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Appetite Jun 2024Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is considered as an important risk factor for the development of overweight and obesity in populations worldwide, with a...
Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is considered as an important risk factor for the development of overweight and obesity in populations worldwide, with a particular focus on the risks in the younger parts of the population - children and adolescents. Together with fiscal measures and information tools, innovation-based approaches such as the development of sugar-free or sugar-reduced versions of established beverages and development of new beverage products have been used to reduce this challenge, but the effects of product innovation on sugar intake are not well understood from the literature, as previous studies have largely ignored substitution effects of product innovation in the beverage domain. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential effectiveness of product innovation as a strategy to affect consumers' intake of energy from sweetened non-alcoholic beverages. Using household panel shopping data from approximately 3000 Danish households over the years 2006-2014, we developed a hedonic pricing approach to estimate the influence of product attributes on consumers' utility, based on observed data for Danish households' purchases of sweet drinks. Overall, the study found that beverages' degree of sweetness positively affected the satiation effect of beverage consumption and in turn made the demand for these beverages less sensitive to e.g. price changes or introduction of competing products, whereas the energy density of the beverages positively affected the demand sensitivity to market changes. Findings like these can be useful for assessing market effects as well as environmental and public health impacts of changes to the market environment.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Consumer Behavior; Beverages; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages; Obesity; Overweight; Commerce
PubMed: 38561064
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107329 -
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Apr 2024Globally, we are currently facing a rapid demographic shift leading to an increase in the proportion of older adults within the population. This raises concerns about... (Review)
Review
Globally, we are currently facing a rapid demographic shift leading to an increase in the proportion of older adults within the population. This raises concerns about the potential increase in age-related diseases and their impact on our ability to provide adequate health and end-of-life care. To apply appropriate interventions, understanding the changes that happen with ageing becomes essential. Ageing is often accompanied by a decrease in appetite and physical activity, which may lead to malnutrition, resulting in decreased muscle mass, physical capabilities and independence. To preserve muscle mass, older adults are advised to increase protein intake and physical activity. However, protein's high satiating effect may cause reduced energy intake. Physical activity is also advised to maintain or enhance older adult's appetite. This review paper aims to discuss appetite-related changes that occur with ageing and their consequences. In particular, it will focus on investigating the relationship between protein intake and physical activity and their impact on appetite and energy intake in the ageing population. Recent studies suggest that physical activity might contribute to maintaining or enhancing appetite in older adults. Nevertheless, establishing a definitive consensus on the satiating effect of protein in ageing remains a work in progress, despite some promising results in the existing literature.
PubMed: 38557431
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665124002192 -
Journal of Neuroendocrinology May 2024Extensive research is undertaken in rodents to determine the mechanism underlying obesity-induced leptin resistance. While body weight is generally tightly controlled in...
Extensive research is undertaken in rodents to determine the mechanism underlying obesity-induced leptin resistance. While body weight is generally tightly controlled in these studies, the effect of age of experimental animals has received less attention. Specifically, there has been little investigation into leptin regulation of food intake in middle-aged animals, which is a period of particular relevance for weight gain in humans. We investigated whether the satiety effects of leptin remained constant in young (3 months), middle-aged (12 months) or aged (18-22 months) male mice. Although mean body weight increased with age, leptin concentrations did not significantly increase in male mice beyond 12 months of age. Exogenous leptin administration led to a significant reduction in food intake in young mice but had no effect on food intake in middle-aged male mice. This loss of the satiety effect of leptin appeared to be transient, with leptin administration leading to the greatest inhibition of food intake in the aged male mice. Subsequently, we investigated whether these differences were due to changes in leptin transport into the brain with ageing. No change in leptin clearance from the blood or transport into the brain was observed, suggesting the emergence of central resistance to leptin in middle age. These studies demonstrate the presence of dynamic and age-specific changes in the satiety effects of leptin in male mice and highlight the requirement for age to be carefully considered when undertaking metabolic studies in rodents.
Topics: Animals; Leptin; Male; Mice; Eating; Aging; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Satiety Response; Body Weight; Brain
PubMed: 38549242
DOI: 10.1111/jne.13386 -
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology... May 2024The objective of the current study was to describe meal-related symptoms in youth with chronic abdominal pain fulfilling criteria for a disorder of gut-brain interaction...
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the current study was to describe meal-related symptoms in youth with chronic abdominal pain fulfilling criteria for a disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) and their associations with anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances.
METHODS
This was a retrospective evaluation of 226 consecutive patients diagnosed with an abdominal pain-associated DGBI. As part of routine care, all had completed a standardized symptom history, the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children (utilized to assess for disorders of initiation and maintenance of sleep and excessive daytime somnolence) and the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Third Edition (utilized to assess for anxiety and depression). Four meal related symptoms were assessed: early satiety, postprandial bloating, postprandial abdominal pain, and postprandial nausea.
RESULTS
Overall, 87.6% of patients reported at least one meal related symptom and the majority reported at least three symptoms. All meal related symptoms were significantly related to each other. Postprandial pain and nausea were more often reported by females. Early satiety, postprandial bloating, and postprandial nausea, but not postprandial pain demonstrated significant though variable associations with anxiety, depression, disorders of initiation and maintenance of sleep, and disorders of excessive somnolence, but only in adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
Meal related symptoms are very common in youth with abdominal pain-associated DGBIs. Early satiety, bloating, and postprandial nausea demonstrate variable associations with anxiety, depression, and disordered sleep while increased postprandial pain was not associated with psychologic or sleep dysfunction, suggesting a different pathway for symptom generation.
Topics: Humans; Abdominal Pain; Female; Male; Adolescent; Retrospective Studies; Anxiety; Child; Depression; Sleep Wake Disorders; Postprandial Period; Meals; Chronic Pain; Nausea; Satiation
PubMed: 38516908
DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12185 -
Peptides Jun 2024Amylin, a pancreatic hormone, is well-established to suppress feeding by enhancing satiation. Pramlintide, an amylin analog that is FDA-approved for the treatment of...
Amylin, a pancreatic hormone, is well-established to suppress feeding by enhancing satiation. Pramlintide, an amylin analog that is FDA-approved for the treatment of diabetes, has also been shown to produce hypophagia. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying the ability of pramlintide to suppress feeding are unresolved. We hypothesized that systemic pramlintide administration in rats would reduce energy intake, specifically by reducing meal size. Male rats were given b.i.d. administration of intraperitoneal pramlintide or vehicle for 1 week, and chow intake, meal patterns, and body weight were monitored throughout the test period. Consistent with our hypothesis, pramlintide decreased chow intake mainly via suppression of meal size, with corresponding reductions in meal duration on several days. Fewer effects on meal number or feeding rate were detected. Pramlintide also reduced weight gain over the 1-week study. These results highlight that the behavioral mechanisms by which pramlintide produces hypophagia are similar to those driven by amylin itself, and provide important insight into the ability of this pharmacotherapy to promote negative energy balance over a period of chronic administration.
Topics: Animals; Islet Amyloid Polypeptide; Male; Rats; Feeding Behavior; Eating; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Body Weight; Energy Intake
PubMed: 38493922
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171197 -
Nutrients Feb 2024Sugar consumption is known to be associated with a whole range of adverse health effects, including overweight status and type II diabetes mellitus. In 2015, the World... (Review)
Review
Sugar consumption is known to be associated with a whole range of adverse health effects, including overweight status and type II diabetes mellitus. In 2015, the World Health Organization issued a guideline recommending the reduction of sugar intake. In this context, alternative sweeteners have gained interest as sugar substitutes to achieve this goal without loss of the sweet taste. This review aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature and establish a reference tool for selected conventional sweeteners (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) and alternative sweeteners (sucralose, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose), specifically focusing on their important metabolic effects. The results show that alternative sweeteners constitute a diverse group, and each substance exhibits one or more metabolic effects. Therefore, no sweetener can be considered to be inert. Additionally, xylitol, erythritol, and D-allulose seem promising as alternative sweeteners due to favorable metabolic outcomes. These alternative sweeteners replicate the benefits of sugars (e.g., sweetness and gastrointestinal hormone release) while circumventing the detrimental effects of these substances on human health.
Topics: Humans; Sweetening Agents; Xylitol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Sugars; Erythritol
PubMed: 38474749
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050622 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2024Dietary incorporation of an attractive feed protein source is a practical method of enhancing feed intake and consequently improving the growth of fish. The...
Dietary incorporation of an attractive feed protein source is a practical method of enhancing feed intake and consequently improving the growth of fish. The attractiveness of 18 crude protein sources to juvenile red sea bream () and the effects of the dietary inclusion of the crude protein source that exhibited the strongest attractiveness on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency were determined. Jack mackerel meal (JMM) showed the strongest attractiveness to red sea bream among 18 crude protein ingredients. In an 8-week feeding trial, 810 juveniles were randomly distributed into 27 tanks (30 fish/tank). Nine experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet included 60% fish meal (FM). Various levels (1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 100%) of JMM were included at the expense of FM in the Con diet, and the resulting diets were named the JMM, JMM, JMM, JMM, JMM, JMM, JMM, and JMM diets, respectively. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. The weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed consumption of red sea bream that were fed the JMM, JMM, and JMM diets were significantly ( < 0.0001 for all) higher than those of the fish fed all other diets. However, dietary JMM inclusion had no remarkable impacts on the feed utilization, biological indices, and chemical composition of the whole body of red sea bream. In terms of the economic view of the study, the economic profit index of red sea bream fed the JMM, JMM, and JMM diets was significantly ( < 0.0001) greater than that of the fish fed all other diets. In conclusion, the strongest attractiveness to red sea bream among 18 crude protein sources was observed in JMM. The inclusion of more than 40% JMM at the expense of FM in the diet of red sea bream is highly recommended for practical feed formulations to induce remarkable improvement in the growth performance of fish and the economic returns for farmers.
PubMed: 38473156
DOI: 10.3390/ani14050771 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2024The effect of substituting fish meal (FM) by tuna by-product meal (TBM) on growth and feed availability of red sea bream () was investigated. Six experimental diets were...
The effect of substituting fish meal (FM) by tuna by-product meal (TBM) on growth and feed availability of red sea bream () was investigated. Six experimental diets were crested to be isonitrogenous (51.5%) and isolipidic (14.5%). The control (Con) diet contained 55% FM. FM substitution in the Con diet was made in increments of 20 percentage points (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), named as the TBM20, TBM40, TBM60, TBM80, and TBM100 diets, respectively. Juvenile red sea bream were stocked into 18, 300 L flow-through tanks (50 fish/tank). Red sea bream were hand-fed with each diet until satiation for 8 weeks. No statistical differences in weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and feed consumption were found among red sea bream fed the Con, TBM20, and TBM40 diets. Furthermore, feed utilization of fish fed the TBM20, TBM40, TBM60, and TBM80 diets was comparable to red sea bream fed the Con diet. The biological indices, biochemical composition, and hematological parameters of fish were not statistically altered by dietary FM replacement with TBM. The greatest economic profit index was achieved in the TBM40 diet. In conclusion, the replacement of 40% FM with TBM in red sea bream diet appears to be the most recommendable approach without producing retarded growth and feed availability, but maximizing EPI to farmers.
PubMed: 38473073
DOI: 10.3390/ani14050688 -
Food Science & Nutrition Mar 2024Drinking alcoholic beverages stimulates food intake and contributes to the passive overconsumption of dietary energy. As protein is the most satiating of all the...
Exploring the short-term impact of swapping consumption from standard protein snacks to higher protein snacks on energy intake in social drinkers: Is protein worth a nudge?
Drinking alcoholic beverages stimulates food intake and contributes to the passive overconsumption of dietary energy. As protein is the most satiating of all the macronutrients, increased levels in snacks taken with alcohol have the potential to minimize excess energy consumption. We hypothesized that swapping consumption from retail-available standard protein (SP) snacks to higher protein (HP) snack foods would increase satiety and reduce acute food energy intake in social drinkers. A randomized single-blind crossover trial with 19 healthy participants aged 19-31 years was conducted. Participants attended two separate testing sessions, where they ingested white wine (30 g alcohol) and were offered ad libitum access to either HP snacks with a protein-fortified dip or SP snacks with a dip. There were no significant differences in mean food mass, food energy intake, or subjective appetite ratings between the high and SP snacks (all > .05). Mean protein intake was significantly increased with HP snacks compared with standard snacks ( < .001). Plasma glucose median incremental area under the curve and mean peak were significantly higher with the SP snacks (all < .05) but remained within the reference range. This study demonstrated that consumption of a higher amount of protein after a moderate alcohol dose does not result in a change in food mass and energy intake or promote satiety in healthy young adults. The potential for a simple swap to different snack types is unlikely to bring substantial benefits to social drinkers and reduce passive energy consumption.
PubMed: 38455182
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3902 -
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy Apr 2024Fluid satiation is an important signal and aspect of body fluid homeostasis. Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons (Oxtr) in the dorsolateral subdivision of the lateral...
Fluid satiation is an important signal and aspect of body fluid homeostasis. Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons (Oxtr) in the dorsolateral subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (dl LPBN) are key neurons which regulate fluid satiation. In the present study, we investigated brain regions activated by stimulation of Oxtr neurons in order to better characterise the fluid satiation neurocircuitry in mice. Chemogenetic activation of Oxtr neurons increased Fos expression (a proxy marker for neuronal activation) in known fluid-regulating brain nuclei, as well as other regions that have unclear links to fluid regulation and which are likely involved in regulating other functions such as arousal and stress relief. In addition, we analysed and compared Fos expression patterns between chemogenetically-activated fluid satiation and physiological-induced fluid satiation. Both models of fluid satiation activated similar brain regions, suggesting that the chemogenetic model of stimulating Oxtr neurons is a relevant model of physiological fluid satiation. A deeper understanding of this neural circuit may lead to novel molecular targets and creation of therapeutic agents to treat fluid-related disorders.
Topics: Animals; Parabrachial Nucleus; Mice; Receptors, Oxytocin; Neurons; Satiation; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Brain
PubMed: 38452468
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102403