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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a serious worldwide problem. To reduce their spread, it is essential to know the prevalence of helminths on farms and the...
Anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants is a serious worldwide problem. To reduce their spread, it is essential to know the prevalence of helminths on farms and the control practices adopted. As these studies in the Calabria region of southern Italy are fragmentary and outdated, a study on the prevalence of helminths in small ruminant holdings in this area has been conducted. The measures implemented to control helminths were also evaluated through questionnaires administered to farmers. In particular, on 90 farms (45 sheep and 45 goats), 1800 faecal samples from 900 sheep and 900 goats were collected in the spring. Using the FLOTAC dual technique, parasitological examinations demonstrated the presence of gastrointestinal nematodes in 100% of sheep and goat farms, followed by spp. (84.44% sheep and 48.89% goats), spp. (73.33% sheep and 35.56% goats), (48.89% sheep and 42.22% goats), lungworms (28.89% sheep and 42.22% goats), (40% sheep and 26.67% goats), (13.33% sheep and 26.67% goats), (6.67% sheep and 31.11% goats), (6.67% sheep and 4.44% goats), and (4.44% sheep and goats). The questionnaires showed that 82% and 85% of the farmers had applied pasture rotation, and that 93.3% and 86.6% had used anthelmintics in the previous year for sheep and goats, respectively. Only 24.4% of sheep farmers and 11.3% of goat farmers had carried out parasitological tests prior to treatments. The most used classes of anthelmintics were macrocyclic lactones and benzimidazoles, and only in 21.6% and 15.6%, for sheep and goats, respectively, was drug rotation carried out. These results denote that helminths represent a health problem for small ruminants and highlight a lack of knowledge of parasite control strategies among farmers. In these conditions, anthelmintic resistance phenomena could develop over time. Therefore, it is necessary to implement all possible strategies for the control of helminths, and to prevent the spread of anthelmintic resistance phenomena on farms in southern Italy.
PubMed: 38921791
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060493 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health May 2024COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can stimulate a systemic inflammatory response with severe lung involvement,...
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can stimulate a systemic inflammatory response with severe lung involvement, multisystem dysfunction, and death in some cases. Immunosuppressive treatments have been proposed for management of COVID-19 patients, but these bring the risk of flare-up of pre-existing infections. Strongyloidiasis can become severe or fatal in immunocompromised individuals. This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of anti-Strongyloides IgG antibody in sera collected from SARS-CoV-2 infected persons in a tertiary-care Thai hospital from January 2021 to January 2022. The survey was conducted using a rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit based on a recombinant antigen of Strongyloides stercoralis known to be IgG-immunoreactive. High prevalence of anti-Strongyloides IgG antibody was found. Out of 297 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients 117 (39.4 %, 95 % CI 33.8-45.2 %) were positive for S. stercoralis according to the ICT kit. In areas where strongyloidiasis is endemic, we suggest using this point-of-care ICT kit for routine rapid screening in seriously ill COVID-19 patients who will be subjected to immunosuppressive treatment. Prompt anthelminthic treatment should be administered to prevent serious systemic strongyloidiasis in at-risk patients.
PubMed: 38879920
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.05.054 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Jun 2024
PubMed: 38874353
DOI: 10.1111/tid.14313 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Jun 2024We report an unusual case of strongyloidiasis in a 62-year-old male, presenting with fever, and acute diarrhea. The patients had concomitant bilateral renal parenchymal...
We report an unusual case of strongyloidiasis in a 62-year-old male, presenting with fever, and acute diarrhea. The patients had concomitant bilateral renal parenchymal disease and carrier for Hepatitis B. Numerous motile larvae were observed in wet mount of the freshly passed stool. The patient responded well to oral ivermectin. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of strongyloidiasis can prevent the consequences associated with hyperinfective syndrome.
PubMed: 38857756
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100645 -
Journal of Nematology Mar 2024, commonly known as the human threadworm, is a skin-penetrating gastrointestinal parasitic nematode that infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Like other...
, commonly known as the human threadworm, is a skin-penetrating gastrointestinal parasitic nematode that infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Like other species, is capable of cycling through a single free-living generation. Although and the free-living nematode are evolutionarily distant, the free-living adults of are similar enough in size and morphology to adults that techniques for generating transgenics and knockouts in have been successfully adapted for use in . High-quality genomic and transcriptomic data are also available for . Thus, one can use a burgeoning array of functional genomic tools in to probe questions about parasitic nematode development, physiology, and behavior. Knowledge gained from will inform studies of other parasitic nematodes such as hookworms that are not yet amenable to genetic manipulation. This review describes the basic anatomy of .
PubMed: 38855080
DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2024-0019 -
Transplant Infectious Disease : An... Jun 2024Systems for quality and safety assurance in organ donation and transplantation are vital, especially those that seek to minimize donor disease transmission. Australia...
BACKGROUND
Systems for quality and safety assurance in organ donation and transplantation are vital, especially those that seek to minimize donor disease transmission. Australia has developed a national vigilance and surveillance system to identify, review, and analyze actual and potential donor-derived infections and other disease transmissions.
METHODS
The system involves notification of incidents to the Australian Organ and Tissue Authority for review by a Vigilance and Surveillance Expert Advisory Committee (VSEAC). The VSEAC grades incidents, O makes recommendations, and issues communications both publicly and to the clinical donation and transplant sector.
RESULTS
Annual notifications have increased since the inception of the system in 2012 until 2022. The vast majority relate to procedural aspects including donor assessment, information/data issues, and the recovery, offer, allocation, preservation and transportation of organs. Possible donor-derived disease accounted for 19% of all notifications, and those related to possible donor-derived infection only 12%. The VSEAC, as a result of reviewing these incidents, has made recommendations resulting in revisions to donor screening, organ allocation, packaging and transportation. The review of incidents has led to changes in clinical guidance for increased viral risk donor assessment, testing, and ensuing organ utilization and recipient surveillance. Guidance has also been reviewed for other infectious risks including strongyloides, human T-lymphotropic virus, and HEV.
CONCLUSION
The Australian vigilance and surveillance system has enabled national retrospective reporting and evaluation of serious adverse events or reactions to identify trends and inform processes and guidelines, therefore improving the safety of donation and transplantation.
PubMed: 38853544
DOI: 10.1111/tid.14315 -
The generation of stable transgenic lines in the human-infective nematode Strongyloides stercoralis.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Jun 2024The skin-penetrating gastrointestinal parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis causes strongyloidiasis, which is a neglected tropical disease that is associated with...
The skin-penetrating gastrointestinal parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis causes strongyloidiasis, which is a neglected tropical disease that is associated with severe chronic illness and fatalities. Unlike other human-infective nematodes, S. stercoralis cycles through a single free-living generation and thus serves as a genetically tractable model organism for understanding the mechanisms that enable parasitism. Techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis and transgenesis are now routinely performed in S. stercoralis by introducing exogenous DNA into free-living adults and then screening their F1 progeny for transgenic or mutant larvae. However, transgenesis in S. stercoralis has been severely hindered by the inability to establish stable transgenic lines that can be propagated for multiple generations through a host; to date, studies of transgenic S. stercoralis have been limited to heterogeneous populations of transgenic F1 larvae. Here, we develop an efficient pipeline for the generation of stable transgenic lines in S. stercoralis. We also show that this approach can be used to efficiently generate stable transgenic lines in the rat-infective nematode Strongyloides ratti. The ability to generate stable transgenic lines circumvents the limitations of working with heterogeneous F1 populations, such as variable transgene expression and the inability to generate transgenics of all life stages. Our transgenesis approach will enable novel lines of inquiry into parasite biology, such as transgene-based comparisons between free-living and parasitic generations.
PubMed: 38839055
DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae122 -
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases May 2024Strongyloidiasis is a chronic infection caused by the intestinal nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis and is characterized by a diverse spectrum of nonspecific...
Strongyloidiasis is a chronic infection caused by the intestinal nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis and is characterized by a diverse spectrum of nonspecific clinical manifestations. This report describe a case of disseminated strongyloidiasis with urination difficulty, generalized weakness, and chronic alcoholism diagnosed through the presence of worms in the urinary sediment. A 53-year-old man was hospitalized for severe abdominal distension and urinary difficulties that started 7-10 days prior. The patient also presented with generalized weakness that had persisted for 3 years, passed loose stools without diarrhea, and complained of dyspnea. In the emergency room, approximately 7 L of urine was collected, in which several free-living female adult and rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis, identified through their morphological characteristics and size measurements, were detected via microscopic examination. Rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis were also found in the patient's stool. During hospitalization, the patient received treatment for strongyloidiasis, chronic alcoholism, peripheral neurosis, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia, and was subsequently discharged with improved generalized conditions. Overall, this report presents a rare case of disseminated strongyloidiasis in which worms were detected in the urinary sediment of a patient with urination difficulties and generalized weakness combined with chronic alcoholism, neurogenic bladder, and megaloblastic anemia.
Topics: Humans; Strongyloidiasis; Middle Aged; Male; Animals; Strongyloides stercoralis; Alcoholism; Feces; Urine; Female
PubMed: 38835264
DOI: 10.3347/PHD.23124 -
International Journal of Dermatology Jun 2024
PubMed: 38822581
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.17280 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jul 2024Sustainable parasite control practices are necessary to combat the negative effects of gastrointestinal nematodes on animal health and production while reducing the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Sustainable parasite control practices are necessary to combat the negative effects of gastrointestinal nematodes on animal health and production while reducing the selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance. Parasite diagnostic tests can inform treatment decisions, the timing and effectiveness of treatment and enable livestock breeding programmes. In recent years new diagnostic methods have been developed, some incorporating machine learning (ML), to facilitate the detection and enumeration of parasite eggs. It is important to understand the technical characteristics and performance of such new methods compared to long standing and commonly utilised methods before they are widely implemented. The aim of the present study was to trial three new diagnostic tools relying on image analysis (FECPAK, Micron and OvaCyte) and to compare them to traditional manual devices (McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC). Faecal samples were obtained from 41 lambs naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Samples were mixed and separated into 2 aliquots for examination by each of the 5 methods: McMaster, Mini-FLOTAC, FECPAK, Micron and OvaCyte. The techniques were performed according to their respective standard protocols and results were collected by trained staff (McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC) or by the device (FECPAK, Micron and OvaCyte). Regarding strongyle worm egg count, McMaster values varied from 0 to 9,000 eggs per gram (EPG). When comparing replicate aliquots, both the Mini-FLOTAC and Micron methods displayed similar repeatability to McMaster. However, we found FECPAK and OvaCyte significantly less precise than McMaster. When comparing parasite egg enumeration, significant positive linear correlations were established between McMaster and all other methods. No difference was observed in EPG between McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC or FECPAK; however, Micron and OvaCyte returned significantly higher and lower EPG, respectively, compared to McMaster. The number of eggs ascribed to other parasite species was not sufficient for performing a robust statistical comparison between all methods. However, it was noted that FECPAK generally did not detect Strongyloides papillosus eggs, despite these being detected by other methods. In addition, Moniezia spp and Trichuris spp eggs were detected by OvaCyte and Mini-FLOTAC, respectively, but not by other methods. The observed variation between traditional and new methods for parasite diagnostics highlights the need for continued training and enhancing of ML models used and the importance of developing clear guidelines for validation of newly developed methods.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Nematode Infections; Feces; Parasite Egg Count; Microscopy; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Nematoda; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 38815364
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110216