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Anatolian Journal of Cardiology Jul 2024Women are often neglected in cardiovascular health prevention. Age at menarche (AAM) has been linked to cardiovascular (CVD) disease in women and is potentially... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Women are often neglected in cardiovascular health prevention. Age at menarche (AAM) has been linked to cardiovascular (CVD) disease in women and is potentially identified as one of the significant CVD risk factor. However, there is still limited comprehensive evidence addressing this issue. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate how early menarche affects the outcome of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, total cardiovascular disease event, stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic, and total stroke), and coronary heart disease (CHD).
METHOD
The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched from March 2013 to March 2023 for cohorts investigating the effect of early onset of menarche on CVD events with a minimum follow-up period of 5 years. Studies that observed specific population and/or included women with a history of CVD at baseline were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for risk of bias assessment for each cohort included. The data were presented as dichotomous measure using risk ratios. I2 statistics were utilized to evaluate the heterogeneity of presented data.
RESULTS
Thirteen cohorts included 18 626 799 female patients with ages ranging from 43 to 62.6 years. These reported 6 estimates each for CHD (5 483 298 patients) and all-cause mortality (1 595 878 patients), 5 estimates each for total stroke (2 941 321 patients) and CVD mortality (1 706 742 patients), 4 estimates each for total CVD events (3 988 311 patients) and ischemic stroke (2 434 580 patients), and 1 estimate for hemorrhagic stroke (66 104 patients). Our study found that events of CHD were significantly lower in early menarche (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.41-0.78; P <.00001), as well as total stroke (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.35-0.73; P =.0003), CVD mortality (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.22-0.98; P =.04), total CVD events (RR 0.44; 95% CI 0.25-0.76; P =.003), ischemic stroke (RR 0.31; 95% CI 0.15-0.61; P <.0008), and hemorrhagic stroke (RR 0.12; 95% CI 0.07-0.20; P <.00001); and insignificantly higher in all-cause mortality (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.76-1.06, P =.20).
CONCLUSION
In our study, cardiovascular events are lower in women with early menarche; hence, the later age of menarche is a potential risk factor to be considered when assessing CVD risk in a patient. However, our sample characteristics were heterogenous, and we did not consider other female hormonal factors that might potentially contribute to the CVD outcomes observed; thus, further studies are needed to clarify.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Age Factors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Menarche; Protective Factors; Risk Factors; Adult
PubMed: 38940409
DOI: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2024.3996 -
Annals of Agricultural and... Jun 2024The NAA10 gene encodes N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10 which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, DNA damage, metastasis, apoptosis, stress response and... (Review)
Review
The NAA10 gene encodes N-alpha-acetyltransferase 10 which plays an important role in cell growth, differentiation, DNA damage, metastasis, apoptosis, stress response and autophagy. Defects in the NAA10 gene correlate with the diagnosis of NAA10-related syndrome (Ogden syndrome). The most common symptoms of NAA10-related syndrome are: global developmental delay, non-verbal or limited speech, autism spectrum disorder, feeding difficulties, motor delay, muscle tone disturbances, and long QT syndrome. To-date, there are about 100 patients who have been reported with this condition. The case report presents the clinical study of a girl aged 4 years and 3 months diagnosed with Ogden syndrome. She had many characteristic features of the disorder, as well as precocious puberty. This girl represents the case of a patient with p.Arg83Cys mutation in NAA10 gene as well as precocious puberty.
Topics: Humans; Female; Puberty, Precocious; N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A; N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E; Child, Preschool; Mutation
PubMed: 38940118
DOI: 10.26444/aaem/171758 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2024Pubertal attainment is critical to reproductive longevity in heifers. Previously, four heifer pubertal classifications were identified according to attainment of blood...
Pubertal attainment is critical to reproductive longevity in heifers. Previously, four heifer pubertal classifications were identified according to attainment of blood plasma progesterone concentrations > 1 ng/ml: 1) Early; 2) Typical; 3) Start-Stop; and 4) Non-Cycling. Early and Typical heifers initiated and maintained cyclicity, Start-Stop started and then stopped cyclicity and Non-Cycling never initiated cyclicity. Start-Stop heifers segregated into Start-Stop-Discontinuous (SSD) or Start-Stop-Start (SSS), with SSD having similar phenotypes to Non-Cycling and SSS to Typical heifers. We hypothesized that these pubertal classifications are heritable, and loci associated with pubertal classifications could be identified by genome wide association studies (GWAS). Heifers (n = 532; 2017 - 2022) genotyped on the Illumina Bovine SNP50 v2 or GGP Bovine 100K SNP panels were used for variant component estimation and GWAS. Heritability was estimated using a univariate Bayesian animal model. When considering pubertal classifications: Early, Typical, SSS, SSD, and Non-Cycling, pubertal class was moderately heritable (0.38 ± 0.08). However, when heifers who initiated and maintained cyclicity were compared to those that did not cycle (Early+Typical vs. SSD+Non-Cycling) heritability was greater (0.59 ± 0.19). A GWAS did not identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with pubertal classifications, indicating puberty is a polygenic trait. A candidate gene approach was used, which fitted SNPs within or nearby a set of 71 candidate genes previously associated with puberty, PCOS, cyclicity, regulation of hormone secretion, signal transduction, and methylation. Eight genes/regions were associated with pubertal classifications, and twenty-two genes/regions were associated with whether puberty was attained during the trial. Additionally, whole genome sequencing (WGS) data on 33 heifers were aligned to the reference genome (ARS-UCD1.2) to identify variants in , a gene critical to pubertal attainment. Fisher's exact test determined if SNPs segregated by pubertal classification. Two FSHR SNPs that were not on the bovine SNP panel were selected for additional genotyping and analysis, and one was associated with pubertal classifications and whether they cycled during the trial. In summary, these pubertal classifications are moderately to highly heritable and polygenic. Consequently, genomic tools to inform selection/management of replacement heifers would be useful if informed by SNPs associated with cyclicity and early pubertal attainment.
PubMed: 38939530
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1405456 -
Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the... Jun 2024Gender-affirming care for gender diverse and transgender (GDTG) youth includes puberty suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa). Puberty is a...
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
Gender-affirming care for gender diverse and transgender (GDTG) youth includes puberty suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa). Puberty is a critical period of bone mass accrual, and pubertal suppression may impact bone health. Previous studies have shown a decrease in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) Z-score while on puberty suppression. However, the rate of bone mass accrual and its determinants during GnRHa therapy are not known.
METHODOLOGY
This is a retrospective chart review of GDTG youth with aBMD assessment within six months of starting GnRHa monotherapy at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center between 01/2011 and 12/2022. In individuals with follow-up aBMD assessment, we calculated their aBMD velocity and generated Z-scores using reference data from the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study. The determinants of baseline height-adjusted aBMD and aBMD velocity Z-scores were assessed with multiple linear regression models.
RESULTS
Thirty-six participants (36% assigned female at birth (AFAB), mean age at first aBMD assessment 12 ± 1.1 years) had baseline height-adjusted aBMD Z-score of -0.053 ± 0.79. Among 16 participants with follow-up aBMD assessment, the mean aBMD velocity Z-score was -0.42 ± 1.13 (-0.27 ± 0.79 in AFAB vs -0.52 ± 1.32 in assigned male at birth, p = 0.965). Baseline aBMD Z-scores significantly correlated with age at the first aBMD assessment (adjusted R 0.124, p = 0.02) with combined modeling including age at first aBMD assessment and BMI Z-score being most significant (adjusted R 0.21, p = 0.008). Only BMI Z-scores were positively associated with the aBMD-velocity Z-scores (adjusted R 0.255, p = 0.046).
CONCLUSIONS
GDTG youth undergoing GnRHa therapy appeared to have below-average aBMD velocity Z-scores. A lower BMI Z-score was a determinant of lower baseline height-adjusted aBMD and aBMD velocity Z-scores. Building on previous studies, our study highlights aBMD velocity as a novel technique for bone health surveillance in GDTG youth.
PubMed: 38936233
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101505 -
Clinical Endocrinology Jun 2024Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) may develop premature pubarche (PP). We investigated the frequency of PP, and its potential precursors and sequelae, in PWS.
OBJECTIVES
Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) may develop premature pubarche (PP). We investigated the frequency of PP, and its potential precursors and sequelae, in PWS.
DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS
A chart review of children with PWS treated at our institution between 1990 and 2021 was performed. PP was defined as Tanner stage 2 (TS2) pubic hair in girls <8 and boys <9 years old. Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected to assess predisposing factors and consequences of PP in comparison to patients with PWS who had normal pubarche (NP).
RESULTS
Analysis included 43 children with PWS, 23 (53.5%) with PP and 20 (46.5%) with NP. Median age at pubarche was 7.0 years in PP group and 10.0 years in NP group. Age at pubarche was not correlated with age of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) initiation, body mass index (BMI) z-score, or homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at pubarche. BMI z-score at pubarche was modestly correlated with degree of pubarchal BA advancement (p = 0.033). Those with PP were more likely to have a lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (1.05 mmol/L vs. 1.41 mmol/L in the NP group, p = 0.041). The difference between target and final height did not differ between groups (p = 0.507).
CONCLUSION
PP is common in PWS but does not compromise final height in comparison to the NP group. Obesity and insulin resistance were not associated with PP in children with PWS, contrary to what has been seen in obese children without PWS.
PubMed: 38935853
DOI: 10.1111/cen.15108 -
Cell Reports Jun 2024Kisspeptin signaling through its G protein-coupled receptor, KISS1R, plays an indispensable role in regulating reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis....
Kisspeptin signaling through its G protein-coupled receptor, KISS1R, plays an indispensable role in regulating reproduction via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Dysregulation of this pathway underlies severe disorders like infertility and precocious puberty. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of KISS1R bound to the endogenous agonist kisspeptin-10 and a synthetic analog TAK-448. These structures reveal pivotal interactions between peptide ligands and KISS1R extracellular loops for receptor activation. Both peptides exhibit a conserved binding mode, unveiling their common activation mechanism. Intriguingly, KISS1R displays a distinct 40° angular deviation in its intracellular TM6 region compared to other G-coupled receptors, enabling distinct interactions with G. This study reveals the molecular intricacies governing ligand binding and activation of KISS1R, while highlighting its exceptional ability to couple with G. Our findings pave the way for structure-guided design of therapeutics targeting this physiologically indispensable receptor.
PubMed: 38935498
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114389 -
Current Nutrition Reports Jun 2024Environmental pollutants in air, water, soil, and food are a significant concern due to their potential adverse effects on fetuses, newborns, babies, and children. These... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Environmental pollutants in air, water, soil, and food are a significant concern due to their potential adverse effects on fetuses, newborns, babies, and children. These chemicals, which pass to fetuses and babies through trans-placental transfer, breast milk, infant formula, dermal transfer, and non-nutritive ingestion, can cause health problems during childhood. This review aims to discuss how exposure to various environmental pollutants in early life stages can disrupt reproductive health in children.
RECENT FINDINGS
Environmental pollutants can affect Leydig cell proliferation and differentiation, decreasing testosterone production throughout life. This may result in cryptorchidism, hypospadias, impaired semen parameters, and reduced fertility. Although many studies on female reproductive health cannot be interpreted to support causal relationships, exposure to pollutants during critical windows may subsequently induce female reproductive diseases, including early or delayed puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancers. There is growing evidence that fetal and early-life exposure to environmental pollutants could affect reproductive health in childhood. Although diet is thought to be the primary route by which humans are exposed to various pollutants, there are no adopted nutritional interventions to reduce the harmful effects of pollutants on children's health. Therefore, understanding the impact of environmental contaminants on various health outcomes may inform the design of future human nutritional studies.
PubMed: 38935249
DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00557-5 -
Indian Journal of Public Health Oct 2023Pattern of physical growth and pubertal changes among 59 girls, aged 8-15 years, diagnosed as cases of HIV on anti-retroviral therapy was cross-sectionally studied....
Pattern of physical growth and pubertal changes among 59 girls, aged 8-15 years, diagnosed as cases of HIV on anti-retroviral therapy was cross-sectionally studied. Besides, measurement of body weight, height, and body mass index, breast development stage, presence or absence of pubic and axillary hair, and age of attainment of menarche were also noted in these subjects in the growth clinic of the department. With the advancement of age, the weight and height of HIV girls increased; however, they were lighter and shorter compared to their normal peers. 15.3% of HIV girls were short-statured and underweight. None of the study participants were found to be overweight or obese. 40.7% of HIV girls had attained menarche (mean age: 12.58 ± 1.349 years). The appearance of pubic (13.45 ± 1.64 years) and axillary hair (13.73 ± 1.41 years) occurred around 1 year later. The delayed physical growth and puberty attainment of HIV girls than their normal counterparts may be due to the influence of the disease.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adolescent; Child; HIV Infections; Cross-Sectional Studies; Puberty; Body Mass Index; Menarche; Body Height; India; Body Weight; Child Development
PubMed: 38934819
DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1651_22 -
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science Jun 2024The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased and exacerbated during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, both in Korea and globally. Childhood and...
The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased and exacerbated during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, both in Korea and globally. Childhood and adolescent obesity poses significant risks for premature morbidity and mortality. The development of serious comorbidities depends not only on the duration of obesity but also on the age of onset. Obesity in children and adolescents affects almost all organ systems, including the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, reproductive, nervous, and immune systems. Obesity in children and adolescents affects growth, cognitive function, and psychosocial interactions during development, in addition to aggravating known adult comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer. Childhood and adolescent obesity are highly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life can be considerably decreased by even a small weight loss before the onset of puberty. Childhood and adolescent obesity is a disease that requires treatment and is associated with many comorbidities and disease burdens. Therefore, early detection and therapeutic intervention are crucial.
PubMed: 38932702
DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2024.00360 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jun 2024The purpose of this study was to report on the menarcheal age in girls of Greek origin and assess its potential associations with their demographic and perinatal data,...
The purpose of this study was to report on the menarcheal age in girls of Greek origin and assess its potential associations with their demographic and perinatal data, as well as their maternal menarcheal age. In this case-control study, adolescent girls were recruited between September 2021 and September 2022 from two Pediatric Endocrinology Units, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Eligible participants included Greek girls up to the age of 18 years, with menarche and the absence of chronic disease or chronic medication use. Participants were divided into two groups, the early menarche group and the control group (menarche before or after 11 years of age, respectively). Data included participants' maternal menarcheal age, their chronological age, place of residence, anthropometric data (at recruitment) and perinatal data (birth order, gestational age, type of delivery, birth weight/length). A total of 100 girls aged 7-17 years (mean age ± SD 12.51 ± 2.59 years) were included in this study. The mean ± SD menarcheal age of the total sample was 11.47 ± 1.55 years (median 11.20 years; range 7.50-16.25 years); 43% had early menarche (median menarcheal age 10.50 years; range 7.50-10.91 years), and 57% had menarche after age 11 (median menarcheal age 12.08 years; range 11.00-16.25 years). The caesarean section rate was significantly ( < 0.001) higher in girls with early menarche (83.7%) than controls, whereas other variables did not differ significantly between groups. This Greek sample demonstrated a relatively young age at menarche with a significant proportion of girls with early menarche; in the latter group, the rate of caesarian sections was significantly higher than controls.
PubMed: 38929980
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123452