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Vaccine Jul 2024Case-control studies involving test-negative (TN) and syndrome-negative (SN) controls are reliable for evaluating influenza and rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE)... (Observational Study)
Observational Study Comparative Study
Vaccine effectiveness in reducing COVID-19-related hospitalization after a risk-age-based mass vaccination program in a Chilean municipality: A comparison of observational study designs.
BACKGROUND
Case-control studies involving test-negative (TN) and syndrome-negative (SN) controls are reliable for evaluating influenza and rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) during a random vaccination process. However, there is no empirical evidence regarding the impact in real-world mass vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 using TN and SN controls.
OBJECTIVE
To compare in the same population the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on COVID-19-related hospitalization rates across a cohort design, TN and SN designs.
METHOD
We conducted an unmatched population-based cohort, TN and SN case-control designs linking data from four data sources (public primary healthcare system, hospitalization registers, epidemiological surveillance systems and the national immunization program) in a Chilean municipality (Rancagua) between March 1, 2021 and August 31, 2021. The outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalization. To ensure sufficient sample size in the unexposed group, completion of follow-up in the cohort design, and sufficient time between vaccination and hospitalization in the case-control design, VE was estimated comparing 8-week periods for each individual.
RESULTS
Among the 191,505 individuals registered in the primary healthcare system of Rancagua in Chile on March 1, 2021; 116,453 met the cohort study's inclusion criteria. Of the 9,471 hospitalizations registered during the study period in the same place, 526 were COVID-19 cases, 108 were TN controls, and 1,628 were SN controls. For any vaccine product, the age- and sex-adjusted vaccine effectiveness comparing fully and nonvaccinated individuals was 67.2 (55.7-76.3) in the cohort design, whereas it was 67.8 (44.1-81.4) and 77.9 (70.2-83.8) in the TN and SN control designs, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The VE of a COVID-19 vaccination program based on age and risk groups tended to differ across the three observational study designs. The SN case-control design may be an efficient option for evaluating COVID-19 VE in real-world settings.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Chile; Middle Aged; Hospitalization; Male; Female; Adult; Aged; COVID-19 Vaccines; Case-Control Studies; Adolescent; SARS-CoV-2; Mass Vaccination; Young Adult; Vaccine Efficacy; Child; Child, Preschool; Infant; Cohort Studies; Immunization Programs; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38749822
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.002 -
Nature Communications May 2024While preventing vertical HIV transmission has been very successful, HIV-exposed uninfected infants (iHEU) experience an elevated risk to infections compared to...
While preventing vertical HIV transmission has been very successful, HIV-exposed uninfected infants (iHEU) experience an elevated risk to infections compared to HIV-unexposed and uninfected infants (iHUU). Here we present a longitudinal multimodal analysis of infant immune ontogeny that highlights the impact of HIV/ARV exposure. Using mass cytometry, we show alterations in T cell memory differentiation between iHEU and iHUU being significant from week 15 of life. The altered memory T cell differentiation in iHEU was preceded by lower TCR Vβ clonotypic diversity and linked to TCR clonal depletion within the naïve T cell compartment. Compared to iHUU, iHEU had elevated CD56CD16PerforinCD38CD45RAFcεRIγ NK cells at 1 month postpartum and whose abundance pre-vaccination were predictive of vaccine-induced pertussis and rotavirus antibody responses post 3 months of life. Collectively, HIV/ARV exposure disrupted the trajectory of innate and adaptive immunity from birth which may underlie relative vulnerability to infections in iHEU.
Topics: Humans; HIV Infections; Infant; Female; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Immunologic Memory; Memory T Cells; Male; Killer Cells, Natural; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Adaptive Immunity; Cell Differentiation; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 38744812
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47955-5 -
Vaccine May 2024Rotavirus (RV) induced diarrhea led to hospitalization and mortality prior to the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine (RVV). The estimated RVV coverage was 86% in...
BACKGROUND
Rotavirus (RV) induced diarrhea led to hospitalization and mortality prior to the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine (RVV). The estimated RVV coverage was 86% in children less than one year of age in Pakistan.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the difference in the number of diarrheal episodes among children who received and who did not receive RVV, along with the parental and physician's perspectives on the barriers toward RV immunization in children aged less than 1 year in Karachi, Pakistan.
METHODS
A mixed-methods study design was conducted in three Primary Healthcare (PHC) private clinics located in different districts of Karachi, Pakistan. Data for RVV status and diarrheal episodes were collected, from medical records in June 2020 for children born between October 2019 to March 2020. Three In-depth Interviews (IDIs) with physicians and three focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers were conducted for information on awareness and approach towards diarrhea, knowledge, and acceptance of RVV, and barriers towards RV immunization.
RESULTS
A total of 430 infants visited the three PHC centres coded as A (n = 144), B (n = 146), and C (n = 140). The mean age of infants was 2.6 ± 0.2 months, 49.5 % were males and 87 (20.2 %) were partial/not vaccinated for RV. Reported diarrheal episodes were 104 (24.2 %), and of these 76 (73.1 %) were partially or not vaccinated, and 83 (79.8 %) were stunted. Recorded diarrhea was significantly associated with partial/not vaccinated status (p < 0.001), stunting (p < 0.001), and by PHC centre location (p < 0.001). PHC-C had the lowest percentage of reported diarrhea, stunting, and non/partially vaccinated status. Qualitative study (FGDs) showed that mothers had lack of awareness and knowledge on the prevention of diarrhea by RVV. Physicians' IDIs pointed towards a lack of sufficient training on RVV.
CONCLUSION
Diarrheal episodes in infants were associated with partial or unvaccinated for RVV, low nutritional status, and areas of residence. Low levels of knowledge and awareness in caretakers and lack of training for RVV in PHC physicians were perceived as barriers in controlling diarrheal diseases.
PubMed: 38744597
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.012 -
Journal of Medical Virology May 2024To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of group A rotavirus (RVA) diarrhea in Beijing between 2019 and 2022 and evaluate the effectiveness of the RV5 vaccine....
To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of group A rotavirus (RVA) diarrhea in Beijing between 2019 and 2022 and evaluate the effectiveness of the RV5 vaccine. Stool specimens were collected from patients with acute diarrhea, and RVA was detected and genotyped. The whole genome of RVA was sequenced by fragment amplification and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of RVA diarrhea. Test-negative design was used to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the RV5. Compared with 2011-2018, RVA-positive rates in patients with acute diarrhea under 5 years of age and adults decreased significantly between 2019 and 2022, to 9.45% (249/634) and 3.66% (220/6016), respectively. The predominant genotype of RVA had changed from G9-VIP[8]-III between 2019 and 2021 to G8-VP[8]-III in 2022, and P[8] sequences from G8-VP[8]-III strains formed a new branch called P[8]-IIIb. The complete genotype of G8-VP[8]-III was G8-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. The VE of 3 doses of RV5 was 90.4% (95% CI: 28.8%-98.7%) against RVA diarrhea. The prevalence of RVA decreased in Beijing between 2019 and 2022, and the predominant genotype changed to G8P[8], which may be related to RV5 vaccination. Continuous surveillance is necessary to evaluate vaccine effectiveness and improve vaccine design.
Topics: Humans; Rotavirus; Rotavirus Infections; Diarrhea; Genotype; Rotavirus Vaccines; Child, Preschool; Prevalence; Beijing; Phylogeny; Male; Infant; Female; Adult; Feces; Middle Aged; Child; Young Adult; Adolescent; Vaccine Efficacy; Aged; Genome, Viral; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 38727133
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29650 -
Journal of Animal Science and... May 2024Rotavirus is one of the pathogenic causes that induce diarrhea in young animals, especially piglets, worldwide. However, nowadays, there is no specific drug available to... (Review)
Review
Rotavirus is one of the pathogenic causes that induce diarrhea in young animals, especially piglets, worldwide. However, nowadays, there is no specific drug available to treat the disease, and the related vaccines have no obvious efficiency in some countries. Via analyzing the pathogenesis of rotavirus, it inducing diarrhea is mainly due to disturb enteric nervous system, destroy gut mucosal integrity, induce intracellular electrolyte imbalance, and impair gut microbiota and immunity. Many studies have already proved that prebiotics and probiotics can mitigate the damage and diarrhea induced by rotavirus infection in hosts. Based on these, the current review summarizes and discusses the effects and mechanisms of prebiotics and probiotics on rotavirus-induced diarrhea in piglets. This information will highlight the basis for the swine production utilization of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention or treatment of rotavirus infection in the future.
PubMed: 38698473
DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01018-3 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024This meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence and circulating strains of rotavirus (RV) among Chinese children under 5 years of age after the implantation of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
This meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence and circulating strains of rotavirus (RV) among Chinese children under 5 years of age after the implantation of the RV vaccine.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Studies published between 2019 and 2023, focused on RV-based diarrhea among children less than 5 years were systematically reviewed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and SinoMed Data. We synthesized their findings to examine prevalence and genetic diversity of RV after the RV vaccine implementation using a fixed-effects or random-effects model.
RESULTS
Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of RV was found to be 19.00%. The highest infection rate was noted in children aged 12-23months (25.79%), followed by those aged 24-35 months (23.91%), and 6-11 months (22.08%). The serotype G9 emerged as the most predominant RV genotype, accounting for 85.48% of infections, followed by G2 (7.70%), G8 (5.74%), G1 (4.86%), and G3 (3.21%). The most common P type was P[8], representing 64.02% of RV cases. Among G-P combinations, G9P[8] was the most frequent, responsible for 78.46% of RV infections, succeeded by G8P[8] (31.22%) and G3P[8] (8.11%).
CONCLUSION
Despite the variation of serotypes observed in China, the G1, G2, G3, G8 and G9 serotypes accounted for most RV strains. The genetic diversity analysis highlights the dynamic nature of RV genotypes, necessitating ongoing surveillance to monitor changes in strain distribution and inform future vaccine strategies.
Topics: Humans; Rotavirus Infections; Rotavirus; China; Genetic Variation; Prevalence; Infant; Child, Preschool; Genotype; Rotavirus Vaccines; Male
PubMed: 38690265
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1364429 -
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi =... Apr 2024To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and genotype trends of rotavirus infection among the population with diarrhea in China, from 2009 to 2020 and provide...
To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and genotype trends of rotavirus infection among the population with diarrhea in China, from 2009 to 2020 and provide evidence for strategic surveillance and prevention. Surveillance data on diarrhea syndrome from 252 sentinel hospitals across 28 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) were obtained from the information management system of the Infectious Disease Surveillance Technology Platform of the National Science and Technology Major Project. Descriptive epidemiological methods were employed to analyze the distribution of rotavirus diarrhea cases in different climatic zones, populations, and times from 2009 to 2020, as well as the genotyping characteristics and changing trends of group A rotavirus diarrhea cases. From 2009 to 2020, a total of 114 606 diarrhea cases were tested for rotavirus, and the positive rate was 19.1% (21 872/114 606); group A rotavirus was dominant (98.2%, 21 471/21 872). The positive rate of rotavirus was the highest in 2009 (36.9%, 2 436/6 604) and 2010 (30.6%, 5 130/16 790), fluctuated between 14.0% to 18.0% from 2011 to 2017, raised slightly in 2018 (20.3%, 2 211/10 900), and declined continuously in the following two years (15.5%, 2 262/14 611 and 9.5%, 470/4 963). The positive rate of males (20.2%, 13 660/67 471) was significantly higher than that of females (17.4%, 8 212/47 135). Children under five had the highest positive rate (28.4%, 18 261/64 300), more than four times that of adults. The positive rate peaked from December to February in the mediate temperate zone, warm temperate zone, and subtropical zone, while there were two peaks from November to January and May to June in the frigid zone of the plateau. The dominant genotype of group A rotavirus gradually changed from G3P[8] and G1P[8] to G9P[8] during 2009-2020. The overall rotavirus infection rate in China was on a downward trend. Meanwhile, significant variations of positive rates were observed in seasonal epidemics and different age groups from 2009 to 2020. Rotavirus diarrhea in children was still a prominent concern. Vaccination of rotavirus vaccine should be promoted, and the epidemiological characteristics and genotypes of rotavirus diarrhea should be continuously monitored.
Topics: Humans; Rotavirus Infections; China; Genotype; Rotavirus; Diarrhea; Female; Male; Infant; Child, Preschool; Child
PubMed: 38678345
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20231123-00312 -
Viruses Apr 2024Rotavirus (RV) is the main pathogen that causes severe diarrhea in infants and children under 5 years of age. No specific antiviral therapies or licensed anti-rotavirus...
Rotavirus (RV) is the main pathogen that causes severe diarrhea in infants and children under 5 years of age. No specific antiviral therapies or licensed anti-rotavirus drugs are available. It is crucial to develop effective and low-toxicity anti-rotavirus small-molecule drugs that act on novel host targets. In this study, a new anti-rotavirus compound was selected by ELISA, and cell activity was detected from 453 small-molecule compounds. The anti-RV effects and underlying mechanisms of the screened compounds were explored. In vitro experimental results showed that the small-molecule compound ML241 has a good effect on inhibiting rotavirus proliferation and has low cytotoxicity during the virus adsorption, cell entry, and replication stages. In addition to its in vitro effects, ML241 also exerted anti-RV effects in a suckling mouse model. Transcriptome sequencing was performed after adding ML241 to cells infected with RV. The results showed that ML241 inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting IκBα, activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and playing an anti-RV role. These results provide an experimental basis for specific anti-RV small-molecule compounds or compound combinations, which is beneficial for the development of anti-RV drugs.
Topics: Rotavirus; Animals; Mice; Rotavirus Infections; Virus Replication; Humans; Antiviral Agents; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; NF-kappa B; Phosphorylation; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Cell Line; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 38675964
DOI: 10.3390/v16040623 -
Viruses Apr 2024Rotavirus A (RVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea requiring hospitalization in children and causes over 100,000 annual deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to...
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea requiring hospitalization in children and causes over 100,000 annual deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. In order to generate next-generation vaccines against African RVA genotypes, a reverse genetics system based on a simian rotavirus strain was utilized here to exchange the antigenic capsid proteins VP4, VP7 and VP6 with those of African human rotavirus field strains. One VP4/VP7/VP6 (genotypes G9-P[6]-I2) triple-reassortant was successfully rescued, but it replicated poorly in the first cell culture passages. However, the viral titer was enhanced upon further passaging. Whole genome sequencing of the passaged virus revealed a single point mutation (A797G), resulting in an amino acid exchange (E263G) in VP4. After introducing this mutation into the VP4-encoding plasmid, a VP4 mono-reassortant as well as the VP4/VP7/VP6 triple-reassortant replicated to high titers already in the first cell culture passage. However, the introduction of the same mutation into the VP4 of other human RVA strains did not improve the rescue of those reassortants, indicating strain specificity. The results show that specific point mutations in VP4 can substantially improve the rescue and replication of recombinant RVA reassortants in cell culture, which may be useful for the development of novel vaccine strains.
Topics: Rotavirus; Virus Replication; Capsid Proteins; Humans; Reassortant Viruses; Animals; Mutation; Cell Line; Reverse Genetics; Genotype; Point Mutation; Rotavirus Infections; Genome, Viral; Antigens, Viral
PubMed: 38675907
DOI: 10.3390/v16040565 -
Vaccine May 2024Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the primary etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under 5 years of age. Despite the global implementation of vaccines,...
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the primary etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under 5 years of age. Despite the global implementation of vaccines, rotavirus infections continue to cause over 120,000 deaths annually, with a majority occurring in developing nations. Among infants, the P[8] rotavirus strain is the most prevalent and can be categorized into four distinct lineages. In this investigation, we expressed five VP4(aa26-476) proteins from different P[8] lineages of human rotavirus in E. coli and assessed their immunogenicity in rabbits. Among the different P[8] strains, the Wa-VP4 protein, derived from the MT025868.1 strain of the P[8]-1 lineage, exhibited successful purification in a highly homogeneous form and significantly elicited higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against both homologous and heterologous rotaviruses compared to other VP4 proteins derived from different P[8] lineages in rabbits. Furthermore, we assessed the immunogenicity of the Wa-VP4 protein in mice, pigs, and cynomolgus monkeys, observing that it induced robust production of nAbs in all animals. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between in nAb titers against homologous and heterologous rotaviruses in pigs and mankeys. Collectively, these findings suggest that the Wa-VP4* protein may serve as a potential candidate for a rotavirus vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Rotavirus Vaccines; Antibodies, Viral; Swine; Rabbits; Mice; Rotavirus; Capsid Proteins; Rotavirus Infections; Macaca fascicularis; Female; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Humans; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 38670845
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.056