market stands. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test, no statistically significant differences were observed in both non-phylogenetic and phylogenetic alpha diversity indices. According to beta diversity analyses, significant differences in fungal communities were found between groups (orchard vs. market). Taxonomic assignment of amplicon sequence variables (ASVs) revealed 7 phyla and 31 classes. The prevalent fungal phyla were (29.59-84.58%), (15.33-70.40%), and Fungi-phy-Insertae-sedis (0.45-2.89%). The most predominant classes among the groups were in the market group, and and in the orchard group. Based on the analysis of microbiome composition (ANCOM), we found that the most differentially fungal genera were , , and Endophytic yeasts were prevalent in both groups, while was detected in fruits originating only from the market. In addition, (relative abundance varying from 1.7% to 21.18%) and (relative abundance varying from 1.58% to 16.55%) were detected in all samples regardless of origin, while was detected in samples from the market only, their relative abundance varying with the sample (from 0.80% to 19.23%). Their role in fruit quality and safety has not been yet documented. Moreover, several clinically related yeasts, such as and , were detected in samples only from the market. Understanding the variety and makeup of the mycobiome in ripe fruits during the transition from the orchard to the market is crucial for fruit safety after harvest.
PubMed: 38672848
DOI: 10.3390/foods13081175 -
Med (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2024The gut mycobiome is closely linked to health and disease; however, its role in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains obscure. Here, a multi-omics...
BACKGROUND
The gut mycobiome is closely linked to health and disease; however, its role in the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains obscure. Here, a multi-omics approach was employed to explore the role of intestinal fungi in the deterioration of glycemic control.
METHODS
350 participants without hypoglycemic therapies were invited for a standard oral glucose tolerance test to determine their status of glycemic control. The gut mycobiome was identified through internal transcribed spacer sequencing, host genetics were determined by genotyping array, and plasma metabolites were measured with untargeted liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
FINDINGS
The richness of fungi was higher, whereas its dissimilarity was markedly lower, in participants with T2DM. Moreover, the diversity and composition of fungi were closely associated with insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell functions. With the exacerbation of glycemic control, the co-occurrence network among fungus taxa became increasingly complex, and the complexity of the interaction network was inversely associated with insulin sensitivity. Mendelian randomization analysis further demonstrated that the Archaeorhizomycetes class, Fusarium genus, and Neoascochyta genus were causally linked to impaired glucose metabolism. Furthermore, integrative analysis with metabolomics showed that increased 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid, ketoleucine, lysophosphatidylcholine (20:3/0:0), and N-lactoyl-phenylalanine, but decreased lysophosphatidylcholine (O-18:2), functioned as key molecules linking the adverse effect of Fusarium genus on insulin sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study uncovers a strong association between disturbance in gut fungi and the progression of T2DM and highlights the potential of targeting the gut mycobiome for the management of T2DM.
FUNDINGS
This study was supported by MOST and NSFC of China.
PubMed: 38670112
DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.03.023 -
Dentistry Journal Apr 2024Numerous studies have proven the important role of the oral microbiota in health and disease. The dysfunctionality of the oral microbiota, known as dysbiosis, is... (Review)
Review
Numerous studies have proven the important role of the oral microbiota in health and disease. The dysfunctionality of the oral microbiota, known as dysbiosis, is incriminated in dental caries, periodontal disease, oral infectious diseases, oral cancer, and systemic disease. The lesser-known component of the oral microbiota, the mycobiota, is now assiduously investigated. Recent technological developments have helped foster the identification of new fungal species based on genomic research. Next-generation sequencing has expanded our knowledge about the diversity, architecture, and relationships of oral microorganisms within the oral cavity. The mycobiome structure and relationships with the bacteriome have been studied to identify a mycobiotic signature. This review aimed to emphasize the latest knowledge of the oral mycobiome.
PubMed: 38668027
DOI: 10.3390/dj12040115 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024The checklist serves as an informative method for evaluating the diversity, geography, and ecology of established and reproducing macrofungi. Additionally, considering...
The checklist serves as an informative method for evaluating the diversity, geography, and ecology of established and reproducing macrofungi. Additionally, considering macrofungi as bioindicator species, their census should be incorporated into efforts to monitor the state of health of ecosystems and directly applied to conservation policies. Between 2019 and 2023, a census of macrofungal species was conducted in Taburno-Camposauro Regional Park (Campania, Italy) across nine distinct habitats. A total of 453 fungal taxa were identified, including several new records for the Campania region. The fungal diversity exhibited significant variations based on the dominant plant species in each habitat. Fagacean tree species and spp. shared similar fungal communities. Equally, coniferous tree species displayed a comparable fungal composition. In and mixed broad-leaved forests, low levels of ectomycorrhizal taxa were observed alongside a concurrent increase in saprotrophs, indicating a disturbed habitat and a reduction in the Gadgil effect. Notably, lower fungal diversity was documented in the grassland habitat, suggesting the potential implications of wildlife imbalance and excessive grazing. The provided checklist constitutes a valuable resource for local management authorities, providing insights to formulate specific management policies.
PubMed: 38667946
DOI: 10.3390/jof10040275 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024() infections represent a serious health risk for people affected by inflammatory bowel disease. An important fungal virulence factor is the capacity of the fungus to...
() infections represent a serious health risk for people affected by inflammatory bowel disease. An important fungal virulence factor is the capacity of the fungus to form on the colonized surface of the host. This research study aimed to determine the effect of a and co-infection on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The colitis severity was evaluated using histology and a colonoscopy. The mice were mono-inoculated with or or co-challenged with both species. The mice were administered 3% DSS to induce acute colitis. The biofilm activity was assessed using (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl] 2H-tetrazoliumhydroxide (XTT) and dry-weight assays. The abundance of in the colon tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The co-challenged mice showed a decreased colitis severity compared to the mono-inoculated mice. The dry-weight assay demonstrated a marked decrease in biofilm production in a culture incubated with supernatant. Immunohistochemical staining showed that was more abundant in the mucosa of mono-inoculated mice compared to the co-inoculated group. These data indicate an antagonistic microbial interaction between the two species, where may produce molecules capable of limiting the ability of to adhere to the host intestinal surface, leading to a reduction in biofilm formation.
PubMed: 38667916
DOI: 10.3390/jof10040245