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The Nurse Practitioner Apr 2023Mpox (formerly "monkeypox") is a viral zoonosis that presents similarly to smallpox but is less contagious and causes less severe disease. Mpox may be transmitted from...
Mpox (formerly "monkeypox") is a viral zoonosis that presents similarly to smallpox but is less contagious and causes less severe disease. Mpox may be transmitted from infected animals to humans through direct contact or a scratch or bite. Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact, respiratory droplets, and fomites. Two vaccines, JYNNEOS® and ACAM2000®, are currently available for postexposure prophylaxis as well as for prevention in certain populations at high risk for mpox. Most cases of mpox are self-limited; however, tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir are available as treatments for at-risk populations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Adult; Mpox (monkeypox); Benzamides; Cidofovir; Spiramycin
PubMed: 36975744
DOI: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000000000000025 -
European Review For Medical and... Mar 2023Through a cell culture test, we analyzed the cytotoxic effects of topical spiramycin on NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells.
OBJECTIVE
Through a cell culture test, we analyzed the cytotoxic effects of topical spiramycin on NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin was used for the growth of NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells in a 5% CO2 incubator. Spiramycin's cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay. 5,000 NIH/3T3 cells per well of a 96-well plate were seeded in each well, and the cells were treated with spiramycin (3.13-100 μM) for 24, 48 and 72 hours while the plates were incubated at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. First, 105 NIH/3T3 cells were seeded onto coverslips in 6-well plates for morphological analysis of both untreated and spiramycin-treated cells. For 24 hours, NIH/3T3 cells were exposed to a 100 μM dosage of spiramycin. The cells in the control group were grown in complete growth media alone.
RESULTS
Spiramycin was non-toxic to NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells in a MTT test. The concentration of spiramycin used to stimulate cell growth increased as the concentration was increased. After 24 and 48 hours of treatment with 100 μM NIH/3T3, the cells showed the most significant increase in size. Cell viability was shown to be significantly reduced at spiramycin doses of 50 and 100 μM. All MTT findings revealed that spiramycin enhanced cell viability and was not harmful to the fibroblast cells for short-term application of 24 and 48 hours but lowered the viability of fibroblast cells at the doses of 50 and 100 μM for long-term application duration of 72 hours. Confocal micrographs showed that spiramycin treatment did not affect the cytoskeleton or nucleus of fibroblast cells, in contrast to the control NIH/3T3 cells. Both untreated and treated with spiramycin, fibroblast cells were found to be fusiform and compact, with their nuclei remaining unaltered and unreduced in size.
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that spiramycin has a beneficial effect on fibroblast cells and is safe for use over short periods. Spiramycin reduced fibroblast cell viability when applied for 72 hours. Confocal micrographs showed that fibroblast cell skeletons and nuclei were unharmed and undamaged, that cell shapes were fusiform and compact, and that nuclei were neither broken nor shrunken. Topical spiramycin could be recommended for septorhinoplasty procedures due to anti-inflammatory effects for short-term usage if clinical trials will confirm experimental data.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Spiramycin; Carbon Dioxide; Fibroblasts; NIH 3T3 Cells; Cell Culture Techniques
PubMed: 36971220
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202303_31701 -
Experimental Parasitology May 2023Latent toxoplasmosis mostly reactivates which could result in acute encephalitis. Chronic toxoplasmosis treatments are severely constrained by Toxoplasma cyst...
UNLABELLED
Latent toxoplasmosis mostly reactivates which could result in acute encephalitis. Chronic toxoplasmosis treatments are severely constrained by Toxoplasma cyst resistance. Novel therapeutic approaches are therefore becoming more essential. In this study, the effects of levamisole (LEVA) and spiramycin on the early and late stages of experimental toxoplasmosis are investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seventy-five Me49 Toxoplasma gondii infected Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups; (GI): noninfected control group; (GII): infected untreated control group; (GIII): infected- LEVA treated group; (GIV): infected and received combination of spiramycin and LEVA and (GV): infected-spiramycin treated group. The impact was assessed through brain cyst count by Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) assay, histopathological study, and total blood counts.
RESULTS
The progression of chronic toxoplasmosis could only be partially controlled by using either levamisole or spiramycin as a separate drug. The combined spiramycin and levamisole treatment significantly decreased the burden of Toxoplasma brain cyst, increased IFN-γ level, total blood parameters and improved the histopathological features especially at the late stage of infection.
IN CONCLUSION
Levamisole effectively modulated Toxoplasma-induced immune responses, resulting in chronic toxoplasmosis remission. Further clinical trials will be needed to study the effect of these combination in HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus) patients with toxoplasmosis.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Spiramycin; Levamisole; Toxoplasmosis; Toxoplasma
PubMed: 36958594
DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108515 -
Folia Microbiologica Aug 2023Microbial natural products are among the main sources of compounds used in the medical biotechnology field for the purpose of drug development. However, as antibiotic...
Microbial natural products are among the main sources of compounds used in the medical biotechnology field for the purpose of drug development. However, as antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms is known to be increasing dramatically, there exists a need to develop new antibiotics. Actinomycetia have proven to be a good source of biologically active compounds, although the rediscovery of previously known compounds significantly slows down the introduction of new antibiotics. As a consequence, increasing attention is being paid to the isolation of actinomycete strains from previously unexplored sources, which can significantly increase the likelihood of discovering new biologically active compounds. This study investigated the diversity and bioactive potential of 372 actinomycete strains isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. The examined actinomycete strains belonged to 11 genera, namely, Actinoplanes, Actinorectispora, Amycolatopsis, Kribbella, Micrococcus, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Promicromonospora, Rhodococcus, Saccharopolyspora and Streptomyces. The bioactive potential of each isolated actinomycete strain was determined on the basis of its ability to produce antimicrobial metabolites against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Some 159 strains (42.74%) exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least one of the tested microbial strains. The dereplication analysis of the extract of the Streptomyces sp. Je 1-651 strain, which exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, led to the annotation of spiramycins and stambomycins. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the Je 1-651 strain revealed it to be close to the S. ambofaciens.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Juniperus; Rhizosphere; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Soil; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Anti-Infective Agents; Actinobacteria; Actinomycetales; Streptomyces; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 36947395
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01047-x -
Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A,... Apr 2023In this study, an immunochromatographic test (using the Charm QUAD2® Test) was used to screen for residual macrolides and lincosamides in raw cow's milk. The validation...
In this study, an immunochromatographic test (using the Charm QUAD2® Test) was used to screen for residual macrolides and lincosamides in raw cow's milk. The validation parameters (selectivity/specificity, detection capability (CCβ), and ruggedness) were in agreement with the requirements of[EC] 2021. The selectivity of the immunochromatographic test was verified by the negative results of microbiological tests. The false-positive rate was 0%. The CCβ values of the immunochromatographic test for various antibiotics in milk were as follows: erythromycin 0.02 mg/kg, spiramycin 0.1 mg/kg, tilmicosin 0.025 mg/kg, tylosin 0.05 mg/kg, lincomycin 0.15 mg/kg, and pirlimycin 0.15 mg/kg. The determined CCβ values were lower than the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs; regulatory limits in Japan) for milk, except for lincomycin (equal to the MRL). The presence of antibiotic groups other than macrolides and lincosamides did not interfere with the specificity of the test. It showed no significant difference in lot-to-lot repeatability. The results obtained by the two researchers showed no significant differences. Finally, the test was applied to milk samples obtained from a tylosin-treated cow. The outcome was positive and in agreement with the results of the chemical analytical and microbiological methods. Therefore, this validated immunochromatographic test is expected to be suitable for routine analysis to ensure milk safety.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Lincosamides; Milk; Macrolides; Tylosin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Lincomycin; Drug Residues
PubMed: 36848530
DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2177504 -
Microbial Genomics Jan 2023Antimicrobial therapy is important for case management of diphtheria, but knowledge on the emergence of multidrug-resistance in is scarce. We report on the genomic...
Antimicrobial therapy is important for case management of diphtheria, but knowledge on the emergence of multidrug-resistance in is scarce. We report on the genomic features of two multidrug-resistant toxigenic isolates sampled from wounds in France 3 years apart. Both isolates were resistant to spiramycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Genes and ) were clustered in two genomic islands, one consisting of two transposons and one integron, the other being flanked by two IS6100 insertion sequences. One isolate additionally presented mutations in and and was resistant to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Both isolates belonged to sublineage 453 (SL453), together with 25 isolates from 11 other countries (https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/diphtheria/). SL453 is a cosmopolitan toxigenic sublineage of a subset of which acquired multidrug resistance. Even though penicillin, amoxicillin and erythromycin, recommended as the first line in the treatment of diphtheria, remain active, surveillance of diphtheria should consider the risk of dissemination of multidrug-resistant strains and their genetic elements.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Genomic Islands; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 36748453
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000923 -
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and... Dec 2023Topoisomerase II (TOP-2) is a promising molecular target for cancer therapy. Numerous antibiotics could interact with biologically relevant macromolecules and provoke...
Investigating the potential anticancer activities of antibiotics as topoisomerase II inhibitors and DNA intercalators: , molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and SAR studies.
Topoisomerase II (TOP-2) is a promising molecular target for cancer therapy. Numerous antibiotics could interact with biologically relevant macromolecules and provoke antitumor potential. Herein, molecular docking studies were used to investigate the binding interactions of 138 antibiotics against the human topoisomerase II-DNA complex. Followed by the MD simulations for 200 ns and MM-GBSA calculations. On the other hand, the antitumor activities of the most promising candidates were investigated against three cancer cell lines using doxorubicin (DOX) as a reference drug. Notably, spiramycin () and clarithromycin () showed promising anticancer potentials on the MCF-7 cell line. Moreover, azithromycin () and exhibited good anticancer potentials against the HCT-116 cell line. Finally, the TOP-2 enzyme inhibition assay was carried out to confirm the proposed rationale. Briefly, potent TOP-2 inhibitory potentials were recorded for erythromycin () and roxithromycin (). Additionally, a SAR study opened eyes to promising anticancer pharmacophores encountered by these antibiotics.HighlightsMolecular docking studies of 139 antibiotics against the topoisomerase II-DNA complex., , , , and were the most promising and commercially available candidates.Molecular dynamics simulations for 200 ns for the most promising five complexes.MM-GBSA calculations for the frontier five complexes. and showed promising anticancer potentials on the MCF-7 cell line, besides, and exhibited good anticancer potentials against the HCT-116 cell line.Potent TOP-2 inhibitory potentials were recorded for and .
Topics: Humans; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Antineoplastic Agents; Intercalating Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Structure-Activity Relationship; Molecular Dynamics Simulation; Cell Line, Tumor; DNA; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
PubMed: 36701269
DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2171029 -
RSC Advances Jan 2023A simple, cost-effective, and efficient differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) assay for monitoring spiramycin adipate (SPA) in its dosage forms, urine, and milk samples...
A simple, cost-effective, and efficient differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) assay for monitoring spiramycin adipate (SPA) in its dosage forms, urine, and milk samples at an activated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed. GCE was electrochemically activated by anodization at a high positive voltage (2.5 V). The activated glassy carbon electrode (AGCE) was surface characterized, optimized, and utilized for the electrochemical assay of SPA. The electrochemical behavior of the AGCEs was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) which shows a remarkable increase in the anodic peak of SPA in comparison with GCE. This behavior reflects a remarkable increase in the electrocatalytic oxidation of SPA at AGCE. The impacts of various parameters such as scan rate, accumulation time, and pH were investigated. The analytical performance of the activated glassy carbon electrodes was studied utilizing DPV. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation peak current exhibited two linear ranges of 80 nm to 0.8 μM and 0.85-300 μM with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 20 nM. The developed assay exhibited high sensitivity, excellent repeatability, and good selectivity. Additionally, the developed SPA-sensitive modified GCE was successfully applied for SPA assay in its pharmaceutical dosage form and diluted biological fluids as well, with satisfactory recovery results which correlated well with the results obtained using spectrophotometry.
PubMed: 36686907
DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06768d -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Jan 2023This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, as well as the general characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings, and pregnancy...
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, as well as the general characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings, and pregnancy and fetal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with acute toxoplasma infection (ATI). The toxoplasma IgM, IgG, and IgG avidity test results of pregnant women who applied to our referral hospital between January 2016 and June 2022, and among them, those diagnosed with ATI, were analyzed. The 119 patients diagnosed with ATI during this time period were included for further analysis. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be 46.2%, and the rate of ATI was 4%. The total mother-to-child transmission rate was 5% (5/101). Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) was observed in 1 (1.1%) child of the 87 pregnant women who received spiramycin prophylaxis, though it was found in 4 (30.8%) of the children of the 13 untreated mothers. With respect to prenatal treatment, CT rates were significantly higher in the children born to untreated mothers ( = 0.001). In conclusion, although toxoplasma seroprevalence was found to be high in our region, there was a paucity in diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment. Our findings support that prenatal spiramycin prophylaxis is effective in preventing the transmission of parasites from mother to child.
PubMed: 36668970
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010063 -
Acta Tropica Mar 2023Treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis is challenging as the available drugs are effective only in the acute stage. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate Nigella...
Treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis is challenging as the available drugs are effective only in the acute stage. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and wheat germ oil (WGO) loaded on copper-benzene tricarboxylic acid metal organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) for treating chronic toxoplasmosis in a murine model. Eighty mice were divided into 8 groups (G); uninfected untreated negative control (GI), infected untreated positive control (GII), infected and treated with: Spiramycin (GIII), Spiramycin@Cu-BTC (GIV), Cu-BTC (GV), WGO@Cu-BTC (GVI), NSO@Cu-BTC (GVII) and combined WGO+NSO@Cu-BTC (GVIII). The infected groups were orally inoculated with 10 Toxoplasma gondii Me49 strain cysts/mouse. All drugs were orally administered for 14 consecutive days starting 8 weeks post-infection (wpi). The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by parasitological (survival rate of mice and brain cyst burden) and histopathological (brain, liver, kidney, eye) parameters. At the end of 2-weeks therapy, the highest therapeutic outcome was achieved with GVII and GVIII exhibiting 100% survival, 64.3% and 51.4% reduction of brain cysts, and an apparent amendment of pathological insults. In the next place was GVI with 90% survival, 49.5% reduction of cysts and marked amelioration of pathological lesions. Meanwhile, GIII and GIV showed 80% survival, 42.4% and 41.8% reduction of cysts as well as minimal to moderate alleviation of tissue damage. The lowest effect was obtained with GV resulting in 70% survival and 24.4% reduction of cysts. The current results support the assertion that the new metal-based nanocomposites can be promising remedies of chronic toxoplasmosis particularly if conjugated with natural herbal extracts as NSO and WGO.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Spiramycin; Toxoplasmosis; Toxoplasma
PubMed: 36608751
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106823