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Research in Developmental Disabilities Jul 2022Social support is a protective factor for siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Social support is a protective factor for siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
AIMS
We reviewed studies on social support received by siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (CRD42020207686), searching PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus.
OUTCOMES AND RESULTS
Fifteen articles were eligible for the review, 13 of which used cross-sectional designs. Two studies investigated sibling social support after an intervention. Multiple variables were negatively related to social support (e.g., sibling depression, loneliness, stress). Variables that were positively related to social support included prosocial behavior, competence (academic, social, and activity-related), problem-focused coping, and family quality of life. Potential moderators of the relationship between social support and psychosocial adjustment included the type of disorder of the affected sibling and the type of social support provider. We conclude with an overview of the reliability and validity of the seven social support measurements used across the studies.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Lower levels of social support are associated with more negative psychosocial adjustment among siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. We encourage future researchers to further investigate ways to increase social support for siblings to improve outcomes.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Siblings; Social Support
PubMed: 35468570
DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104234 -
Association of Olfactory Impairment With All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA Otolaryngology-- Head & Neck... May 2022Olfactory impairment is highly prevalent and associated with multiple comorbidities, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, nutritional, and immune disorders.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Olfactory impairment is highly prevalent and associated with multiple comorbidities, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, nutritional, and immune disorders. However, epidemiologic associations between olfactory impairment and mortality are discordant.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically clarify the epidemiologic associations between olfactory impairment and mortality.
DATA SOURCES
The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to August 13, 2021.
STUDY SELECTION
Two blinded reviewers selected observational studies published as full-length, English-language articles in peer-reviewed journals that reported the presence or severity of chronic olfactory impairment, whether objectively measured or self-reported, in association with any mortality estimate, among adults aged 18 years or older.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two reviewers independently extracted data, evaluated study bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and appraised the quality of the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines and a PROSPERO-registered protocol. Maximally adjusted estimates were pooled using mixed-effects models, heterogeneity was measured using I2 statistics, sources of heterogeneity were investigated using meta-regression and subgroup meta-analyses, and publication bias was qualitatively and quantitatively assessed.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality.
RESULTS
One retrospective cohort study and 10 prospective cohort studies (with a total of 21 601 participants) from 1088 nonduplicated records were included. Ten studies had a low risk of bias, whereas 1 study had a moderate risk; exclusion of the latter did not alter conclusions. Nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Olfactory loss was associated with a significantly higher pooled hazard of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28-1.80; I2 = 82%). Meta-regression sufficiently explained heterogeneity, with longer mean follow-up duration weakening the pooled association, accounting for 91.3% of heterogeneity. Self-reported and objective effect sizes were similar. Associations were robust to trim-and-fill adjustment and the Egger test for publication bias. The overall quality of evidence was moderate.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that olfactory impairment is associated with all-cause mortality and may be a marker of general health and biological aging. Further research is required to establish the underlying mechanisms and the scope for interventions.
Topics: Comorbidity; Humans; Olfaction Disorders; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Risk
PubMed: 35389456
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2022.0263 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022Neurodevelopmental delays can interfere with children's engagement with the world and further development, and may have negative consequences into adulthood. Mercury is... (Review)
Review
Neurodevelopmental delays can interfere with children's engagement with the world and further development, and may have negative consequences into adulthood. Mercury is highly toxic and may negatively influence neurodevelopment because it can freely cross the placenta and accumulate in the fetal brain. We searched four publication databases (Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus) for studies examining the relationship between early life mercury exposure and scores on neurodevelopmental performance measures in children aged 0 to 5 years old. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool. Thirty-two prospective studies were included in the review. Neurodevelopmental performance was measured using 23 different scales, most commonly the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID). In most cases, the evidence for an association between mercury and neurodevelopment was weak. There did not appear to be exceptions for particular childhood ages, outcome scales, or mercury levels. The small number of results to the contrary were more likely to be studies which did not meet our high-quality criteria, and could be a consequence of multiple testing, selection bias, or incomplete confounder adjustment. Based on current evidence, dietary mercury exposure during pregnancy is unlikely to be a risk factor for low neurodevelopmental functioning in early childhood.
Topics: Adult; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mercury; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies; Vitamins
PubMed: 35206164
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041976 -
Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.) Aug 2022To review evidence from longitudinal studies on the association between prescription opioid use and common mood and anxiety symptoms. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To review evidence from longitudinal studies on the association between prescription opioid use and common mood and anxiety symptoms.
DESIGN
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO for search terms related to opioids AND (depression OR bipolar OR anxiety OR post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]). Findings were summarized narratively, and random-effects meta-analyses were used to pool effect sizes.
RESULTS
We identified 10,290 records and found 10 articles that met our inclusion criteria. Incidence studies showed that people who used prescription opioids had an elevated risk of any mood outcome (adjusted effect size [aES] = 1.80 [95% confidence interval = 1.40-2.30]) and of an anxiety outcome (aES = 1.40 [1.20-1.80]) compared with those who did not use prescription opioids. Associations with depression were small and not significant after adjustment for potential confounders (aES = 1.18 [0.98-1.41]). However, some studies reported an increased risk of depressive symptoms after increased (aES = 1.58 [1.30-1.93]) or prolonged opioid use (aES = 1.49 [1.19-1.86]).
CONCLUSIONS
Mental health should be considered when opioids are prescribed because some patients could be vulnerable to adverse mental health outcomes.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anxiety; Humans; Opioid-Related Disorders; Prescriptions; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 35167694
DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnac029 -
JAMA Network Open Feb 2022The application of precision medicine principles for the treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents requires an examination of the variables associated with...
IMPORTANCE
The application of precision medicine principles for the treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents requires an examination of the variables associated with depression outcomes in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).
OBJECTIVE
To describe predictors, moderators, and mediators associated with outcomes in RCTs for the treatment of depressive disorders in adolescents.
EVIDENCE REVIEW
A scoping review of RCTs for the treatment of depression in adolescents was conducted. Databases searched included MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo, and CINAHL. Included publications tested predictors, moderators, and/or mediators associated with depression symptom outcomes (eg, symptom reduction, response, remission) in RCTs pertaining to the treatment of adolescents, ages 13 to 17 years. Predictors were defined as variables that were associated with depression outcomes, independent of treatment group. Moderators were defined as baseline variables that were associated with differential outcomes between treatment groups. Mediators were defined by a formal mediation analysis. In duplicate, variables were extracted and coded with respect to analysis type (univariable or multivariable), statistical significance, direction of effect size, reporting of a priori hypotheses, and adjustment for multiple comparisons. Aggregated results were summarized by variable domain and RCT sample.
FINDINGS
Eighty-one articles reporting on variables associated with outcomes across 33 RCTs were identified, including studies of biological (10 RCTs), psychosocial (18 RCTs), and combined (4 RCTs) treatments as well as a service delivery model (1 RCT). Fifty-three variable domains were tested as baseline predictors of depression outcome, 41 as moderators, 19 as postbaseline predictors, and 5 as mediators. Variable domains that were reported as significant in at least 3 RCTs included age, sex/gender, baseline depression severity, early response to treatment, sleep changes, parent-child conflict, overall psychopathology, suicidal ideation, hopelessness, functional impairment, attendance at therapy sessions, and history of trauma. Two publications reported a priori hypotheses and adjustment for multiple comparisons, both finding that baseline depression severity and family conflict were associated with poorer outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This review identified commonly researched variables requiring more scrutiny as well as underresearched variables to inform future study designs. Further efforts to discover predictors, moderators, and mediators associated with treatment response have great potential to optimize care for adolescents with depression.
Topics: Adolescent; Behavior Therapy; Depression; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35103789
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46331 -
Preventive Medicine Mar 2022Medical and recreational cannabis legalization lead to increased cannabis use among adults. There is concern that legalization has negative implications for minors via... (Review)
Review
Medical and recreational cannabis legalization lead to increased cannabis use among adults. There is concern that legalization has negative implications for minors via effects on parents. We conducted a systematic review of studies examining legalization in the United States. Web of Science, PsycInfo, and PubMed were searched through May 2021, studies examining effects of legalization on maternal cannabis and other substance use during pregnancy and postpartum, perinatal outcomes, parental cannabis and other substance use and attitudes, parenting, and child outcomes were identified, and two independent reviewers extracted information on study designs, samples, and outcomes, and assessed classification of evidence and risk of bias. Forty-one studies met inclusion criteria; only 6 (15%) used the most causally informative study design (difference in differences). It is likely legalization increases maternal cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum, parental cannabis use, and approval of adult cannabis use. Legalization may increase some adverse perinatal outcomes, though findings were inconsistent. It is likely legalization increases unintentional pediatric cannabis exposure. There is insufficient evidence for effects of legalization on child abuse and neglect, and there have been no studies examining effects of legalization on other aspects of parenting or on child adjustment. There is a critical lack of causally informative epidemiological studies examining effects of legalization on parenting and young children. Additional causally informative research is needed. Studies of parental cannabis use in a legal context are particularly needed. Commonsense guidelines must recognize the shifting national landscape around legalization while seeking to minimize potential harm to minors.
Topics: Adult; Cannabis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Legislation, Drug; Parenting; Parents; Pregnancy; Substance-Related Disorders; United States
PubMed: 35074421
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106956 -
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII Aug 2022There is growing evidence suggesting that the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may be a predictor of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy. Whether... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
There is growing evidence suggesting that the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) may be a predictor of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy. Whether this association extends to all irAEs or just those within particular organs/systems is yet to be resolved. As immune-related thyroid dysfunction (thyroid irAE) is one of the most commonly reported irAEs, this study aims to summarize the available data and determine if thyroid irAE is a surrogate marker for improved cancer outcomes during ICI therapy.
METHODS
PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched up to July 1st 2021 for studies assessing the relationship between thyroid irAE development during ICI therapy and cancer outcomes. Outcome measures of interest include overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Sub-group analyses based on cancer type and adjustment for immortal time bias (ITB) were also performed.
RESULTS
Forty-seven studies were included in the systematic review. Twenty-one studies were included in the OS meta-analysis whilst 15 were included in the PFS meta-analysis. Development of thyroid irAE during ICI therapy was associated with improved OS and PFS (OS: HR 0.52, CI 0.43-0.62, p < 0.001; PFS: HR 0.58, CI 0.50-0.67, p < 0.001). Sub-group analyses involving non-small cell lung cancer populations and studies where ITB was accounted for, observed similar results (HR 0.37, CI 0.24-0.57, p < 0.001) and (HR 0.51, CI 0.39-0.69, p < 0.001), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Despite the heterogeneity and biases identified, the evidence does suggest that the development of thyroid irAE is associated with anti-tumor effects of ICIs and therefore, can be used as a surrogate marker for clinical response.
Topics: Biomarkers; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Lung Neoplasms; Thyroid Diseases
PubMed: 35022907
DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03128-7 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Sexualized drug use (SDU), also known as chemsex, refers to the use of psychoactive substances for sexual purposes among men who have sex with men (MSM), which has been... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sexualized drug use (SDU), also known as chemsex, refers to the use of psychoactive substances for sexual purposes among men who have sex with men (MSM), which has been associated with mental health symptoms. The objective of this review is to systematically review the available evidence on mental health outcomes in MSM who use sexualized drugs.
METHODS
To prepare this systematic review, search strategies were developed and applied to the Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus databases. A total of 117 articles were found, of which 12 were selected for the final review.
RESULTS
Those MSM who practiced SDU were more likely to experience from depression, anxiety, or a substance dependence, although these results were not found in all the studies analyzed. Among those who practiced the administration of intravenous drugs (referred to as slamsex), the mental health symptoms were more severe.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review contributes to a fuller understanding of the mental health symptoms present in MSM who consume drugs for sexual purposes. Greater uniformity in data collection instruments is required, as well as the need to conduct a more in-depth assessment of the psychosocial adjustment of people who practice chemsex.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Mental Health; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 34948907
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413299 -
Otology & Neurotology Open Dec 2021To assess outcomes in autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) after cochlear implantation (CI) through systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To assess outcomes in autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) after cochlear implantation (CI) through systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATABASES REVIEWED
PubMed, MedLine, Embase, and CINAHL.
METHODS
Databases were queried for inclusion of AIED patients who underwent CI with outcomes recorded ≥3 months postoperatively. We examined demographics, pure-tone average (PTA), speech perception, preoperative imaging, intraoperative management, and postoperative complications.
RESULTS
Twenty-six articles encompassing 124 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean implantation age was 26.2 years (range 4-65 years) with average length of follow-up at 28.2 months (range 3-120 months). Meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvement in speech perception following CI. There was a statistically significant improvement in speech recognition score (SRS) (standard mean difference [SMD] = 6.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-8.0, < 0.0001) as well as word recognition score (WRS) (SMD = 5.5, 95% CI, 4.2-6.8, < 0.0001) after CI. Anomalous preoperative radiologic manifestations were reported by 57.7% (15/26) studies. Disease activity-related intraoperative adjustment was noted in 57.7% (15/26) studies; common consequences were cochlear drill-out (53.3%), difficult round window insertion (26.7%), and scala vestibuli insertion (26.7%). Frequent postoperative complications noted in 26.9% (7/26) studies included systemic AIED flares (71.4%) and wound healing delay (42.9%).
CONCLUSION
Findings of this systematic review of AIED cochlear implant literature demonstrate a lack of consistent reporting standards for PTA and speech perception as well as a lack of long-term follow-up. Despite these findings, meta-analysis suggests that CI is a viable treatment for improving speech perception in AIED patients.
PubMed: 38550355
DOI: 10.1097/ONO.0000000000000006 -
European Journal of Neurology Mar 2022Patients with migraine are at increased risk of stroke. The aim was to systematically review the current literature on the association between migraine and atrial... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Patients with migraine are at increased risk of stroke. The aim was to systematically review the current literature on the association between migraine and atrial fibrillation, which is a relevant risk factor for stroke.
METHODS
PubMed was searched for 'migraine' AND 'atrial fibrillation' and selected original investigations on the association of migraine and atrial fibrillation for our analysis. Articles without original data, such as guidelines, narrative reviews, editorials and others, were excluded.
RESULTS
In all, 109 publications were found. Twenty-two were included and analysed for this review. The population-based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study showed a significant association of migraine with visual aura and incident atrial fibrillation (hazard ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.62, p = 0.02), but not for migraine without aura, compared to non-headache persons after multivariable adjustment for vascular risk factors. An even larger population-based study in Denmark confirmed this association (odds ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.36). Studies investigating patients with ischaemic stroke and migraine are methodologically insufficient and provide contradictory results. Ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation in patients with migraine might reduce migraine attacks, but transient post-ablation new-onset migraine-like headaches in persons without a history of migraine have also been reported.
CONCLUSION
Population-based studies indicate a significant association of migraine with aura and atrial fibrillation. In practical terms, screening for atrial fibrillation in patients who have a long history of migraine might be reasonable, whereas in patients with stroke or other disorders and migraine extensive screening for atrial fibrillation should be performed as in all patients without migraine.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Brain Ischemia; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Migraine with Aura; Risk Factors; Stroke
PubMed: 34826198
DOI: 10.1111/ene.15198