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Clocks & Sleep Jun 2024Previous research has revealed that daily variations in human neurobehavioral functions are driven in part by the endogenous circadian system. The objective of this...
Previous research has revealed that daily variations in human neurobehavioral functions are driven in part by the endogenous circadian system. The objective of this study was to explore whether there exists a circadian influence on performance regarding a risky decision-making task and to determine whether the performance changes with sleep deprivation (SD). Thirteen participants underwent a 39 h constant routine (CR) protocol, during which they remained awake in constant conditions and performed the BART (balloon analogue risk task) every two hours. The mean pumps (gains) ( < 0.001) and balloons popped (losses) ( = 0.003) exhibited variation during the CR. The reaction time (RT) also showed significant variation across the CR ( < 0.001), with slower mean RTs in the morning hours following SD. A greater risk propensity was observed around midday before SD and a lower risk propensity after 29.5 h of being awake. The sensitivity to punishment varied during the CR, but did not follow a predictable trend. Further research using real monetary incentives and neurophysiological measures is warranted to elucidate these findings.
PubMed: 38920421
DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep6020020 -
The Journal of Psychology Jun 2024Phubbing is a common sight, but it is not merely a technological faux pas. The present study aims to explore phubbing (phubbing others and getting phubbed) through the...
Phubbing is a common sight, but it is not merely a technological faux pas. The present study aims to explore phubbing (phubbing others and getting phubbed) through the lens of two types of personalities (grandiose and vulnerable narcissism). Moreover, the study also aimed to evaluate the indirect role of motivational systems (BAS/BIS) between these two sets of variables. The sample of the study comprised 525 Indian college students. Data were analyzed through Hayes Process Macro (Hayes) in SPSS (Version 26). Vulnerable narcissism was found to be positively related to phubbing others and getting phubbed. Grandiose narcissism was found to be related to phubbing others but not to getting phubbed. BAS and BIS were significantly and positively related to phubbing and getting phubbed. BAS indirectly affected the relationship between two kinds of narcissism (vulnerable and grandiose) and phubbing (phubbing others and getting phubbed); however, BIS failed to influence the relationship between narcissism and phubbing. The results of the present study challenge the notion that all phubbing behaviors are truly deviant as narcissistic personality played an important role in phubbing behavior. The study also highlighted the importance of rewards and punishment on phubbing behaviors, and therefore there is a need to focus on BAS and BIS while dealing with phubbing behaviors.
PubMed: 38917346
DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2024.2363538 -
Nature Communications Jun 2024Multiplayer games on graphs are at the heart of theoretical descriptions of key evolutionary processes that govern vital social and natural systems. However, a...
Multiplayer games on graphs are at the heart of theoretical descriptions of key evolutionary processes that govern vital social and natural systems. However, a comprehensive theoretical framework for solving multiplayer games with an arbitrary number of strategies on graphs is still missing. Here, we solve this by drawing an analogy with the Balls-and-Boxes problem, based on which we show that the local configuration of multiplayer games on graphs is equivalent to distributing k identical co-players among n distinct strategies. We use this to derive the replicator equation for any n-strategy multiplayer game under weak selection, which can be solved in polynomial time. As an example, we revisit the second-order free-riding problem, where costly punishment cannot truly resolve social dilemmas in a well-mixed population. Yet, in structured populations, we derive an accurate threshold for the punishment strength, beyond which punishment can either lead to the extinction of defection or transform the system into a rock-paper-scissors-like cycle. The analytical solution also qualitatively agrees with the phase diagrams that were previously obtained for non-marginal selection strengths. Our framework thus allows an exploration of any multi-strategy multiplayer game on regular graphs.
PubMed: 38914550
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49505-5 -
Nursing Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Organizational Culture; Medical Errors; Punishment
PubMed: 38913930
DOI: 10.1097/01.NURSE.0001009992.64749.5c -
The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB Jul 2024
Topics: Humans; Vaccination; Critical Care; COVID-19; Punishment
PubMed: 38913491
DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2024.2353807 -
Addiction Neuroscience Jun 2024Adolescence marks a sensitive period for neurodevelopment wherein exposure to drugs of abuse may disrupt maturation and induce persistent changes in neurophysiology...
Adolescence marks a sensitive period for neurodevelopment wherein exposure to drugs of abuse may disrupt maturation and induce persistent changes in neurophysiology which may exacerbate the risk for developing substance use disorders in adulthood. Adolescent nicotine exposure (ANE) enhances motivation to obtain drugs of abuse, particularly opioids, and increases vulnerability for the development of opioid use disorder (OUD). Here, we characterized ANE effects on learning about the adverse consequences of opioid consumption in adulthood in the absence of further nicotine administration. First, we show that ANE engenders punishment resistant fentanyl self-administration in a heterogenous seeking-taking chain schedule of reinforcement at least at the tested dose of fentanyl (0.75 μg/kg). We found that ANE rats consumed significantly more fentanyl and contingent foot shock punishment was less efficacious in limiting fentanyl seeking in ANE rats, relative to nicotine-naïve controls. Next, we demonstrated that ANE limits learning about the deleterious consequences of acute opioid intoxication in adulthood. In a combined conditioned taste avoidance and place preference paradigm we found that ANE resulted in significant reductions in the strength of morphine-induced CTA, and a simultaneous enhancement of CPP at a higher dose that was less capable of driving reinforcement in naïve controls. Finally, we examined the expression of perineuronal nets (PNNs) within insular cortex (IC) and found ANE rats to have increased density of PNNs across the anterior IC and significantly more parvalbumin-labeled IC cells relative to naïve controls. Together, these data lay the framework for a mechanistic explanation of the extreme comorbidity between nicotine use and development of OUDs.
PubMed: 38911872
DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100150 -
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Jun 2024Psilocybin may provide a useful treatment for mood disorders including anxiety and depression but its mechanisms of action for these effects are not well understood....
Psilocybin may provide a useful treatment for mood disorders including anxiety and depression but its mechanisms of action for these effects are not well understood. While recent preclinical work has begun to assess psilocybin's role in affective behaviors through innate anxiety or fear conditioning, there is scant evidence for its role in conflict between reward and punishment. The current study was designed to determine the impact of psilocybin on the learning of reward-punishment conflict associations, as well as its effects after learning, in male and female rats. We utilized a chained schedule of reinforcement that involved execution of safe and risky reward-guided actions under uncertain punishment. Different patterns of behavioral suppression by psilocybin emerged during learning versus after learning of risky action-reward associations. Psilocybin increased behavioral suppression in female rats as punishment associations were learned. After learning, psilocybin decreased behavioral suppression in both sexes. Thus, psilocybin produces divergent effects on action suppression during approach-avoidance conflict depending on when the conflict is experienced. This observation may have implications for its therapeutic mechanism of action.
PubMed: 38909970
DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107954 -
Journal of Psychiatric Research Jun 2024Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is frequently associated with social dysfunction and impaired decision-making, but its impact on social decisions remains unclear. Thus,... (Review)
Review
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is frequently associated with social dysfunction and impaired decision-making, but its impact on social decisions remains unclear. Thus, we conducted a series of meta-analyses to examine the effects of MDD on key social decision phenomena, including trust, altruistic punishment, and cooperation. We searched Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase up to December 2023, using Hedges' g to compare social decision-making between MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Meta-analytic results showed that MDD patients exhibited a significant reduction in trust (Hedges' g = -0.347, p < 0.001), no significant difference in altruistic punishment (Hedges' g = 0.232, p = 0.149), and an increase in cooperative behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.361, p = 0.002) compared to HCs. The moderation analysis revealed that age (p = 0.039) and region (p = 0.007) significantly moderated altruistic punishment, with older MDD patients and those from Asian and European regions having larger MDD-HC contrast than others. Regarding cooperation, moderation analysis indicated that age (p = 0.028), years of education (p = 0.054), and treatment coverage (p = 0.042) were significant moderators, indicating larger MDD-HC contrast in older, less-educated and better-treated people. These findings suggest MDD has different impacts on different social decisions, highlighting the need for fine-tuned therapeutic interventions that address these differences. The data also underscores the importance of considering demographic and treatment-related variables in managing MDD, which could inform personalized treatment strategies and improve social functionality and patient outcomes.
PubMed: 38905762
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.026 -
PloS One 2024The security crowd-testing regulatory mechanism is a vital means to promote collaborative vulnerability disclosure. However, existing regulatory mechanisms have not...
The security crowd-testing regulatory mechanism is a vital means to promote collaborative vulnerability disclosure. However, existing regulatory mechanisms have not considered multi-agent responsibility boundaries and stakeholders' conflicts of interest, leading to their dysfunction. Distinguishing from previous research on the motivations and constraints of ethical hacks' vulnerability disclosure behaviors from a legal perspective, this paper constructs an evolutionary game model of SRCs, security researchers, and the government from a managerial perspective to propose regulatory mechanisms promoting tripartite collaborative vulnerability disclosure. The results show that the higher the initial willingness of the three parties to choose the collaborative strategy, the faster the system evolves into a stable state. Regarding the government's incentive mechanism, establishing reward and punishment mechanisms based on effective thresholds is essential. However, it is worth noting that the government has an incentive to adopt such mechanisms only if it receives sufficient regulatory benefits. To further facilitate collaborative disclosure, Security Response Centers (SRC) should establish incentive mechanisms including punishment and trust mechanisms. Additionally, publicity and training mechanisms for security researchers should be introduced to reduce their revenue from illegal participation, which promotes the healthy development of security crowd-testing. These findings contribute to improving SRCs' service quality, guiding security researchers' legal participation, enhancing the government's regulatory effectiveness, and ultimately establishing a multi-party collaborative vulnerability disclosure system.
Topics: Humans; Game Theory; Disclosure; Cooperative Behavior; Security Measures; Punishment
PubMed: 38905256
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304467 -
European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2024Police officers encounter various potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and may be compelled to engage in actions that contradict their moral codes. Consequently, they...
Police officers encounter various potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and may be compelled to engage in actions that contradict their moral codes. Consequently, they are at risk to develop symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but also moral stress or moral injury (MI). To date, MI in police officers has received limited attention. The present study sought to identify classes of MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms among police officers exposed to PTEs, while also investigating potential clinical differences between these classes. For this study, 421 trauma-exposed police officers were assessed on demographics and several clinical measurements including MI appraisals (self-directed and other-directed), PTSD severity, and general psychopathology. Latent class and regression analyses were conducted to examine the presence of different classes among trauma-exposed police officers and class differentiation in terms of demographics, general psychopathology, PTSD severity, mistrust, guilt, self-punishment, and feelings of worthlessness. The following five classes were identified: (1) a 'Low MI, high PTSD class' (28%), (2) a 'High MI, low PTSD class' (11%), (3) a 'High MI, high PTSD class' (17%), (4) a 'Low MI, low PTSD class' (16%), and (5) a 'High MI-other, high PTSD class' (27%). There were significant differences between the classes in terms of age, general psychopathology, PTSD severity, mistrust, guilt, and self-punishment but no differences for gender and feelings of worthlessness. In conclusion, we identified five classes, each exhibiting unique patterns of cognitive MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms. This underscores the criticality of measuring and identifying MI in this particular group, as it allows for tailored treatment interventions.
Topics: Humans; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Police; Male; Female; Adult; Latent Class Analysis; Morals; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38904156
DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2365030