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Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence 2024The release of GPT-4 has garnered widespread attention across various fields, signaling the impending widespread adoption and application of Large Language Models... (Review)
Review
The release of GPT-4 has garnered widespread attention across various fields, signaling the impending widespread adoption and application of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, previous research has predominantly focused on the technical principles of ChatGPT and its social impact, overlooking its effects on human-computer interaction and user psychology. This paper explores the multifaceted impacts of ChatGPT on human-computer interaction, psychology, and society through a literature review. The author investigates ChatGPT's technical foundation, including its Transformer architecture and RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback) process, enabling it to generate human-like responses. In terms of human-computer interaction, the author studies the significant improvements GPT models bring to conversational interfaces. The analysis extends to psychological impacts, weighing the potential of ChatGPT to mimic human empathy and support learning against the risks of reduced interpersonal connections. In the commercial and social domains, the paper discusses the applications of ChatGPT in customer service and social services, highlighting the improvements in efficiency and challenges such as privacy issues. Finally, the author offers predictions and recommendations for ChatGPT's future development directions and its impact on social relationships.
PubMed: 38957452
DOI: 10.3389/frai.2024.1418869 -
Ghana Medical Journal Mar 2024Infertility remains a global challenge, with assisted reproductive technology (ART) progressively gaining relevance in developing countries, including Ghana. However,...
OBJECTIVE
Infertility remains a global challenge, with assisted reproductive technology (ART) progressively gaining relevance in developing countries, including Ghana. However, associated ethico-legal challenges have not received the needed policy attention. This study explored the legal and ethical challenges of ART practice in Ghana.
DESIGN
The study employed an exploratory phenomenological approach to examine ART in Ghana, focusing on ethics and law governing this practice.
PARTICIPANTS
Respondents were ART practitioners, managers, facility owners, representatives of surrogacy/gamete donor agencies, and regulatory body representatives.
METHODS
A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data.The in-depth interviews were audiotaped, and responses transcribed for analysis through coding, followed by generation of themes and sub-themes, supported with direct quotes.
RESULTS
It emerged that there are no ethical and legal frameworks for ART practice in Ghana, and this adversely affects ART practice. Ethical challenges identified border on informed consent, clients' privacy and clinical data protection, gamete donation issues, multiple gestations, single parenting, and social and religious issues. The legal challenges identified include the non-existence of a legal regime for regulating ART practice and the absence of a professional body with clear-cut guidelines on ART practice. In the absence of legal and ethical frameworks in Ghana, practitioners intimated they do comply with internationally accepted principles and general ethics in medical practice.
CONCLUSION
There are no regulations on ART in Ghana. Legal and ethical guidelines are essential to the provision of safe and successful ART practices to protect providers and users. Governmental efforts to regulate Ghana need to be prioritized.
FUNDING
This study had no external funding support. It was funded privately from researchers' contributions.
Topics: Humans; Ghana; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Female; Informed Consent; Male; Interviews as Topic; Pregnancy; Infertility; Qualitative Research
PubMed: 38957285
DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v58i1.11 -
The Lancet Regional Health. Southeast... Aug 2024Telemedicine is a promising solution to the challenges of delivering equitable and quality primary healthcare, especially in LMICs. This review evaluated peer-reviewed... (Review)
Review
Telemedicine is a promising solution to the challenges of delivering equitable and quality primary healthcare, especially in LMICs. This review evaluated peer-reviewed literature on telehealth interventions in Indian primary care published from Jan 1, 2011 to Dec 31, 2021, from PubMed, Scopus, TRIP, Google Scholar, Indian Kanoon, and Cochrane database The majority of Indian studies focus on key health issues like maternal and child health, mental health, diabetes, infectious diseases, and hypertension, mainly through patient education, monitoring, and diagnostics. Yet, there's a lack of research on telemedicine's cost-effectiveness, communication among providers, and the role of leadership in its quality and accessibility. The current research has gaps, including small sample sizes and inconsistent methodologies, which hamper the evaluation of telemedicine's effectiveness. India's varied healthcare landscape, technological limitations, and social factors further challenge telemedicine's adoption. Despite regulatory efforts, issues like the digital divide and data privacy persist. Addressing these challenges with a context-aware, technologically driven approach is crucial for enhancing healthcare through telemedicine in India.
PubMed: 38957222
DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100431 -
BMC Women's Health Jul 2024This qualitative study aims to assess perspectives of clinicians and clinic staff on mail-order pharmacy dispensing for medication abortion.
BACKGROUND
This qualitative study aims to assess perspectives of clinicians and clinic staff on mail-order pharmacy dispensing for medication abortion.
METHODS
Participants included clinicians and staff involved in implementing a mail-order dispensing model for medication abortion at eleven clinics in seven states as part of a prospective cohort study, which began in January 2020 (before the FDA removed the in-person dispensing requirement for mifepristone). From June 2021 to July 2022, we invited participants at the participating clinics, including six primary care and five abortion clinics, to complete a semi-structured video interview about their experiences. We then conducted qualitative thematic analysis of interview data, summarizing themes related to perceived benefits and concerns about the mail-order model, perceived patient interest, and potential barriers to larger-scale implementation.
RESULTS
We conducted 24 interviews in total with clinicians (13 physicians and one nurse practitioner) and clinic staff (n = 10). Participants highlighted perceived benefits of the mail-order model, including its potential to expand abortion services into primary care, increase patient autonomy and privacy, and to normalize abortion services. They also highlighted key logistical, clinical, and feasibility concerns about the mail-order model, and specific challenges related to integrating abortion into primary care.
CONCLUSION
Clinicians and clinic staff working in primary care and abortion clinics were optimistic that mail-order dispensing of medication abortion can improve the ability of some providers to provide abortion and enable more patients to access services. The feasibility of mail-order pharmacy dispensing of medication abortion following the Supreme Court Dobbs decision is to be determined.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Registry: Clinicaltrials.gov.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT03913104. Date of registration: first submitted on April 3, 2019 and first posted on April 12, 2019.
Topics: Humans; Abortion, Induced; Female; Qualitative Research; Primary Health Care; Postal Service; Attitude of Health Personnel; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Adult; Male; United States; Middle Aged; Abortifacient Agents
PubMed: 38956609
DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03202-z -
BMC Psychiatry Jul 2024Patients' online record access (ORA) enables patients to read and use their health data through online digital solutions. One such solution, patient-accessible...
BACKGROUND
Patients' online record access (ORA) enables patients to read and use their health data through online digital solutions. One such solution, patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) have been implemented in Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. While accumulated research has pointed to many potential benefits of ORA, its application in mental healthcare (MHC) continues to be contested. The present study aimed to describe MHC users' overall experiences with national PAEHR services.
METHODS
The study analysed the MHC-part of the NORDeHEALTH 2022 Patient Survey, a large-scale multi-country survey. The survey consisted of 45 questions, including demographic variables and questions related to users' experiences with ORA. We focused on the questions concerning positive experiences (benefits), negative experiences (errors, omissions, offence), and breaches of security and privacy. Participants were included in this analysis if they reported receiving mental healthcare within the past two years. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise data, and percentages were calculated on available data.
RESULTS
6,157 respondents were included. In line with previous research, almost half (45%) reported very positive experiences with ORA. A majority in each country also reported improved trust (at least 69%) and communication (at least 71%) with healthcare providers. One-third (29.5%) reported very negative experiences with ORA. In total, half of the respondents (47.9%) found errors and a third (35.5%) found omissions in their medical documentation. One-third (34.8%) of all respondents also reported being offended by the content. When errors or omissions were identified, about half (46.5%) reported that they took no action. There seems to be differences in how patients experience errors, omissions, and missing information between the countries. A small proportion reported instances where family or others demanded access to their records (3.1%), and about one in ten (10.7%) noted that unauthorised individuals had seen their health information.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, MHC patients reported more positive experiences than negative, but a large portion of respondents reported problems with the content of the PAEHR. Further research on best practice in implementation of ORA in MHC is therefore needed, to ensure that all patients may reap the benefits while limiting potential negative consequences.
Topics: Humans; Electronic Health Records; Male; Female; Adult; Middle Aged; Estonia; Norway; Finland; Mental Health Services; Sweden; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult; Aged; Patient Access to Records; Adolescent
PubMed: 38956493
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05916-8 -
International Journal of Gynecological... Jul 2024To investigate the prevalence and patterns of social media use among gynecologic oncologists for professional and academic purposes.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence and patterns of social media use among gynecologic oncologists for professional and academic purposes.
METHODS
A prospective online survey between November and December 2022 targeted gynecologic oncology practitioners (gynecologic oncologists, surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, radiation/clinical oncologists, and onco-pathologists/pathologists). The survey, distributed via various social media platforms, included 40 questions to capture qualitative and quantitative data on social media use.
RESULTS
Of 131 respondents from 32 countries, 106 (80.9%) were gynecologic oncologists and affiliated with academic institutions (84.7%). Facebook (n=110, 83.9%), Twitter (n= 108, 82.4%), and Instagram (n=100, 76.3%) were the most used platforms. Respondents used social media to stay updated (n=101, 77.1%), network (n=97, 74%), learn about conferences and webinars (n=97, 74%), and engage in academic discussions (n=84, 64.1%). Following the COVID-19 pandemic, 100/129 (77.5%) reported increased social media use. However, only 32 (24.4%) used it to connect with patients, and concerns were raised about privacy and the need for separate professional and personal accounts. A quarter of respondents hesitated to share their opinions on social media due to the fear of controversy, with 26 (20%) experiencing cyberbullying, yet 120/130 (92.3%) believed it enabled junior professionals to express their views. Concerns about differentiating valid content, information reliability, and the professional perception of sourcing knowledge from social media were noted. Gender, age, specialty, and income level influenced patterns of social media use, with variations in preferences for platforms, content engagement, and purposes, highlighting a complex landscape of social media interaction among gynecologic oncologists.
CONCLUSION
While the use of social media among gynecologic oncologists is prevalent, particularly for academic and professional development, challenges such as cyberbullying, privacy concerns, and the need for formal training in social media navigation persist. Tailored training programs and guidelines could enhance social media's effective and ethical use in this field, promoting a safe environment for professional expression and engagement.
PubMed: 38955373
DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2024-005573 -
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Jun 2024Resilience-promoting resources are critically needed to support positive caregiving experiences for multiple sclerosis (MS) caregivers. A digital toolkit offers a...
BACKGROUND
Resilience-promoting resources are critically needed to support positive caregiving experiences for multiple sclerosis (MS) caregivers. A digital toolkit offers a flexible way to access and use evidence-based resources that align with MS caregivers' interests and needs over time.
OBJECTIVE
We explored the perspectives of key knowledge users regarding content areas, features, and other considerations to inform an MS caregiver resilience digital toolkit.
METHODS
Twenty-two individuals completed a demographic survey as part of this study: 11 MS family caregivers, 7 representatives of organizations providing support services for people with MS and/or caregivers, and 4 clinicians. We conducted nine semi-structured individual interviews and two focus groups. Data were analyzed using content analysis.
RESULTS
Participants recommended that a digital toolkit should include content focused on promoting MS caregivers' understanding of the disease, its trajectory and available management options, and enhancing caregiving skills and caregivers' ability to initiate and maintain behaviours to promote their own well-being. Features that allow for tracking and documenting care recipients' and caregivers' experiences, customization of engagement, and connectivity with other sources of support were also recommended. Participants suggested a digital toolkit should be delivered through an app with web browser capabilities accessible on smartphones, tablets, or laptops. They also acknowledged the need to consider how users' previous technology experiences and issues related to accessibility, usability, privacy and security could influence toolkit usage.
CONCLUSION
These findings will guide future toolkit development and evaluation. More broadly, this study joins the chorus of voices calling for critical attention to the well-being of MS family caregivers.
PubMed: 38954857
DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105736 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Jun 2024Contemporary, multidisciplinary research sheds light on data privacy implications of artificial intelligence (AI). This review adopts an AI ecosystem perspective and... (Review)
Review
Contemporary, multidisciplinary research sheds light on data privacy implications of artificial intelligence (AI). This review adopts an AI ecosystem perspective and proposes a process-outcome continuum to classify AI technologies; this perspective helps to understand the nuances of AI relative to psychological aspects of privacy decision-making. Specifically, different types of AI affect traditionally studied privacy decision-making frameworks including the privacy calculus, psychological ownership, and social influence in varied ways. By understanding how the process- or outcome-orientation of an AI technology affects privacy decision-making, we explain how AI creates privacy benefits but also poses challenges. Future research is needed across privacy decision-making, but also more generally at the intersection of privacy and AI, to help foster an ethical, sustainable society.
PubMed: 38954851
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101829 -
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications Jul 2024-Learning space for children with different sensory needs, nowadays, can be interactive, multisensory experiences, designed collaboratively by (i) specialists in...
-Learning space for children with different sensory needs, nowadays, can be interactive, multisensory experiences, designed collaboratively by (i) specialists in special-needs learning, (ii) Extended Realities (XR)-technologists and (iii) sensorial-diverse children, to provide the motivation, challenge and development of key skills. While traditional audio and visual sensors in XR is challenging for XR-applications to meet the needs of visually and hearing impaired sensorial-diverse children, our research goes a step ahead by integrating sensory technologies including haptic, tactile, kinaesthetic and olfactory feedback that was well received by the children. Our research also demonstrates the protocols for (i) development of a suite of XR-applications; (ii) methods for experiments and evaluation; and (iii) tangible improvements in XR learning experience. Our research considered and is in compliance with the ethical and social implications and has the necessary approval for accessibility, user safety, and privacy.
PubMed: 38954577
DOI: 10.1109/MCG.2024.3419699 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Jul 2024Artificial intelligence (AI), be it neuronal networks, machine learning or deep learning, has numerous beneficial effects on healthcare systems; however, its potential... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Artificial intelligence (AI), be it neuronal networks, machine learning or deep learning, has numerous beneficial effects on healthcare systems; however, its potential applications and diagnostic capabilities for immunologic diseases have yet to be explored. Understanding AI systems can help healthcare workers better assimilate artificial intelligence into their practice and unravel its potential in diagnostics, clinical research, and disease management.
RECENT FINDINGS
We reviewed recent advancements in AI systems and their integration in healthcare systems, along with their potential benefits in the diagnosis and management of diseases. We explored machine learning as employed in allergy diagnosis and its learning patterns from patient datasets, as well as the possible advantages of using AI in the field of research related to allergic reactions and even remote monitoring. Considering the ethical challenges and privacy concerns raised by clinicians and patients with regard to integrating AI in healthcare, we explored the new guidelines adapted by regulatory bodies. Despite these challenges, AI appears to have been successfully incorporated into various healthcare systems and is providing patient-centered solutions while simultaneously assisting healthcare workers. Artificial intelligence offers new hope in the field of immunologic disease diagnosis, monitoring, and management and thus has the potential to revolutionize healthcare systems.
PubMed: 38954325
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01152-y