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Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Sep 2021Some Vibrio species are important human pathogens owing to they cause infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia or even death. Many of...
Prevalence, detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogen Vibrio species isolated from different types of seafood samples at "La Nueva Viga" market in Mexico City.
Some Vibrio species are important human pathogens owing to they cause infectious diseases such as gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia or even death. Many of these illnesses are associated with consumption of contaminated seafood. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of pathogenic Vibrio species, their virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility from 285 different kind of seafood samples from "La Nueva Viga" market in Mexico City. The PCR assay was used for amplification the vppC (collagenase), vmh (hemolysin), tlh (thermolabile hemolysin), and vvhA (hemolytic cytolysin) genes that are specific to Vibrio alginolyticus (detected in 27%), Vibrio mimicus (23.2%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (28.8%) and Vibrio vulnificus (21.1%), respectively. Several genes encoding virulence factors were amplified. These included V. alginolyticus: pvuA (17.9%), pvsA (50%), wza and lafA (100%); V. mimicus: iut A (60%), toxR (100%); V. parahaemolyticus: pvuA (58.7%), pvsA (26.1%), wza (2.2%), and lafA (100%); and V. vulnificus: wcrA (77.5%), gmhD (57.5%), lafA (100%) and motA (30%). The antibiotic susceptibility of the Vibrio species isolates revealed that most of them were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin and carbenicillin but susceptible to pefloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Our results indicated a high prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species in seafood, a high presence of virulence genes and that Vibrio species continuously exposed to antibiotics, therefore, consumption of these kind of seafood carries a potential risk for foodborne illness.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Mexico; Prevalence; Seafood; Vibrio; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence
PubMed: 34255280
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01591-x -
Marine Environmental Research Jul 2021Bacteria from the Vibrio genus are a ubiquitous component of coastal and estuarine ecosystems with several pathogenic Vibrio species displaying preferences for warm...
Bacteria from the Vibrio genus are a ubiquitous component of coastal and estuarine ecosystems with several pathogenic Vibrio species displaying preferences for warm tropical waters. We studied the spatial and temporal abundance of three key human potential pathogens V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and V. vulnificus in northern tropical Australia, over the wet and dry seasons, to identify environmental parameters influencing their abundance. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that V. parahaemolyticus occurred more frequently and in higher abundance than V. cholerae and V. vulnificus across all locations examined. All three species were more abundant during the wet season, with V. parahaemolyticus abundance correlated to temperature and conductivity, whereas nutrient concentrations and turbidity best explained V. vulnificus abundance. In addition to these targeted qPCR analyses, we assessed the composition and dynamics of the entire Vibrio community using hsp60 amplicon sequencing. Using this approach, 42 Vibrio species were identified, including a number of other pathogenic species such as V. alginolyticus, V. mimicus and V. fluvialis. The Vibrio community was more diverse in the wet season, with temperature and dissolved oxygen as the key factors governing community composition. Seasonal differences were primarily driven by a greater abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus during the wet season, while spatial differences were driven by different abundances of V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. cholerae and V. navarrensis. When we related the abundance of Vibrio to other bacterial taxa, defined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, V. parahaemolyticus was negatively correlated to several taxa, including members of the Rickettsiales and Saccharimonadales, while V. vulnificus was negatively correlated to Rhobacteriaceae and Cyanobiaceae. In contrast, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. mediterranei were all positively correlated to Cyanobacteria. These observations highlight the dynamic nature of Vibrio communities and expands current understanding of the processes governing the occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio spp. in tropical coastal ecosystems.
Topics: Australia; Ecosystem; Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 34242991
DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105405 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Water resources contaminated with pathogenic species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed...
Water resources contaminated with pathogenic species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of , , , , , and in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed isolates from freshwater ( = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed isolates from brackish water samples ( = 291) fall among the species of interest. The incidences of , , , , , and amidst these spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible -related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.
PubMed: 34149632
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617703 -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Aug 2021The heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture leads to elevated antibiotic residues, posing a huge hidden danger in aquaculture products and other natural...
The heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture leads to elevated antibiotic residues, posing a huge hidden danger in aquaculture products and other natural aquatic environments. Therefore, this study aims to isolate probiotics that can replace antibiotics from the gut of grass carp for disease control. Bacillus velezensis B8 was isolated from the gut of grass carp and showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against several fish pathogenic bacteria, including Aeromonas hydrophilis, Aeromonas veronii, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio mimicus. The safety evaluation showed that the strain B8 was non-toxic to grass carp, had no hemolytic activity, and was sensitive to most antibiotics. In vitro study indicated that strain B8 was viable at pH 2-7, had weak tolerance to 0.1% (w/v) bile salt, and could grow at 10°C-40 °C. The grass carps were fed with diets containing 0 (control), 10, and 10 cfu/g of strain B8 for 4 weeks. Various immune parameters were measured at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of post-feeding. The results of non-specific immunoassay showed that diets supplemented with B8 significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum samples (p < 0.05). The expression levels of immune-related genes in the kidney and spleen of grass carp were measured. Among them, the expression levels of IgM and TNF-α both in spleen and kidney were significantly increased after 3 and 4 weeks of post-feeding (p < 0.05). The expression of IgD and MHCI in kidney was significantly upregulated in high-dose groups after 2 and 3 weeks of feeding, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, after 7 days of challenging with A. veronii, the high-dose group and low-dose group had 48% and 53% survival compared to 25% survival for the control group. These results suggest that B. velezensis B8 has the potential to be developed into a microecological preparation for the alternatives of antibiotics in aquaculture.
Topics: Aeromonas veronii; Animal Feed; Animals; Bacillus; Carps; Diet; Disease Resistance; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunity, Innate; Probiotics; Random Allocation
PubMed: 34015480
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.012 -
Enzyme and Microbial Technology Jun 2021Vibrio mimicus collagenase (VMC), a Class II Vibrio metalloprotease, contains an HEXXH motif in a zinc-binding catalytic domain, and two FAXWXXT motifs in its C-terminal...
Vibrio mimicus collagenase (VMC), a Class II Vibrio metalloprotease, contains an HEXXH motif in a zinc-binding catalytic domain, and two FAXWXXT motifs in its C-terminal domain, which is its collagen binding domain (CBD). To understand the functional role of the individual CBD motifs in the activity of VMC, if any, we created and characterized a series of VMC variants: i) VMA, with 51 amino acids deleted from the C-terminal end of full-length VMC; ii) VMT1, a form of VMA mutated in the first CBD motif; iii) VMT2, a form of VMA mutated in the second CBD motif; iv) DM, a form of VMA with both CBD motifs mutated; v) CT, a truncated form of VMA, lacking the entire CBD region; and vi) CBD, a construct containing the collagen binding domain alone. The activity of each variant was assessed by multiple means, in relation to VMA. We report that VMT1 and VMT2 show 1.6-fold and 10-fold reduced activity, respectively. The reduced activity of VMT2 correlates with reduced binding to insoluble collagen as well as an inability to cause structural perturbation of collagen. VMC appears to cause unwinding and structural alteration of the collagen triple helix prior to hydrolysis of the substrate (using both motifs for collagen binding), like Clostridium collagenases. In the absence of a known structure for VMC, our findings suggest that Vibrio collagenase, functions like Clostridium collagenases, although the two show very little sequence similarity. Also, VMC shows reduced activity with respect to Clostridium collagenases, making it an ideal enzyme for therapeutic applications.
Topics: Collagen; Collagenases; Hydrolysis; Vibrio; Vibrio mimicus
PubMed: 33992402
DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109779 -
Molecular Vision 2021Collagen is a key player contributing to vitreoelasticity and vitreoretinal adhesions. Molecular reorganization causes spontaneous weakening of these adhesions with age,...
PURPOSE
Collagen is a key player contributing to vitreoelasticity and vitreoretinal adhesions. Molecular reorganization causes spontaneous weakening of these adhesions with age, resulting in the separation of the posterior hyaloid membrane (PHM) from the retina in what is called complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Incomplete separation of the posterior hyaloid or tight adherence or both can lead to retinal detachment, vitreomacular traction syndrome, or epiretinal membrane formation, which requires surgical intervention. Pharmacological vitrectomy has the potential of avoiding surgical vitrectomy; it is also useful as an adjunct during retinal surgery to induce PVD. Previously studied enzymatic reagents, such as collagenase derived from are nonspecific and potentially toxic. We studied a novel collagenase from (VMC) which remains active (VMA), even after deletion of 51 C-terminal amino acids. To limit the activity of VMA to the vitreous cavity, a fusion construct (inhibitor of hyaluronic acid-VMA [iHA-VMA]) was made in which a 12-mer peptide (iHA, which binds to HA) was fused to the N-terminus of VMA. The construct was evaluated in the context of PVD.
METHODS
VMA and iHA-VMA were expressed in purified, and characterized with gelatin zymography, collagen degradation assay, fluorescamine-based assay, and cell-based assays. Two sets of experiments were performed in New Zealand albino rabbits. Group A (n = 10) received iHA-VMA, while group B (n = 5) received the equivalent dose of VMA. In both groups, saline was injected as a control in the contralateral eyes. Animals were monitored with indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and B-scan ultrasonography. Retinal toxicity was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of retinal tissue.
RESULTS
The activity of iHA-VMA and VMA was comparable and 65-fold lower than that of collagenase Type IV. In the iHA-VMA group, all the rabbits (n = 10) developed PVD, with complete PVD seen in six animals. No statistically significant histomorphological changes were seen. In the VMA group, four of the five rabbits developed complete PVD; however, retinal morphological changes were seen in two animals.
CONCLUSIONS
iHA-VMA displays targeted action confined to the vitreous and shows potential for safe pharmacologic vitreolysis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Collagenases; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Flow Cytometry; Goats; Hyaluronic Acid; Intravitreal Injections; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Ophthalmoscopy; Rabbits; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Retina; Vibrio mimicus; Vitrectomy; Vitreous Body; Vitreous Detachment
PubMed: 33907368
DOI: No ID Found -
Radiology Case Reports Jun 2021Burns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Burns are a significant problem with high associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Burn wound...
Burns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Burns are a significant problem with high associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Burn wound infection is a serious complication, which plays an important role in increasing the overall fatality rate in burn patients. In this study, we report a case of the polymicrobial burn wound infection involving in a 56-year-old male, who was transferred from an outside hospital to the inpatient burn unit after sustaining traumatic and burn injuries in a firework explosion accident. The patient underwent surgical treatment and antibiotics with good improvement. Although rare, our case study will help to underscore the important role of as a human pathogen.
PubMed: 33897927
DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.03.021 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2021Vibrio species, widely distributed in water environments, has emerged as a prominent cause of water and food-related disease outbreaks posing significant risk to human...
Vibrio species, widely distributed in water environments, has emerged as a prominent cause of water and food-related disease outbreaks posing significant risk to human and animal health worldwide. About 40% of presumptive isolates recovered from four selected rivers in Southwest Nigeria and, established as Vibrio species genus through polymerase chain reaction techniques., were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against a panel of 18 commonly used antibiotics. The relative prevalence of key Vibrio species (V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus, V. harveyi, and V. cholerae) was in the order 17%, 13.3%, 4.4%, 2.2%, and 2.2% respectively. Antibiotic resistance by all Vibrio species was mostly observed against doxycycline (71-89%), erythromycin (86-100%), tetracycline (71-89%), rifampicin (86-100%), and sulfamethoxazole (87-100%), though susceptibility to meropenem (86-100%), cephalothin (60-100%), norfloxacin (93-100%), ciprofloxacin (88-100%), amikacin (64-100%), gentamicin (57-74%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (57-81%) was equally observed in all species. Vibrio mimicus expressed highest resistance against streptomycin and chloramphenicol (64%), while V. vulnificus (52%) and V. cholerae (57%) had the highest resistance against cephalothin. High resistance against ampicillin (57%) and amoxicillin (50%) was exhibited by V. cholerae and V. mimicus respectively. Indexes of multiple antibiotic resistances (MARI) among Vibrio species ranged between 0.11 and 0.72 with the highest MAR index of 0.72 observed in one isolate of V. vulnificus. This study reveals high prevalence of Vibrio species in the selected rivers as well as elevated resistance against some first-line antibiotics, which suggests possible inappropriate antimicrobial usage around study communities. We conclude that the freshwater resources investigated are unfit for domestic, industrial, and recreational uses without treatment prior to use and are potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant Vibrio species in this environment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nigeria; Rivers; Vibrio
PubMed: 33813704
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13603-4 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021Antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria are a major problem worldwide and, consequently, the surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and assessment of the...
Antimicrobial and multidrug-resistant bacteria are a major problem worldwide and, consequently, the surveillance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and assessment of the dissemination routes are essential. We hypothesized that migratory birds, coming from various environments, would carry more numerous strains than sedentary species, with increased risk to be passed to their contacts or environment in habitats they transit or nest in. Similarly, we presumed that strains from migratory birds will show multidrug resistance. A total of 170 oral and rectal swabs were collected from wild birds captured in different locations of the Danube Delta (Malic, Sfantu-Gheorghe, Letea Forest) and processed using standardized selective media. strains were confirmed by serology and molecular methods and, subsequently, their susceptibility was evaluated. The prevalence of species by host species, habitat type, and location was interpreted. The isolated species were identified as 14.33%, 13.33% 12% 17.33%, 10.88% with and (16%) also being prevalent. Of the 76 spp. isolates, 18.42% were resistant towards at least three antimicrobials, and 81.57% demonstrated a multidrug resistance phenotype, including mainly penicillins, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. The results of the present study indicate higher numbers of strains in migratory (74.66%) than in sedentary birds (25.33%), confirming our hypothesis. Furthermore, the increased pathogenicity of spp. strains, isolated from wild migratory and sedentary birds, was confirmed by their increased multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index (0.09-0.81).
PubMed: 33809945
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030333 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2021By characterizing the trajectories of antibiotic resistance gene transfer in bacterial communities such as the gut microbiome, we will better understand the factors that...
By characterizing the trajectories of antibiotic resistance gene transfer in bacterial communities such as the gut microbiome, we will better understand the factors that influence this spread of resistance. Our aim was to investigate the host network of a multidrug resistance broad-host-range plasmid in the culturable gut microbiome of zebrafish. This was done through and conjugation experiments with as the donor of the plasmid pB10:: When this donor was mixed with the extracted gut microbiome, only transconjugants of were detected. In separate matings between the same donor and four prominent isolates from the gut microbiome, the plasmid transferred to two of these four isolates, and , but not to and When these and transconjugants were the donors in matings with the same four isolates, the plasmid now also transferred from to was unable to donate the plasmid, and was unable to acquire it. Finally, when the donor was added to zebrafish through their food, plasmid transfer was observed in the gut, but only to , a rare member of the gut microbiome. This work shows that the success of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance spread in a gut microbiome depends on the donor-recipient species combinations and therefore their spatial arrangement. It also suggests that rare gut microbiome members should not be ignored as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistance plasmids from food. To understand how antibiotic resistance plasmids end up in human pathogens, it is crucial to learn how, where, and when they are transferred and maintained in members of bacterial communities such as the gut microbiome. To gain insight into the network of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance sharing in the gut microbiome, we investigated the transferability and maintenance of a multidrug resistance plasmid among the culturable bacteria of the zebrafish gut. We show that the success of plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance spread in a gut microbiome can depend on which species are involved, as some are important nodes in the plasmid-host network and others are dead ends. Our findings also suggest that rare gut microbiome members should not be ignored as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistance plasmids from food.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Plasmids; Zebrafish
PubMed: 33637574
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02735-20