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Children (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Mumps is an acute contagious viral disease caused by paramyxovirus characterized by complications that include orchitis, oophoritis, aseptic meningitis, and spontaneous...
The High Seropositivity of Mumps Virus IgG Antibodies among School-Aged Children in Rural Areas of the Mbarali District in the Mbeya Region, Tanzania: It Is High Time for Consideration in the National Immunization Program.
Mumps is an acute contagious viral disease caused by paramyxovirus characterized by complications that include orchitis, oophoritis, aseptic meningitis, and spontaneous abortion among many others. This study reports high mumps IgG seropositivity among school-aged children in rural areas of the Mbeya region, information that might be useful in understanding the epidemiology of mumps and instituting appropriate control measures including vaccination. Between May and July 2023, a cross-sectional study involving 196 enrolled children aged 5-13 years was conducted. Sociodemographic information and other relevant information were collected using a structured data collection tool. Blood samples were collected and used to detect mumps immunoglobulin G antibodies using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A descriptive analysis was performed using STATA version 15. The median age of the enrolled children was 13 (interquartile range (IQR): 8-13) years. The seropositivity of mumps IgG antibodies was 88.8% (174/196, 95% CI: 83.5-92.5). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, history of fever (OR: 5.36, 95% CI: 1.02-28.22, = 0.047) and sharing utensils (OR: 8.05, 95% CI: 1.99-32.65, = 0.003) independently predicted mumps IgG seropositivity. More than three-quarters of school-aged children in rural areas of the Mbeya region are mumps IgG-seropositive, which is significantly associated with the sharing of utensils and history of fever. This suggests that the virus is endemic in this region, which calls for further studies across the country so as to institute evidence-based, appropriate control measures including a vaccination program.
PubMed: 38255386
DOI: 10.3390/children11010073 -
European Journal of Case Reports in... 2024Epididymitis is a common cause of scrotal pain in adults, with coliform bacteria being the most common isolated organisms in patients older than 35.
BACKGROUND
Epididymitis is a common cause of scrotal pain in adults, with coliform bacteria being the most common isolated organisms in patients older than 35.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 51-year-old healthy patient presented with scrotal pain and swelling, and was found to have epididymo-orchitis and bacteraemia caused by , which has not previously been reported as a cause of epididymo-orchitis and bacteraemia in immunocompetent patients.
DISCUSSION
Diagnostic studies can help confirm the diagnosis and detect the causative pathogen. In all suspected cases, a urinalysis, urine culture and a urine or urethral swab for nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for and should be performed. Colour Doppler ultrasonography often shows an enlarged thickened epididymis with increased Doppler wave pulsation in epididymitis. are pleomorphic gram-negative rods that commonly colonise the human respiratory tract and are associated with a number of clinical conditions. has been reported as a cause of epididymo-orchitis in prepubertal boys, and in few cases were associated with positive blood cultures. In adults, has been isolated before from urine samples or urethral swabs in patients with epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis.
CONCLUSION
This case highlights the possibility of causing epididymo-orchitis and bacteraemia in immunocompetent patients. Healthcare providers should consider in the differential diagnosis of epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients.
LEARNING POINTS
can cause epididymo-orchitis and bacteraemia in immunocompetent patients. This has not been previously reported. should be considered in the differential diagnosis of epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients.Healthcare providers should be aware of the increasing incidence of epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis caused by non-coliform bacteria in patients older than 35 years, especially in immunocompromised patients.
PubMed: 38223271
DOI: 10.12890/2023_004205 -
Archivio Italiano Di Urologia,... Dec 2023Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) is a rare complication of brucellosis. Despite the high incidence of brucellosis in developing countries, few case series on BEO are... (Review)
Review
Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) is a rare complication of brucellosis. Despite the high incidence of brucellosis in developing countries, few case series on BEO are available. This study focuses on the clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of BEO with a review of the literature. This study included consecutive BEO patients diagnosed and treated at Smart Health Tower between 2021 and 2023. The required data were retrospectively collected from patients' profiles. The BEO diagnosis was established through scrotal Doppler ultrasound in cases with a positive Rose Bengal test and positive IgG and IgM results for brucellosis, in addition to scrotal pain and swelling. This study included 11 cases whose ages ranged from 22 to 55 years. Most of the cases presented with testicular pain (72.7%), followed by fever (63.6%) and arthralgia (63.6%). The right side (54.5%) was slightly more affected than the left side (45.5%). The major abnormal laboratory finding was an elevated C-reactive protein (82%). The treatment was conservative, in which a combination of gentamicin, doxycycline, and rifampicin was administered to the patients for about 6-8 weeks. One case underwent an orchiectomy due to the abscess formation. All the patients responded well to the treatment, with no recurrence. In the Middle East, brucellosis remains a concerning infectious disease. Early diagnosis, aimed at preventing abscess formation and other complications, takes first priority to avoid invasive interventions.
Topics: Male; Humans; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Brucella; Orchitis; Abscess; Retrospective Studies; Brucellosis; Pain
PubMed: 38193225
DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2023.11978 -
EMBO Molecular Medicine Feb 2024Inflammation in the testes induced by infection and autoimmunity contributes significantly to male infertility, a public health issue. Current therapies using...
Inflammation in the testes induced by infection and autoimmunity contributes significantly to male infertility, a public health issue. Current therapies using antibiotics and broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs are ineffective against non-bacterial orchitis and induce side effects. This highlights the need to explore the pathogenesis of orchitis and develop alternative therapeutic strategies. In this study, we demonstrated that Gasdermin D (GSDMD) was activated in the testes during uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced acute orchitis, and that GSDMD in macrophages induced inflammation and affected spermatogenesis during acute and chronic orchitis. In testicular macrophages, GSDMD promoted inflammation and antigen presentation, thereby enhancing the T-cell response after orchitis. Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of GSDMD alleviated the symptoms of UPEC-induced acute orchitis. Collectively, these findings provide the first demonstration of GSDMD's role in driving orchitis and suggest that GSDMD may be a potential therapeutic target for treating orchitis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Orchitis; Gasdermins; Antigen Presentation; Inflammation; Macrophages; Pyroptosis
PubMed: 38177538
DOI: 10.1038/s44321-023-00016-8 -
Heliyon Dec 2023Epididymal orchitis is a common urological condition for which medical management is the primary treatment strategy. Although is a common cause of nosocomial urinary...
Epididymal orchitis is a common urological condition for which medical management is the primary treatment strategy. Although is a common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections, it rarely causes acute epididymal orchitis in adolescence and is difficult to treat. Furthermore, it may progress to potentially fatal complications such as global testicular infarction and late atrophy. Urinary tract infection(s) can harm the gonads and is a well-known cause of male infertility. This case study involved a 13-year-old boy with acute epididymal orchitis caused by infection, which led to testicular infarction. Testicular volume, and anti-sperm antibody, reproductive hormone, and serum inhibin B levels were monitored for six months, which revealed that left testicular volume was 1/20 of that of the right. Anti-sperm antibodies were negative, oestradiol level was elevated, but serum inhibin B level declined. This case report emphasises the importance of early treatment by implementing the use of antibiotic(s) to maximise the opportunity for testicular rescue. Testicular function on the healthy side must be monitored when testicular necrosis is detected.
PubMed: 38144347
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23249 -
Cureus Nov 2023Introduction The term 'acute scrotum' denotes the sudden initiation of pain in the scrotal region. Acute scrotum is a frequent medical condition in children and adults....
Introduction The term 'acute scrotum' denotes the sudden initiation of pain in the scrotal region. Acute scrotum is a frequent medical condition in children and adults. Ultrasound facilitates precise diagnosis and differentiation of numerous causes of acute scrotum. The objective of our research was to assess the utility of ultrasonography in the identification and prevalence determination of causes of acute scrotum. Materials and methods Patients with acute scrotal pain referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis at Great Eastern Medical School & Hospital (GEMS), Srikakulam, India, were added in the research. This is a prospective observational study. High-frequency linear transducer (4-15 MHz) was used for imaging. Grey scale, colour and duplex Doppler were performed routinely. The ultimate diagnosis was established by considering the clinical results, follow-up observations, intraoperative observations and, when accessible, histopathological analysis. For the statistical analysis, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22 (released 2013; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). was used. Descriptive analysis was conducted. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the non-parametric association between side and torsion. Results A total of 120 patients were included for statistical analysis. Inflammatory pathology was the most common cause of acute scrotum, followed by testicular torsion and torsion of testicular appendage. Testicular torsion and side of pain did not show a significant association. Conclusion High-resolution ultrasonography with colour and duplex Doppler sonography is an excellent imaging modality exhibiting exceptional sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis of acute scrotal diseases. Inflammatory pathology was the most common cause of acute scrotum, followed by testicular torsion and torsion of the testicular appendage.
PubMed: 38143647
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49231 -
Andrology Dec 2023Infection and inflammation of the genital tract are major potentially treatable factors contributing to male infertility. The profile of small non-coding RNA (sncRNAs)...
Alterations of small non-coding RNA in the spermatozoa of mice with paternal experimental autoimmune epididymo-orchitis are associated with metabolic dysfunction in offspring.
BACKGROUND
Infection and inflammation of the genital tract are major potentially treatable factors contributing to male infertility. The profile of small non-coding RNA (sncRNAs) in spermatozoa can be altered by environmental exposures and inflammatory conditions.
OBJECTIVES
Experimental autoimmune epididymo-orchitis (EAEO) is a well-established model of autoimmune-induced chronic testicular and epididymal inflammation. This model investigates the effect of chronic inflammation on sperm sncRNA profiles and offspring phenotypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Regarding the EAEO model, mice were immunized with testis homogenates thrice. Subsequently, flow cytometry and histological analyses were conducted on EAEO mice. Next-generation sequencing was used to profile small RNA of spermatozoa from the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis. We performed a comprehensive integrative analysis of sperm sncRNAs and chronic epididymitis and identified their molecular signatures. The metabolic functions of the first-generation (F1) offspring were evaluated using a glucose tolerance test (GTT).
RESULTS
Body weight and metabolic function were significantly altered in F1 offspring from EAEO sperm donors. The analysis of cauda sperm sncRNA profiles revealed that the proportions of miRNAs and tsRNAs increased and decreased, respectively, after autoimmunization. Three differentially expressed miRNAs and seven differentially expressed tsRNAs were significantly correlated with F1 metabolic dysfunction. The expression patterns of miRNAs and tsRNAs in mice partially overlapped with those observed in the spermatozoa from human patients with chronic epididymitis.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
We revealed that autoimmune epididymo-orchitis alters sncRNA profiles in mouse spermatozoa. Offspring from mice with autoimmune orchitis develop metabolic disorders. A comprehensive analysis of human and mouse inflammation data revealed an association between alterations in the miRNA and tsRNA profiles of epididymal spermatozoa and offspring phenotypes.
PubMed: 38127116
DOI: 10.1111/andr.13579 -
Urology Mar 2024
Topics: Male; Humans; Orchitis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Epididymitis
PubMed: 38110125
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.12.004 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2023The main functions of the testis, steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, depend on the endocrine axis and systemic and local tolerance mechanisms. Infectious or... (Review)
Review
The main functions of the testis, steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, depend on the endocrine axis and systemic and local tolerance mechanisms. Infectious or non-infectious diseases may disturb testicular immune regulation causing infertility. Literature has illustrated that bacterial and viral infections lead to autoimmune infertility: either sperm antibodies or autoimmune epidydimo-orchitis. However, little is known about the association between non-infectious testicular pathologic diseases and autoimmunity. Here we review the novel aspect of varicocele and testicular cord torsion pathology linked to inflammation and discuss how immune factors could contribute to or modulate autoimmunity in ipsi- and contralateral testis.
PubMed: 38099296
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282579 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Epidemiological and clinical analyses of brucellosis are vital for public health leaders to reinforce disease surveillance and case management strategies.
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiological and clinical analyses of brucellosis are vital for public health leaders to reinforce disease surveillance and case management strategies.
METHODS
In this study, we aimed to analyse the epidemiology and clinical features of 1,590 cases of human brucellosis.
RESULTS
Approximately 72.08% (1,146) of the patients were male and 27.92% (444) were female. At least 88.18% (1,402/1,590) of the patients had a history of contact with sheep/goats and cattle, which was identified as the main risk factor for infection. The most common age group affected was 30-69 years, comprising 83.90% of all cases, with a median age of 47.3 years. Meanwhile, 75.03% (1,193/1,590) of the patients were farmers, followed by workers (10.50%, 167/1,590). The spectrum of clinical manifestations varied, and the major symptoms were fatigue (42.96%), joint pain (37.30%), and fever (23.33%). Arthritis was diagnosed in 989 patients, spondylitis was diagnosed in 469 patients, and external genital complications were found in at least 53.96% (858/1,590) of patients. In addition, approximately 41.25% (625/1,515) and 24.53% (390/1,590) of cases exhibited elevated CRP and D-dimer levels, respectively. Conversely, a significant decrease was observed in fibrinogen, total protein, and albumin levels, affecting 48.36% (769/1,590), 77.30% (1,226/1,586), and 91.80% (1,456/1,586) of the patients, respectively. These data demonstrate that brucellosis is a severe wasting disease that leads to an imbalance in nutritional metabolism and a decline in immunity. In total, 86.73% (1,379/1,590) of patients showed improvement with antibiotic therapy, while 13.27% (211/1,590) of patients experienced relapses or treatment failure.
CONCLUSION
Brucellosis often presents with non-specific symptoms and laboratory findings, accompanied by multiple organ invasions, as well as being a vital challenge for diagnosis and treatment; thus, it is essential for a high degree of suspicion to be placed on brucellosis for a timely diagnosis and treatment. This study provides basic data and resources for developing tailored countermeasures to curb its further spread.
PubMed: 38088960
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259479