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Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral... Jun 2024The present study aimed to investigate plastic tubes without additives as alternatives to glass and silica-coated plastic tubes, in the production of PRF membranes.
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
The present study aimed to investigate plastic tubes without additives as alternatives to glass and silica-coated plastic tubes, in the production of PRF membranes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nine blood samples were collected from eight volunteers ( = 8) separated into three groups, according to tube material: glass, silica-coated plastic, and plastic without additives. In each group, the samples were centrifuged using different relative centrifugation forces: L-PRF (700 g/12 min), A-PRF (200 g/14 min), and A-PRF + (200 g/8 min). The generated membranes were evaluated by histomorphometry, considering the fibrin network, platelet aggregates, and cellular morphology, by light microscopy. The ultrastructural cellular morphology integrity was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy.
RESULTS
The L-PRF ( < 0.019) and A-PRF ( < 0.001) membranes showed a significantly lower fibrin network density in plastic tubes without additives compared to glass and silica-coated plastic tubes. Plastic tubes without additives revealed a significantly higher platelet percentage, regardless of the protocol ( < 0.005). In all groups, TEM analysis showed preserved normal morphological ultrastructure, maintaining the integrity of cellular components.
CONCLUSION
Plastic tubes without additives offer a viable alternative for producing PRF membranes. They exhibited a higher platelet density and demonstrated fibrin network and cellular morphology similar to those of glass and silica-coated plastic tubes, irrespective of the centrifugation protocol.
PubMed: 38911395
DOI: 10.1007/s12663-023-02103-2 -
TH Open : Companion Journal To... Apr 2024Agonist-induced platelet activation, with the integrin αIIbβ3 conformational change, is required for fibrinogen binding. This is considered reversible under...
Agonist-induced platelet activation, with the integrin αIIbβ3 conformational change, is required for fibrinogen binding. This is considered reversible under specific conditions, allowing a second phase of platelet aggregation. The signaling pathways that differentiate between a permanent or transient activation state of platelets are poorly elucidated. To explore platelet signaling mechanisms induced by the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) or by protease-activated receptors (PAR) for thrombin that regulate time-dependent αIIbβ3 activation. Platelets were activated with collagen-related peptide (CRP, stimulating GPVI), thrombin receptor-activating peptides, or thrombin (stimulating PAR1 and/or 4). Integrin αIIbβ3 activation and P-selectin expression was assessed by two-color flow cytometry. Signaling pathway inhibitors were applied before or after agonist addition. Reversibility of platelet spreading was studied by microscopy. Platelet pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors decreased GPVI- and PAR-induced integrin αIIbβ3 activation and P-selectin expression in the target order of protein kinase C (PKC) > glycogen synthase kinase 3 > β-arrestin > phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase. Posttreatment revealed secondary αIIbβ3 inactivation (not P-selectin expression), in the same order, but this reversibility was confined to CRP and PAR1 agonist. Combined inhibition of conventional and novel PKC isoforms was most effective for integrin closure. Pre- and posttreatment with ticagrelor, blocking the P2Y adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor, enhanced αIIbβ3 inactivation. Spreading assays showed that PKC or P2Y inhibition provoked a partial conversion from filopodia to a more discoid platelet shape. PKC and autocrine ADP signaling contribute to persistent integrin αIIbβ3 activation in the order of PAR1/GPVI > PAR4 stimulation and hence to stabilized platelet aggregation. These findings are relevant for optimization of effective antiplatelet treatment.
PubMed: 38911141
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786987 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Thrombosis is associated with various fatal arteriovenous syndromes including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. However, current clinical... (Review)
Review
Thrombosis is associated with various fatal arteriovenous syndromes including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. However, current clinical thrombolytic treatment strategies still have many problems in targeting and safety to meet the thrombolytic therapy needs. Understanding the molecular mechanism that underlies thrombosis is critical in developing effective thrombolytic strategies. It is well known that platelets play a central role in thrombosis and the binding of fibrinogen to activated platelets is a common pathway in the process of clot formation. Based on this, a concept of biomimetic thrombus-targeted thrombolytic strategy inspired from fibrinogen binding to activated platelets in thrombosis was proposed, which could selectively bind to activated platelets at a thrombus site, thus enabling targeted delivery and local release of thrombolytic agents for effective thrombolysis. In this review, we first summarized the main characteristics of platelets and fibrinogen, and then introduced the classical molecular mechanisms of thrombosis, including platelet adhesion, platelet activation and platelet aggregation through the interactions of activated platelets with fibrinogen. In addition, we highlighted the recent advances in biomimetic thrombus-targeted thrombolytic strategies which inspired from fibrinogen binding to activated platelets in thrombosis. The possible future directions and perspectives in this emerging area are briefly discussed.
PubMed: 38908635
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133286 -
Cardiology and Therapy Jun 2024This article is co-authored by a patient with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who is receiving long-term antiplatelet therapy in the USA and a cardiologist who routinely...
This article is co-authored by a patient with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who is receiving long-term antiplatelet therapy in the USA and a cardiologist who routinely treats patients with ACS. The patient describes his experience from diagnosis to the present day and discusses his concerns regarding treatment and management of the condition, including the balance between the benefits and risks of antiplatelet therapy. The patient also describes his work as an advocate for cardiac health. The physician perspective on treating and managing patients with ACS is provided by a cardiologist based in the USA who is and was not involved in this patient's care. The physician reviews the benefits and risks of antiplatelet therapies for the treatment of patients with ACS and discusses his own clinical experience of managing these patients, including how issues such as treatment adherence, as well as the potential inertia to prescribing certain medications that may be seen among physicians, could be overcome.
PubMed: 38907182
DOI: 10.1007/s40119-024-00372-7 -
BMC Medical Genomics Jun 2024Mediators, genomic and epigenomic characteristics involving in metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (ALOX) and hepatic activation of...
BACKGROUND
Mediators, genomic and epigenomic characteristics involving in metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (ALOX) and hepatic activation of clopidogrel have been individually suggested as factors associated with resistance against aspirin and clopidogrel. The present multi-center prospective cohort study evaluated whether the mediators, genomic and epigenomic characteristics participating in arachidonic acid metabolism and clopidogrel activation could be factors that improve the prediction of the aspirin and clopidogrel resistance in addition to cardiovascular risks.
METHODS
We enrolled 988 patients with transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke who were evaluated for a recurrence of ischemic stroke to confirm clinical resistance, and measured aspirin (ARU) and P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) using VerifyNow to assess laboratory resistance 12 weeks after aspirin and clopidogrel administration. We investigated whether mediators, genotypes, and promoter methylation of genes involved in COX and ALOX metabolisms and clopidogrel activation could synergistically improve the prediction of ischemic stroke recurrence and the ARU and PRU levels by integrating to the established cardiovascular risk factors.
RESULTS
The logistic model to predict the recurrence used thromboxane A synthase 1 (TXAS1, rs41708) A/A genotype and ALOX12 promoter methylation as independent variables, and, improved sensitivity of recurrence prediction from 3.4% before to 13.8% after adding the mediators, genomic and epigenomic variables to the cardiovascular risks. The linear model we used to predict the ARU level included leukotriene B4, COX2 (rs20417) C/G and thromboxane A2 receptor (rs1131882) A/A genotypes with the addition of COX1 and ALOX15 promoter methylations as variables. The linear PRU prediction model included G/A and prostaglandin I receptor (rs4987262) G/A genotypes, COX2 and TXAS1 promoter methylation, as well as cytochrome P450 2C19*2 (rs4244285) A/A, G/A, and *3 (rs4986893) A/A genotypes as variables. The linear models for predicting ARU (r = 0.291, R = 0.033, p < 0.01) and PRU (r = 0.503, R = 0.210, p < 0.001) levels had improved prediction performance after adding the genomic and epigenomic variables to the cardiovascular risks.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that different mediators, genomic and epigenomic characteristics of arachidonic acid metabolism and clopidogrel activation synergistically improved the prediction of the aspirin and clopidogrel resistance together with the cardiovascular risk factors.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
URL: https://www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03823274.
Topics: Humans; Clopidogrel; Male; Female; Aspirin; Drug Resistance; Middle Aged; Aged; Epigenomics; Genomics; Prospective Studies; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; DNA Methylation
PubMed: 38902747
DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01936-1 -
Cardiovascular Research Jun 2024MicroRNA-126 (miR-126), one of the most abundant microRNAs in platelets, is involved in the regulation of platelet activity and the circulating miR-126 is reduced during...
AIMS
MicroRNA-126 (miR-126), one of the most abundant microRNAs in platelets, is involved in the regulation of platelet activity and the circulating miR-126 is reduced during antiplatelet therapy. However, whether intraplatelet miR-126 plays a role in thrombosis and platelet inhibition remains unclear.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Here, using tissue-specific knockout mice, we reported that the deficiency of miR-126 in platelets and vascular endothelial cells significantly prevented thrombosis and prolonged bleeding time. Using chimeric mice, we identified that the lack of intraplatelet miR-126 significantly prevented thrombosis. Ex vivo experiments further demonstrated that miR-126-deficient platelets displayed impaired platelet aggregation, spreading and secretory functions. Next, miR-126 was confirmed to target phosphoinositol-3 kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) in platelet, which encodes a negative regulator of the PI3 K/AKT pathway, enhancing platelet activation through activating the integrin αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling. After undergoing myocardial infarction (MI), chimeric mice lacking intraplatelet miR-126 displayed reduced microvascular obstruction and prevented MI expansion in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of miR-126 by the administration of miR-126 agonist (agomiR-126) in wild-type mice aggravated microvascular obstruction and promoted MI expansion, which can be almost abolished by aspirin administration. In patients with cardiovascular diseases, antiplatelet therapies, either aspirin alone or combined with clopidogrel, decreased the level of intraplatelet miR-126. The reduction of intraplatelet miR-126 level was associated with the decrease of platelet activity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our murine and human data reveal that (i) intraplatelet miR-126 contributes to platelet activity and promotes thrombus formation, and (ii) the reduction of intraplatelet miR-126 contributes to platelet inhibition during antiplatelet therapy.
PubMed: 38900927
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae138 -
Circulation Jun 2024There is significant variability in the efficacy and safety of oral P2Y12 inhibitors, which are used to prevent ischemic outcomes in common diseases such as coronary and... (Review)
Review
There is significant variability in the efficacy and safety of oral P2Y12 inhibitors, which are used to prevent ischemic outcomes in common diseases such as coronary and peripheral arterial disease and stroke. Clopidogrel, a prodrug, is the most used oral P2Y12 inhibitor and is activated primarily after being metabolized by a highly polymorphic hepatic cytochrome CYP2C219 enzyme. Loss-of-function genetic variants in are common, can result in decreased active metabolite levels and increased on-treatment platelet aggregation, and are associated with increased ischemic events on clopidogrel therapy. Such patients can be identified by genetic testing and can be treated with alternative therapy. Conversely, universal use of potent oral P2Y12 inhibitors such as ticagrelor or prasugrel, which are not dependent on CYP2C19 for activation, has been recommended but can result in increased bleeding. Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that a precision medicine approach in which loss-of-function carriers are prescribed ticagrelor or prasugrel and noncarriers are prescribed clopidogrel results in reducing ischemic events without increasing bleeding risk. The evidence to date supports genetic testing before oral P2Y12 inhibitors are prescribed in patients with acute coronary syndromes or percutaneous coronary intervention. Clinical implementation of such genetic testing will depend on among multiple factors: rapid availability of results or adoption of the concept of performing preemptive genetic testing, provision of easy-to-understand results with therapeutic recommendations, and seamless integration in the electronic health record.
PubMed: 38899464
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001257 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Developing a reliable method to predict thrombocytopenia is imperative in drug discovery. Here, we establish an assay using a microphysiological system (MPS) to...
Developing a reliable method to predict thrombocytopenia is imperative in drug discovery. Here, we establish an assay using a microphysiological system (MPS) to recapitulate the in-vivo mechanisms of platelet aggregation and adhesion. This assay highlights the role of shear stress on platelet aggregation and their interactions with vascular endothelial cells. Platelet aggregation induced by soluble collagen was detected under agitated, but not static, conditions using a plate shaker and gravity-driven flow using MPS. Notably, aggregates adhered on vascular endothelial cells under gravity-driven flow in the MPS, and this incident increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Upon comparing the soluble collagen-induced aggregation activity in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood, remarkable platelet aggregate formation was observed at concentrations of 30 µg/mL and 3 µg/mL in PRP and whole blood, respectively. Moreover, ODN2395, an oligonucleotide, induced platelet aggregation and adhesion to vascular endothelial cells. SYK inhibition, which mediated thrombogenic activity via glycoprotein VI on platelets, ameliorated platelet aggregation in the system, demonstrating that the mechanism of platelet aggregation was induced by soluble collagen and oligonucleotide. Our evaluation system partially recapitulated the aggregation mechanisms in blood vessels and can contribute to the discovery of safe drugs to mitigate the risk of thrombocytopenia.
Topics: Platelet Aggregation; Humans; Thrombocytopenia; Blood Platelets; Collagen; Endothelial Cells; Platelet Adhesiveness; Syk Kinase; Platelet-Rich Plasma; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Microphysiological Systems
PubMed: 38898080
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64063-y -
Journal of the American College of... Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
PubMed: 38897673
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.035 -
Journal of the American College of... Jun 2024The optimal timing of P2Y inhibitor administration in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been completely elucidating.
BACKGROUND
The optimal timing of P2Y inhibitor administration in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been completely elucidating.
OBJECTIVES
This analysis from a prospective multicenter registry sought to assess the safety and effectiveness of P2Y inhibitor pretreatment in patients transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within a regional STEMI network.
METHODS
Pretreatment was defined as P2Y inhibitor administration before coronary angiography. Endpoints were major adverse cardiac events (MACE), major bleeding, and net adverse clinical events, a composite of MACE or major bleeding, within 30 days of index admission. Association of P2Y inhibitor pretreatment with outcomes was modeled using doubly robust weighted estimators based on propensity score analysis.
RESULTS
Of 1,624 patients included, 1,033 received P2Y inhibitors before angiography and 591 in the catheterization laboratory (cath lab). The non-pretreated cohort more often had history of coronary artery disease and were more likely to receive antiplatelet therapy before the index admission. After adjustment for confounding and dependent censoring, pretreatment with P2Y inhibitors predicted lower risk of MACE (adjusted HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.37-0.76), without increasing bleeding risk (adjusted HR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.36-1.05), resulting in superior net clinical benefit (adjusted HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.26-0.86) compared with in-cath lab administration of P2Y inhibitors. There was a significant treatment-by-time interaction for MACE risk, whereby the observed benefits of pretreatment only became apparent when time between P2Y inhibitor administration and PCI was longer than 80 minutes.
CONCLUSIONS
In contemporary patients with STEMI transferred for primary PCI, pretreatment with P2Y inhibitors was associated with a significant time-dependent reduction of 30-day MACE without increasing bleeding risk.
Topics: Humans; Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Aged; Prospective Studies; Registries; Time Factors; Coronary Angiography; Treatment Outcome; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
PubMed: 38897672
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.04.036