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Acta Psychologica Apr 2024Calorie content and hunger are two fundamental cues acting upon the processing of visually presented food items. However, whether and to which extent they affect visual...
Calorie content and hunger are two fundamental cues acting upon the processing of visually presented food items. However, whether and to which extent they affect visual awareness is still an open question. Here, high- and low-calorie food images administered to hungry or satiated participants were confronted in a breaking-Continuous Flash Suppression paradigm (Experiment 1), measuring the time required to access to visual awareness, and in a Binocular Rivalry paradigm (Experiment 2), quantifying the dominance time in visual awareness. Experiment 1 showed that high-calorie food accessed faster visual awareness, but mostly in satiated participants. Experiment 2 indicated that high-calorie food dominated longer visual awareness, regardless the degree of hunger. We argued that the unconscious advantage (Experiment 1) would represent a default state of the visual system towards highest-energy nutrients, yet the advantage is lost in hunger so to be tuned towards an increased need for any nutritional category. On the other hand, the conscious advantage of high-calorie food (Experiment 2) would represent a conscious perceptual and attentional bias towards highest energy-dense food useful for the actual detection of these stimuli in the environment.
Topics: Humans; Hunger; Food; Energy Intake; Cues; Satiation; Awareness
PubMed: 38377873
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104192 -
Journal of Fish Biology May 2024In this study, we investigated the effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in decoupled aquaponic systems. Our...
In this study, we investigated the effects of swimming activity and feed restriction on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in decoupled aquaponic systems. Our focus was on assessing their impact on water quality parameters within the aquaponic setup and evaluating the growth performance of the fish, including final weight (FW), condition factor (K), coefficient of variation (c.v.) in weight, specific growth rate (SGR), total feed intake (g/fish), feed conversion rate (FCR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and viscerosomatic index (VSI), as well as the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. elmaria). The study involved 108 juvenile rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 26.54 ± 0.36 g and 60 ten-day-old lettuce seedlings, over a period of 42 days. We designed four treatment groups, each with three fish tanks: static ad libitum (SA), where fish were in static water conditions and fed to satiation; static restriction (SR), with fish in static water and a 25% feed restriction; current ad libitum (CA), where fish experienced forced swimming at 1 BL s; and current restriction (CR), with swimming exercise at 1 BL s and a 25% feed restriction. Using a flow rate of 1 BL s in the tanks for rainbow trout yielded several benefits. Notably, the fish in the CA group exhibited increased feed intake (60 ± 1.78 g fish) and enhanced fish growth with an FW of 91.72 ± 0.91 g, compared to the SA group (55.88 ± 0.88 g fish for feed intake and 89.26 ± 0.81 g for FW). In contrast, the CR group showed a reduced feed intake (39.02 ± 2.78 g fish) and a lower FW (67.85 ± 1.49 g) compared to the CA group. In addition, the CA group demonstrated positive contributions to fish development with a reduced HSI (1.26 ± 0.02) in comparison to the SA group (1.56 ± 0.14). Inadequate nutrient provisioning in the SR and CR groups negatively impacted fish growth and system efficiency. Our findings suggest that optimizing water flow and feed benefits fish and plants and enhances system sustainability.
Topics: Caloric Restriction; Eating; Hydroponics; Lactuca; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Swimming; Water Quality; Animals
PubMed: 38374523
DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15697 -
Food & Nutrition Research 2024Fruit juice has a similar nutrient content as whole fruit and may in this respect be part of a healthy diet. However, a lower amount or lack of fibre and a higher... (Review)
Review
Fruit juice has a similar nutrient content as whole fruit and may in this respect be part of a healthy diet. However, a lower amount or lack of fibre and a higher concentration of sugars and energy could also contribute to less satiation and increase the risk of excess energy intake. The aim of this scoping review is to describe the overall evidence for the role of fruit juice as a basis for setting and updating food-based dietary guidelines in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023. PubMed was searched for systematic reviews and meta-analyses and evidence was extracted on relevant health outcomes. Current available evidence indicates that low to moderate consumption of fruit juice is not associated with an apparent risk of chronic diseases and may have protective effects on cardiovascular disease. The association between the intake of fruit juice and weight gain remains unclear and might be of concern for some groups of people. Overall, the evidence regarding health effects of fruit juice is limited.
PubMed: 38370109
DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v68.10463 -
Ecology Apr 2024Synchronized episodic reproduction among long-lived plants shapes ecological interactions, ecosystem dynamics, and evolutionary processes worldwide. Two active... (Review)
Review
Synchronized episodic reproduction among long-lived plants shapes ecological interactions, ecosystem dynamics, and evolutionary processes worldwide. Two active scientific fields investigate the causes and consequences of such synchronized reproduction: the fields of masting and fire-stimulated flowering. While parallels between masting and fire-stimulated flowering have been previously noted, there has been little dialogue between these historically independent fields. We predict that the synthesis of these fields will facilitate new insight into the causes and consequences of synchronized reproduction. Here we briefly review parallels between masting and fire-stimulated flowering, using two case studies and a database of 1870 plant species to facilitate methodological, conceptual, geographical, taxonomic, and phylogenetic comparisons. We identify avenues for future research and describe three key opportunities associated with synthesis. First, the taxonomic and geographic complementarity of empirical studies from these historically independent fields highlights the potential to derive more general inferences about global patterns and consequences of synchronized reproduction in perennial plants. Second, masting's well developed conceptual framework for evaluating adaptive hypotheses can help guide empirical studies of fire-stimulated species and enable stronger inferences about the evolutionary ecology of fire-stimulated flowering. Third, experimental manipulation of reproductive variation in fire-stimulated species presents unique opportunities to empirically investigate foundational questions about ecological and evolutionary processes underlying synchronized reproduction. Synthesis of these fields and their complementary insights offers a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of synchronized reproduction in perennial plants.
Topics: Ecosystem; Phylogeny; Seeds; Reproduction; Fires
PubMed: 38363004
DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4261 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 2024A 45-day feeding assay was carried out to evaluate the effects of crescent levels of dephytinized rice bran protein concentrate (DRBPC) on growth performance, nutrient...
A 45-day feeding assay was carried out to evaluate the effects of crescent levels of dephytinized rice bran protein concentrate (DRBPC) on growth performance, nutrient deposition, plasma and liver parameters of jundiá Rhamdia quelen. Five experimental diets were formulated with inclusion of 0 (control), 10, 15, 20, and 30% of DRBPC. In total 500 jundiás (initial body weight 6.28 ± 0.12 g) were allocated in 20 tanks (230 L) to give four groups for each treatment. Fish were fed to apparent satiation for 45 days. Weight gain and specific growth rate were evaluated by cubic regression analysis (P < 0.05) and displayed maximal growth on the inclusion level of 25% of DRBPC. The results indicated that fish fed DRBPC15 and DRBPC30 had lower body protein deposition and hepatosomatic index compared to CONTROL diet, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were assessed in plasma parameters. The alanine aminotransferase activity was higher in fish fed DRBPC30 compared to CONTROL group. The present study has demonstrated that DRBPC displayed significant nutritional quality for the jundiá. Thus, this new ingredient could be included as a protein source in fish for minimizing the use of fish meal.
Topics: Animals; Oryza; Catfishes; Liver; Weight Gain; Diet; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38359283
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320190556 -
International Journal of Food Sciences... Jun 2024Brewers spent grain (BSG) is a valuable source of arabinoxylans with potential beneficial effects on glucose values. This pilot randomised crossover double-blind trial... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Brewers spent grain (BSG) is a valuable source of arabinoxylans with potential beneficial effects on glucose values. This pilot randomised crossover double-blind trial compared the effects of panettone, a sweet baked-product, enriched with BSG-fibre (p-rich) to unenriched panettone (p-standard) on glucose and insulin blood values and appetite scores. Ten healthy volunteers consumed each food in a random order. Blood variables and appetite scores were assessed at fasting and at different intervals after each food consumption. Glucose values were significantly higher after p-standard intake at 90-min (89.9 ± 16.1 74.6 ± 19.4 mg/dL) and 120-min (81.1 ± 9.85 72.1 ± 14.0 mg/dL). The areas-under-the-curve (AUCs) were lower for both glucose ( = .043) and insulin values ( = .036) with p-rich. At 240-min, satiety was higher ( = .006), and desire-to-eat lower ( = .008) with p-rich; desire-to-eat AUC was lower with p-rich too ( = .029). The integration of a small amount of BSG-derived fibre into a sweet food led to improved glycaemic control and appetite regulation.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Fiber; Cross-Over Studies; Insulin; Blood Glucose; Appetite; Male; Adult; Pilot Projects; Female; Double-Blind Method; Food, Fortified; Young Adult; Bread; Edible Grain; Postprandial Period; Satiation; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38356166
DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2024.2314679 -
Appetite May 2024Short sleep is consistently linked with childhood obesity, possibly via disrupting appetite hormones and increasing food responsiveness. Few studies have objectively...
BACKGROUND
Short sleep is consistently linked with childhood obesity, possibly via disrupting appetite hormones and increasing food responsiveness. Few studies have objectively examined this association in early childhood.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate associations of sleep quantity and quality with child appetitive traits and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in a higher-income cohort of 86 preschool-age children (age 4.0 ± 0.8 years; 42% female; 93% non-Hispanic white, Northern New England, US).
METHODS
Children's sleep duration and quality were assessed via parent report (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, CSHQ) at baseline and 6-month follow-up and via accelerometry at baseline. Parents also completed the Child Eating Behaviors Questionnaire to assess the child's appetitive traits. EAH, an objective measure of overeating, was observed at baseline during an in-person visit. Associations between sleep measures and appetitive traits were examined with linear mixed-effect or linear regression models, as appropriate, adjusting for child age, sex, and household income.
RESULTS
Shorter sleep duration per parent report was associated with less satiety responsiveness (standardized ß = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.26; p = 0.03). Further, satiety responsiveness was inversely related to EAH (Pearson's r = -0.35, p = 0.02). No associations were found between accelerometer-measured sleep parameters and appetitive traits, and no sleep measures were related to EAH.
CONCLUSIONS
Shorter usual sleep, per the parent report, was cross-sectionally associated with reduced satiety responsiveness in this sample of higher-income preschoolers. Future studies should consider whether socioeconomic status may modify the impact of poor sleep on appetitive traits in early childhood.
Topics: Humans; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Male; Pediatric Obesity; Appetite; Hyperphagia; Satiation; Feeding Behavior; Sleep; Surveys and Questionnaires; Body Mass Index
PubMed: 38346496
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107254 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... 2024This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HM) on the hematological profile, immune parameters,...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with defatted Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HM) on the hematological profile, immune parameters, intestinal inflammatory status, and antioxidant response in gilthead seabream juveniles. Four diets were formulated, replacing FM with HM at 0%, 22%, 60%, and 100% levels, corresponding to an inclusion level of 15 (diet HM15), 30 (diet HM30), and 45% (diet HM45), respectively. Over 67 days, fish were fed these diets until apparent visual satiation. Results showed no significant differences in immune parameters or hematological profiles, except for a decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. In the liver, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase decreased linearly with HM content, especially at 100% replacement. Glutathione reductase activity was also reduced with HM inclusion, being lower in fish fed diet HM30 compared to the control. Fish fed diet HM15 showed lower hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, while catalase activity and lipid peroxidation remained unaffected. In the intestine, antioxidant enzyme activity was not influenced by HM, but lipid peroxidation linearly decreased with HM inclusion, being lower in the HM30 diet compared to the control. The inclusion of HM reduced the expression of intestinal pro-inflammatory genes (interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2) while the expression of transforming growth factor β was higher in fish fed diet HM30 compared to the control and HM45 diets. In conclusion, up to 45% dietary inclusion of HM showed no adverse effects, improving liver antioxidant status, reducing intestinal oxidative stress, and regulating inflammatory gene expression.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Sea Bream; Larva; Intestines; Diet; Diptera; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38340781
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.110951 -
Physiology & Behavior Mar 2024It is well documented that estrogens inhibit fluid intake. Most of this research, however, has focused on fluid intake in response to dipsogenic hormone and/or drug...
It is well documented that estrogens inhibit fluid intake. Most of this research, however, has focused on fluid intake in response to dipsogenic hormone and/or drug treatments in euhydrated rats. Additional research is needed to fully characterize the fluid intake effects of estradiol in response to true hypovolemia. As such, the goals of this series of experiments were to provide a detailed analysis of water intake in response to water deprivation in ovariectomized female rats treated with estradiol. In addition, these experiments also tested if activation of estrogen receptor alpha is sufficient to reduce water intake stimulated by water deprivation and tested for a role of glucagon like peptide-1 in the estrogenic control of water intake. As expected, estradiol reduced water intake in response to 24 and 48 h of water deprivation. The reduction in water intake was associated with a reduction in drinking burst number, with no change in drinking burst size. Pharmacological activation of estrogen receptor alpha reduced intake. Finally, estradiol-treatment caused a leftward shift in the behavioral dose response curve of exendin-4, the glucagon like peptide-1 agonist. While the highest dose of exendin-4 reduced 10 min intake in both oil and estradiol-treated rats, the intermediate dose only reduced intake in rats treated with estradiol. Together, this series of experiments extends previous research by providing a more thorough behavioral analysis of the anti-dipsogenic effect of estradiol in dehydrated rats, in addition to identifying the glucagon like peptide-1 system as a potential bioregulator involved in the underlying mechanisms by which estradiol reduces water intake in the female rat.
Topics: Animals; Female; Rats; Dehydration; Drinking; Estradiol; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Exenatide; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 38331374
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114484 -
Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &... May 2024Obesity and metabolic syndrome represent a growing epidemic worldwide. Body weight is regulated through complex interactions between hormonal, neural and metabolic... (Review)
Review
Obesity and metabolic syndrome represent a growing epidemic worldwide. Body weight is regulated through complex interactions between hormonal, neural and metabolic pathways and is influenced by numerous environmental factors. Imbalances between energy intake and expenditure can occur due to several factors, including alterations in eating behaviours, abnormal satiation and satiety, and low energy expenditure. The gut microbiota profoundly affects all aspects of energy homeostasis through diverse mechanisms involving effects on mucosal and systemic immune, hormonal and neural systems. The benefits of dietary fibre on metabolism and obesity have been demonstrated through mechanistic studies and clinical trials, but many questions remain as to how different fibres are best utilized in managing obesity. In this Review, we discuss the physiochemical properties of different fibres, current findings on how fibre and the gut microbiota interact to regulate body weight homeostasis, and knowledge gaps related to using dietary fibres as a complementary strategy. Precision medicine approaches that utilize baseline microbiota and clinical characteristics to predict individual responses to fibre supplementation represent a new paradigm with great potential to enhance weight management efficacy, but many challenges remain before these approaches can be fully implemented.
Topics: Dietary Fiber; Humans; Obesity; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Energy Metabolism
PubMed: 38326443
DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00891-z