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Journal of Virological Methods Jul 2024Since May 2022, the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) has raised a great concern worldwide. Early detection of mpox virus infection is recognized as an...
Since May 2022, the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) has raised a great concern worldwide. Early detection of mpox virus infection is recognized as an efficient way to prevent mpox transmission. Mpox specific detection methods reported up to now are based on the SNPs among mpox virus and other orthopoxviruses. We have therefore developed a real-time PCR based mpox detection method targeting mpox virus specific sequences (N3R and B18Rplus). We have also optimized an orthopoxvirus detection system which targets the highly conserved E9L and D6R genes. The mpox and orthopoxvirus real-time PCR assays have a high sensitivity (1 copy/reaction) and specificity. Mpox viral DNA and clinical samples from mpox patients are detected with the mpox detection system. Furthermore, we have established a multiplex real-time PCR detection system allowing simultaneous and efficient detection of mpox and orthopoxvirus infections.
Topics: Orthopoxvirus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Humans; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Monkeypox virus; Poxviridae Infections; Mpox (monkeypox); Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
PubMed: 38788978
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114957 -
Cell Reports Jun 2024The 2022 mpox outbreak led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). There is a need to develop more...
The 2022 mpox outbreak led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). There is a need to develop more effective and safer mpox virus (MPXV)-specific vaccines in response to the mpox epidemic. The mRNA vaccine is a promising platform to protect against MPXV infection. In this study, we construct two bivalent MPXV mRNA vaccines, designated LBA (B6R-A29L) and LAM (A35R-M1R), and a quadrivalent mRNA vaccine, LBAAM (B6R-A35R-A29L-M1R). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these vaccines alone or in combination were evaluated in a lethal mouse model. All mRNA vaccine candidates could elicit potential antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and provide protection against vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. The protective effect of the combination of two bivalent mRNA vaccines and the quadrivalent vaccine was superior to that of the individual bivalent mRNA vaccine. Our study provides valuable insights for the development of more efficient and safer mRNA vaccines against mpox.
Topics: Animals; Vaccinia virus; Mice; Female; mRNA Vaccines; Humans; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mpox (monkeypox); Vaccinia; Antibodies, Viral; RNA, Messenger; Viral Vaccines; Immunity, Humoral
PubMed: 38787725
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114269 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jun 2024The monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak, primarily endemic to Africa, has spread globally, with Brazil reporting the second-highest number of cases. The emergence of MPXV in...
UNLABELLED
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak, primarily endemic to Africa, has spread globally, with Brazil reporting the second-highest number of cases. The emergence of MPXV in non-endemic areas has raised concerns, particularly due to the co-circulation of other exanthematous viruses such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). To perform an accurate differential diagnosis of MPXV during the ongoing outbreak in Minas Gerais, Brazil, a 5PLEX qPCR assay targeting orthopoxviruses (OPV), VZV, and MOCV was used to retrospectively analyze all clinical samples that tested negative for MPXV in the initial screening conducted at Funed. In summary, our study analyzed 1,175 clinical samples received from patients suspected of MPXV infection and found a positivity rate of 33.8% (397 samples) for MPXV using the non-variola qPCR assay. Testing the 778 MPXV-negative clinical samples using the 5PLEX qPCR assay revealed that 174 clinical samples (22.36%) tested positive for VZV. MOCV DNA was detected in 13 and other OPV in 3 clinical samples. The sequencing of randomly selected amplified clinical samples confirmed the initial molecular diagnosis. Analysis of patient profiles revealed a significant difference in the median age between groups testing positive for MPXV and VZV and a male predominance in MPXV cases. The geographic distribution of positive cases was concentrated in the most populous mesoregions of Minas Gerais state. This study highlights the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases. It emphasizes the importance of epidemiological surveillance and accurate diagnosis in enabling timely responses for public health policies and appropriate medical care.
IMPORTANCE
Brazil ranks second in the number of cases during the global monkeypox epidemic. The study, conducted in Minas Gerais, the second most populous state in Brazil with over 20 million inhabitants, utilized differential diagnostics, revealing a significant number of positive cases for other exanthematous viruses and emphasizing the need for accurate diagnoses. During the study, we were able to assess the co-circulation of other viruses alongside monkeypox, including varicella-zoster virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, and other orthopoxviruses. The significance of the research is underscored by the concentration of positive cases in populous areas, highlighting the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases. This demographic context further amplifies the importance of the research in guiding public health policies and medical interventions, given the substantial population at risk. The study not only addresses a global concern but also holds critical implications for a state with such a large population and geographic expanse within Brazil. Overall, the study emphasizes the pivotal role of surveillance and precise diagnosis in guiding effective public health responses and ensuring appropriate medical interventions.
Topics: Humans; Brazil; Disease Outbreaks; Retrospective Studies; Male; Female; Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Child; Adolescent; Mpox (monkeypox); Young Adult; Child, Preschool; Middle Aged; Monkeypox virus; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Infant; Aged; Exanthema; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 38785446
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00103-24 -
Virus Research Aug 2024Parapoxviruses (PPV) of animals are spread worldwide. While the Orf virus (ORFV) species is a molecularly well-characterized prototype pathogen of small ruminants, the...
Parapoxviruses (PPV) of animals are spread worldwide. While the Orf virus (ORFV) species is a molecularly well-characterized prototype pathogen of small ruminants, the genomes of virus species affecting large ruminants, namely Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV), are less well known. Using Nanopore sequencing we retrospectively show the whole genome sequences (WGS) of six BPSV, three PCPV isolates and an attenuated ORFV strain, originating from different geographic locations. A phylogenetic tree shows that the de novo assembled genomes belong to PPV species including WGS of reference PPV. Remarkably, Nanopore sequencing allowed the molecular resolution of inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and the hairpin loop within the de novo assembled WGS. Additionally, peculiarities regarding map location of two genes and the heterogeneity of a genomic region were noted. Details for the molecular variability of an interferon response modulatory gene (ORF116) and the PCPV specificity of gene 073.5 are reported. In summary, WGS gained by Nanopore sequencing allowed analysis of complete PPV genomes and confident virus species attribution within a phylogenetic tree avoiding uncertainty of limited gene-based diagnostics. Nanopore-based WGS provides robust comparison of PPV genomes and reliable identity determination of new Poxviruses.
Topics: Animals; Phylogeny; Genome, Viral; Cattle; Parapoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections; Whole Genome Sequencing; Retrospective Studies; Cattle Diseases; Nanopore Sequencing; DNA, Viral
PubMed: 38782262
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199404 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2024The myxoma virus species jump from European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) has raised concerns. We assess the decline suffered by...
The myxoma virus species jump from European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) to Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) has raised concerns. We assess the decline suffered by Iberian hare populations on the Iberian Peninsula and discuss the association between the effect of myxomatosis and the average abundance index, which we estimated by using hunting bags.
Topics: Animals; Myxoma virus; Hares; Spain; Rabbits; Myxomatosis, Infectious
PubMed: 38781982
DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231280 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Understanding changes in the transmission dynamics of mpox requires comparing recent estimates of key epidemiologic parameters with historical data. We derived...
Understanding changes in the transmission dynamics of mpox requires comparing recent estimates of key epidemiologic parameters with historical data. We derived historical estimates for the incubation period and serial interval for mpox and contrasted them with pooled estimates from the 2022 outbreak. Our findings show the pooled mean infection-to-onset incubation period was 8.1 days for the 2022 outbreak and 8.2 days historically, indicating the incubation periods remained relatively consistent over time, despite a shift in the major mode of transmission. However, we estimated the onset-to-onset serial interval at 8.7 days using 2022 data, compared with 14.2 days using historical data. Although the reason for this shortening of the serial interval is unclear, it may be because of increased public health interventions or a shift in the mode of transmission. Recognizing such temporal shifts is essential for informed response strategies, and public health measures remain crucial for controlling mpox and similar future outbreaks.
Topics: Humans; Disease Outbreaks; Infectious Disease Incubation Period; Mpox (monkeypox); History, 21st Century; Global Health
PubMed: 38781950
DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231095 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... May 2024Two doses of JYNNEOS vaccine are effective in preventing many mpox cases and can reduce the severity of symptoms in infected persons. However, infections among fully...
Two doses of JYNNEOS vaccine are effective in preventing many mpox cases and can reduce the severity of symptoms in infected persons. However, infections among fully vaccinated persons can occur. During May 2022-May 2024, a total of 271 mpox cases among fully vaccinated persons were reported to CDC from 27 U.S. jurisdictions. These reported infections are estimated to have occurred in <1% of fully vaccinated persons. Compared with cases among unvaccinated persons, infections among fully vaccinated persons were more likely to occur among non-Hispanic White men aged 30-39 years, were associated with increased numbers of sexual partners, and resulted in less severe disease (p<0.001). Among infections in fully vaccinated persons with complete data, infections after vaccination were reported more commonly after receipt of heterologous (subcutaneous and intradermal) (46%) or homologous subcutaneous (32%) JYNNEOS vaccination than after homologous intradermal (22%) vaccination. Disparate time intervals from vaccination to infection among fully vaccinated persons suggest that immunity is not waning. The median interval between the second vaccine dose and illness onset was longer for cases among persons who had received 2 intradermal doses (median = 363 days; IQR = 221-444 days) compared with cases in persons who had received 2 subcutaneous doses (median = 263 days; IQR = 47-334 days) (p<0.001). The implications of this finding are not known; however, these data should increase confidence in the effectiveness of vaccine doses that were administered intradermally, the preferred method of administration during the peak of the outbreak when vaccine supply was limited. Persons recommended to receive the JYNNEOS vaccine should receive 2 doses, irrespective of the route of administration, and at this time, additional doses are not recommended for the affected population.
Topics: Humans; Male; United States; Adult; Young Adult; Female; Middle Aged; Mpox (monkeypox); Adolescent; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273; Immunization, Secondary
PubMed: 38781111
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7320a3 -
Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea) May 2024Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we... (Review)
Review
Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Zoonoses; Monkeypox virus; Animals, Wild; One Health; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 38777985
DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9 -
Balkan Medical Journal Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Proctitis; Mpox (monkeypox); Male; Adult
PubMed: 38769742
DOI: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2024.2024-1-94 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2024Men who have sex with men and people living with HIV are disproportionately affected in the 2022 multi-country monkeypox epidemic. The smallpox vaccine can induce... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Men who have sex with men and people living with HIV are disproportionately affected in the 2022 multi-country monkeypox epidemic. The smallpox vaccine can induce cross-reactive antibodies against the monkeypox virus (MPXV) and reduce the risk of infection. Data on antibodies against MPXV induced by historic smallpox vaccination in people with HIV are scarce. In this observational study, plasma samples were collected from people living with and without HIV in Shenzhen, China. We measured antibodies binding to two representative proteins of vaccinia virus (VACV; A27L and A33R) and homologous proteins of MPXV (A29L and A35R) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We compared the levels of these antibodies between people living with and without HIV. Stratified analyses were performed based on the year of birth of 1981 when the smallpox vaccination was stopped in China. Plasma samples from 677 people living with HIV and 746 people without HIV were tested. A consistent pattern was identified among the four antibodies, regardless of HIV status. VACV antigen-reactive and MPXV antigen-reactive antibodies induced by historic smallpox vaccination were detectable in the people born before 1981, and antibody levels reached a nadir during or after 1981. The levels of smallpox vaccine-induced antibodies were comparable between people living with HIV and those without HIV. Our findings suggest that the antibody levels against MPXV decreased in both people living with and without HIV due to the cessation of smallpox vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Viral; Male; Smallpox Vaccine; HIV Infections; Adult; Female; China; Middle Aged; Monkeypox virus; Smallpox; Vaccination; Mpox (monkeypox); Cross Reactions; Young Adult; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 38767199
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2356153