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Journal of Oleo Science 2024Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from Green Tea, is one of the sources of natural bioactive compounds which are currently being developed as...
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from Green Tea, is one of the sources of natural bioactive compounds which are currently being developed as medicinal ingredients. Besides other biological activities, this natural compound exhibits anti-cariogenic effects. However, EGCG has low physical-chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and characterize lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle with EGCG and to evaluate its in vitro activity against cariogenic planktonic microorganisms. Lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle (LCHNP-EGCG) were prepared by emulsion and sonication method in one step and characterized according to diameter, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), mucoadhesion capacity and morphology. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei were treated with LCHNP- EGCG, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. LCHNP-EGCG exhibited a size of 217.3 ± 5.1 nm with a low polydispersity index (0.17) and positive zeta potential indicating the presence of chitosan on the lipid nanoparticle surface (+33.7 mV). The LCHNP-EGCG showed a spherical morphology, high stability and a mucoadhesive property due to the presence of chitosan coating. In addition, the EGCG encapsulation efficiency was 96%. A reduction of almost 15-fold in the MIC and MBC against the strains was observed when EGCG was encapsulated in LCHNP, indicating the potential of EGCG encapsulation in lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Taking the results together, the LCHNP-EGCG could be an interesting system to use in dental care due to their nanometric size, mucoadhesive properties high antibacterial activity against relevant planktonic microorganisms.
Topics: Catechin; Chitosan; Streptococcus mutans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcus sobrinus; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Lipids; Plankton; Dental Caries; Drug Carriers; Particle Size; Emulsions; Sonication
PubMed: 38692893
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23155 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Dental implant success is threatened by peri-implantitis, an inflammation leading to implant failure. Conventional treatments struggle with the intricate microbial and...
Dental implant success is threatened by peri-implantitis, an inflammation leading to implant failure. Conventional treatments struggle with the intricate microbial and host factors involved. Antibacterial membranes, acting as barriers and delivering antimicrobials, may offer a promising solution. Thus, this study highlights the potential of developing antibacterial membranes of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate and silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps) to address peri-implantitis challenges, discussing design and efficacy against potential pathogens. Electrospun membranes composed of PHB microfibers and Ag Nps were synthesized in a blend of DMF/chloroform at three different concentrations. Various studies were conducted on the characterization and antimicrobial activity of the membranes. The synthesized Ag Nps ranged from 4 to 8 nm in size. Furthermore, Young's modulus decreased, reducing from 13.308 MPa in PHB membranes without Ag Nps to 0.983 MPa in PHB membranes containing higher concentrations of Ag Nps. This demonstrates that adding Ag Nps results in a less stiff membrane. An increase in elongation at break was noted with the rise in Ag Nps concentration, from 23.597 % in PHB membranes to 60.136 % in PHB membranes loaded with Ag Nps. The antibiotic and antibiofilm activity of the membranes were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The results indicated that all PHB membranes containing Ag Nps exhibited potent antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of biofilms and planktonic bacteria. However, inhibition of C. albicans occurred only with the PHB-Ag Nps C membrane. These findings emphasize the versatility and potential of Ag Nps-incorporated membranes as a multifunctional approach for preventing and addressing microbial infections associated with peri-implantitis. The combination of antibacterial and antibiofilm properties in these membranes holds promise for improving the management and treatment of peri-implantitis-related complications.
Topics: Silver; Biofilms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Metal Nanoparticles; Peri-Implantitis; Hydroxybutyrates; Membranes, Artificial; Polyesters; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Humans; Staphylococcus aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Streptococcus mutans; Polyhydroxybutyrates
PubMed: 38692546
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131974 -
The Journal of Contemporary Dental... Mar 2024This study aimed to explore the potential synergistic interaction of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and virgin olive oil (VOO) mixture against , , and in a single and mixture...
AIM AND BACKGROUND
This study aimed to explore the potential synergistic interaction of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and virgin olive oil (VOO) mixture against , , and in a single and mixture species through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiadherence, and antibiofilm activities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The broth microdilution technique was used to individually determine the MIC of both oils and an oil mixture (in the ratio of 1:1) in a 96-well microtiter plate. As for the MBC, the subcultured method was used. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC) was determined to identify the interaction types between both oils. The oil mixture at its MIC was then tested on its antibiofilm and antiadherence effect.
RESULTS
The MIC of the oil mixture against the tested microbiota was 50-100%. The oil mixture was bactericidal at 100% concentration for all the mentioned microbes except . The ΣFIC value was 2 to 4, indicating that the VCO and VOO acted additively against the microbiota. Meanwhile, the oil mixture at MIC (50% for and ; 100% for and mixture species) exhibited antiadherence and antibiofilm activity toward the microbiota in mixture species.
CONCLUSION
The oil mixture possesses antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antiadherence properties toward the tested microbiota, mainly at 50-100% concentration of oil mixture. There was no synergistic interaction found between VCO and VOO.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Children and individuals with special care may benefit from using the oil mixture, primarily to regulate the biofilm formation and colonization of the bacteria. Furthermore, the oil mixture is natural and nontoxic compared to chemical-based oral healthcare products. How to cite this article: Ng YM, Sockalingam SNMP, Shafiei Z, . Biological Activities of Virgin Coconut and Virgin Olive Oil Mixture against Oral Primary Colonizers: An Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):260-266.
Topics: Olive Oil; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Streptococcus mutans; Biofilms; Coconut Oil; In Vitro Techniques; Streptococcus sanguis; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion
PubMed: 38690700
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3645 -
Supportive Care in Cancer : Official... Apr 2024To evaluate the antineoplastic therapy (AT) as a risk factor for dental caries lesions independent of other risk factors such as income, family education, stimulated...
PURPOSE
To evaluate the antineoplastic therapy (AT) as a risk factor for dental caries lesions independent of other risk factors such as income, family education, stimulated salivary flow rate, hygiene habits, frequency of sugar intake, and microbiota in childhood cancer (CC) patients.
METHODS
72 individuals were divided into CC patients (n=36) and healthy individuals (control group - CT n=36). Demographic data, hygiene habits, frequency of sugar intake, CC type, and AT were collected. Stimulated salivary flow rate was measured and the presence and concentration of Streptococcus mutans were assessed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. Clinical evaluations included plaque index (PI) and decayed-missing-filled-teeth index (dmft/DMFT). Descriptive statistics, T-test, Mann-Whitney test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and two-way analysis of variance were used for data analysis (p<0.05).
RESULTS
At the time of oral evaluation, both groups exhibited similar ages with means of 12.0±3.9 years old for CC and 12.0±4.0 years old for CT patients. All CC patients underwent chemotherapy with nine also undergoing radiotherapy. Significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of color/race, income, family education, and hygiene habits. However, no statistically significant differences were found between groups regarding the frequency of sugar intake, stimulated salivary flow rate, or the concentration of Streptococcus mutans (qPCR technique). For clinical parameters, the DMF (CC:1.80, CT: 0.75), decayed (CC: 0.88, CT: 0.19), missing (CC: 0.25, CT:0), and PI (CC: 30.5%, CT: 22.6%) were higher in the CC group (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Childhood cancer (CC) patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy (AT) exhibit a higher prevalence of dental caries, regardless of income/education, frequency of sugar intake, stimulated salivary flow rate, and microbiota.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Male; Female; Risk Factors; Retrospective Studies; Child; Neoplasms; Adolescent; Antineoplastic Agents; Streptococcus mutans; Cohort Studies; Saliva; Case-Control Studies; DMF Index; Oral Hygiene
PubMed: 38684520
DOI: 10.1007/s00520-024-08523-1 -
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents Jun 2024The oral cavity harbors an extensive array of over 700 microorganisms, forming the most complex biome of the entire human body, with bacterial species being the most... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The oral cavity harbors an extensive array of over 700 microorganisms, forming the most complex biome of the entire human body, with bacterial species being the most abundant. Oral diseases, periodontitis and caries, are strictly associated with bacterial dysbiosis. and stand out among bacteria colonizing the oral cavity.
AREAS COVERED
After a brief overview of the bacterial populations in the oral cavity and their roles in regulating (flora) oral cavity or causing diseases like periodontal and cariogenic pathogens, we focused our attention on and , searching for the last-5-year patents dealing with the proposal of new strategies to fight their infections. Following the PRISMA protocol, we filtered the results and analyzed over 100 applied/granted patents, to provide an in-depth insight into this R&D scenario.
EXPERT OPINION
Several antibacterial proposals have been patented in this period, from both chemical - peptides and small molecules - and biological - probiotics and antibodies - sources, along with natural extracts, polymers, and drug delivery systems. Most of the inventors are from China and Korea and their studies also investigated anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, being beneficial to oral health through a prophylactic, protective, or curative effect.
Topics: Patents as Topic; Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Mouth; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Probiotics; Animals; Periodontitis; Dental Caries; Oral Health; Dysbiosis; Bacteroidaceae Infections
PubMed: 38684444
DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2349739 -
Nutrients Apr 2024Cariogenic microorganisms are crucial pathogens contributing to the development of early childhood caries. Snacks provide fermentable carbohydrates, altering oral pH...
Cariogenic microorganisms are crucial pathogens contributing to the development of early childhood caries. Snacks provide fermentable carbohydrates, altering oral pH levels and potentially affecting microorganism colonization. However, the relationship between snack intake and cariogenic microorganisms like and in young children is still unclear. This study aimed to assess this association in a prospective underserved birth cohort. Data from children aged 12 to 24 months, including oral microbial assays and snack intake information, were analyzed. Sweet and non-sweet indices based on the cariogenic potential of 15 snacks/drinks were created. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between sweet and non-sweet indices and and carriage. Random forest identified predictive factors of microorganism carriage. Higher non-sweet index scores were linked to increased carriage in plaques (OR = 1.67, = 0.01), potentially strengthening with age. Higher sweet index scores at 12 months were associated with increased carriage, reversing at 24 months. Both indices were top predictors of and carriage. These findings underscore the associations between snack intake and cariogenic microorganism carriage and highlight the importance of dietary factors in oral health management for underserved young children with limited access to dental care and healthy foods.
Topics: Humans; Snacks; Infant; Female; Male; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Streptococcus mutans; Candida; Prospective Studies; Mouth; Social Class; Low Socioeconomic Status
PubMed: 38674804
DOI: 10.3390/nu16081113 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2024Sleep quality has a significant impact on a child's health and is linked to oral and systemic diseases. It affects the circadian rhythm, which plays a crucial role in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Sleep quality has a significant impact on a child's health and is linked to oral and systemic diseases. It affects the circadian rhythm, which plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of the endocrine and hormonal systems. Current research has focused on exploring its role in the development of caries, which is influenced by inherent oral factors such as the composition of the oral microbiome and pH levels.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bacterial population, pH, and buffering properties of saliva and sleep patterns in 8- to 12-year-old children.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 85 elementary school children aged 8-12 years. After obtaining written consent, non-stimulating saliva samples were collected using the spitting method. The participants' sleep pattern information was obtained with the use of the Persian version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Based on the results of the CSHQ, the participants were divided into 2 groups: those with appropriate sleep patterns; and those with inappropriate sleep patterns. The study compared the bacterial population of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. and Candida albicans, as well as the buffering capacity and pH of the saliva between the 2 groups. The statistical analysis employed the χ2 test, the independent samples t-test and Spearman's correlation.
RESULTS
The group with inappropriate sleep patterns had significantly lower pH and buffering capacity (p < 0.001) and significantly higher colony counts of Lactobacillus and S. mutans (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). There was no association between C. albicans and sleep patterns (p = 0.121).
CONCLUSIONS
Inappropriate sleep patterns increase the population of caries-causing bacteria and reduce salivary pH and buffering capacity. This can be a significant factor in the development of dental caries in children aged 8-12 years.
Topics: Humans; Child; Saliva; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Male; Dental Caries; Streptococcus mutans; Candida albicans; Buffers; Lactobacillus; Sleep
PubMed: 38668709
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/167411 -
Pediatric Dentistry Mar 2024To compare surface roughness and bacterial colonization of Streptococcus mutans to 3D printed (3DP), milled (M), and conventional (CV) acrylic resin. Thirty-six discs... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
To compare surface roughness and bacterial colonization of Streptococcus mutans to 3D printed (3DP), milled (M), and conventional (CV) acrylic resin. Thirty-six discs (n equals 12 per group) were fabricated from 3DP, M, and CV materials. One surface of sample was polished (Po); the opposite surface was left unpolished (UPo). Surface roughness (μm) was assessed using a contact profilometer. The specimens were placed in S. mutans suspension and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. The attached colonies were separated using a sonicator, and the resulting solution was diluted to 10 to assess colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) after 48 hours. The colonies were categorized into a quantitative S. mutans (QS) index. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, chi-squares, and multivariate analysis of variance analysis with the least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc test (P<0.05). Roughness average (Ra) values of CV were higher than 3DP and M for UPo surfaces (P<0.001; 3DP=0.10; M=0.13; CV=0.26 μm, respectively). For Po and UPo surfaces, the CV harbored more S. mutans colonies than M and 3DP (P<0.001; 3DP=5.2x10 6 ; M=4.7x10 6 ; CV=1.49x10 7 CFU/ml, respectively). M group had the lowest range of QS scores, while CV had the highest range (P<0.001). Digitally manufactured material provides smoother surfaces than the conventional group, resulting in fewer Streptococcus mutans colonies. However, all the material groups must still be adequately polished to prevent the colonization of S. mutans, regardless of the manufacturing methods, as higher S. mutans counts were observed with an increase in surface roughness values.
Topics: Streptococcus mutans; Acrylic Resins; Surface Properties; Printing, Three-Dimensional; In Vitro Techniques; Dental Materials; Materials Testing; Humans; Colony Count, Microbial
PubMed: 38664912
DOI: No ID Found -
Methods in Enzymology 2024The interactions between communities of microorganisms inhabiting the dental biofilm is a major determinant of oral health. These biofilms are periodically exposed to...
The interactions between communities of microorganisms inhabiting the dental biofilm is a major determinant of oral health. These biofilms are periodically exposed to high concentrations of fluoride, which is present in almost all oral healthcare products. The microbes resist fluoride through the action of membrane export proteins. This chapter describes the culture, growth and harvest conditions of model three-species dental biofilm comprised of cariogenic pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and the commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii. In order to examine the role of fluoride export by S. mutans in model biofilms, procedures for generating a strain of S. mutans with a genetic knockout of the fluoride exporter are described. We present a case study examining the effects of this mutant strain on the biofilm mass, acid production and mineral dissolution under exposure to low levels of fluoride. These general approaches can be applied to study the effects of any gene of interest in physiologically realistic multispecies oral biofilms.
Topics: Biofilms; Streptococcus mutans; Fluorides; Candida albicans; Streptococcus gordonii; Humans; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Dental Caries
PubMed: 38658078
DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.12.018 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024This study evaluated the surface roughness, wettability and adhesion of multispecies biofilms (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) on...
OBJECTIVE
This study evaluated the surface roughness, wettability and adhesion of multispecies biofilms (Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) on 3D-printed resins for complete denture bases and teeth compared to conventional resins (heat-polymerized acrylic resin; artificial pre-fabricated teeth).
METHODOLOGY
Circular specimens (n=39; 6.0 mm Ø × 2.0 mm) of each group were subjected to roughness (n=30), wettability (n=30) and biofilm adhesion (n=9) tests. Three roughness measurements were taken by laser confocal microscopy and a mean value was calculated. Wettability was evaluated by the contact angle of sessile drop method, considering the mean of the three evaluations per specimen. In parallel, microorganism adhesion to resin surfaces was evaluated using a multispecies biofilm model. Microbial load was evaluated by determining the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL) and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were subjected to the Wald test in a generalized linear model with multiple comparisons and Bonferroni adjustment, as well as two-way ANOVA (α=5%).
RESULTS
The roughness of the conventional base resin (0.01±0.04) was lower than that of the conventional tooth (0.14±0.04) (p=0.023) and 3D-printed base (0.18±0.08) (p<0.001). For wettability, conventional resin (84.20±5.57) showed a higher contact angle than the 3D-printed resin (60.58±6.18) (p<0.001). Higher microbial loads of S. mutans (p=0.023) and S. aureus (p=0.010) were observed on the surface of the conventional resin (S. mutans: 5.48±1.55; S. aureus: 7.01±0.57) compared to the 3D-printed resin (S. mutans: 4.11±1.96; S. aureus: 6.42±0.78). The adhesion of C. albicans was not affected by surface characteristics. The conventional base resin showed less roughness than the conventional dental resin and the printed base resin.
CONCLUSION
The 3D-printed resins for base and tooth showed less hydrophobicity and less adhesion of S. mutans and S. aureus than conventional resins.
Topics: Biofilms; Surface Properties; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Streptococcus mutans; Staphylococcus aureus; Candida albicans; Wettability; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Materials Testing; Denture Bases; Microscopy, Confocal; Acrylic Resins; Bacterial Adhesion; Analysis of Variance; Reproducibility of Results; Denture, Complete; Reference Values; Colony Count, Microbial; Linear Models
PubMed: 38656049
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0326