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Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Oct 2022Meat avoidance has long been thought to be related to eating psychopathology; however, research does not necessarily support this notion. Furthermore, commonly used... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Meat avoidance has long been thought to be related to eating psychopathology; however, research does not necessarily support this notion. Furthermore, commonly used eating disorder scales may be picking up on normal meat-avoiding behaviours in vegetarians and vegans. As such, we systematically reviewed the association between vegetarianism, veganism, and disordered eating, and reviewed the psychometric properties of eating disorder scales for use in these populations.
METHODS
We searched electronic databases MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL for literature published until June 2021.
RESULTS
Forty-eight studies met eligibility criteria, with no consensus as to whether meat avoidance was associated with higher rates of disordered eating. Most studies reported a significant positive association with both vegetarianism and veganism, and orthorexia nervosa. Six studies provided evidence for the use of eating disorder measures in vegetarians and vegans, reporting poor psychometric fit among all scales.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review highlights the extent to which vegetarians and vegans have been highly understudied, with limited research suggesting higher levels of orthorexia nervosa behaviours in vegetarians and vegans. Furthermore, our results provide tentative evidence that the factorial validity of commonly used eating disorder scales, such as the EDE-Q, may be poor in vegans.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level I, systematic review.
Topics: Diet, Vegan; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Meat; Vegans; Vegetarians
PubMed: 35729472
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01428-0 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Diets containing red or processed meat are associated with a growing risk of digestive system cancers. Whether a plant-based diet is protective against cancer needs a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Diets containing red or processed meat are associated with a growing risk of digestive system cancers. Whether a plant-based diet is protective against cancer needs a high level of statistical evidence.
METHODS
We performed a meta-analysis of five English databases, including PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science databases, and Scopus, on October 24, 2021 to identify published papers. Cohort studies or case-control studies that reported a relationship between plant-based diets and cancers of the digestive system were included. Summary effect-size estimates are expressed as Risk ratios (RRs) or Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals and were evaluated using random-effect models. The inconsistency index (I) and τ (Tau) index were used to quantify the magnitude of heterogeneity derived from the random-effects Mantel-Haenszel model.
RESULTS
The same results were found in cohort (adjusted RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.78-0.86, < 0.001, = 46.4%, Tau = 0.017) and case-control (adjusted OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.64-0.77, < 0.001, = 83.8%, Tau = 0.160) studies. The overall analysis concluded that plant-based diets played a protective role in the risk of digestive system neoplasms. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the plant-based diets reduced the risk of cancers, especially pancreatic (adjusted RR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.59-0.86, < 0.001, = 55.1%, Tau = 0.028), colorectal (adjusted RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.69-0.83, < 0.001, = 53.4%, Tau = 0.023), rectal (adjusted RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.78-0.91, < 0.001, = 1.6%, Tau = 0.005) and colon (adjusted RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.95, < 0.001, = 0.0%, Tau = 0.000) cancers, in cohort studies. The correlation between vegan and other plant-based diets was compared using Z-tests, and the results showed no difference.
CONCLUSIONS
Plant-based diets were protective against cancers of the digestive system, with no significant differences between different types of cancer.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022322276, Identifier: CRD42022322276.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Cohort Studies; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Digestive System Neoplasms; Humans
PubMed: 35719615
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.892153 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Sep 2022In parallel with an increased focus on climate changes and carbon footprint, the interest in plant-based diets and its potential health effects have increased over the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
In parallel with an increased focus on climate changes and carbon footprint, the interest in plant-based diets and its potential health effects have increased over the past decade. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effect of vegan diets (≥12 weeks) on cardiometabolic risk factors in people with overweight or type 2 diabetes. We identified 11 trials (796 participants). In comparison with control diets, vegan diets reduced body weight (-4.1 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.9 to -2.4, p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (-1.38 kg/m , 95% CI -1.96 to -0.80, p < 0.001), glycated hemoglobin (HbA ) (-0.18% points, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.07, p = 0.002), total cholesterol (-0.30 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.52 to -0.08, p = 0.007), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.24 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.07, p = 0.005). We identified no effect on blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. We found that adhering to vegan diets for at least 12 weeks may be effective in individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes to induce a meaningful decrease in body weight and improve glycemia. Some of this effect may be contributed to differences in the macronutrient composition and energy intake in the vegan versus control diets. Therefore, more research is needed regarding vegan diets and cardiometabolic health.
Topics: Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, HDL; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Vegan; Humans; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 35672940
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13462 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022Considering the importance of schools for sustainable food offers and the formation of conscientious citizens on sustainability, this systematic review aimed to verify... (Review)
Review
Considering the importance of schools for sustainable food offers and the formation of conscientious citizens on sustainability, this systematic review aimed to verify the recommendations on sustainability in school feeding policies and the sustainability practices adopted in schools. The research question that guided this study is "what are the recommendations on sustainability in school feeding policies and the sustainability practices adopted in schools?". This systematic review was prepared according to PRISMA, and its checklist was registered in PROSPERO. Specific search strategies for Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Lilacs, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global were developed. The included studies' methodological quality was evaluated using the Meta-Analysis Statistical Assessment and Review Instrument (MASTARI). A total of 134 studies were selected for a full reading. Of these, 50 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Several sustainability practices were described. The most cited are school gardens and education activities for sustainability. However, actions carried out in food services were also mentioned, from the planning of menus and the purchase of raw materials (mainly local and organic foods, vegetarian/vegan menus) to the distribution of meals (reduction of organic and inorganic waste: composting, recycling, donating food, and portion sizes). Recommendations for purchasing sustainable food (organic, local, and seasonal), nutrition education focused on sustainability, and reducing food waste were frequent; this reinforces the need to stimulate managers' view, in their most varied spheres, for the priority that should be given to this theme, so that education for sustainability is universally part of the curricula. The importance of education in enabling individuals to promote sustainable development is reaffirmed in Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). The development of assessment instruments can help monitor the evolution of sustainable strategies at schools and the main barriers and potentialities related to their implementation.
PubMed: 35053907
DOI: 10.3390/foods11020176 -
Nutrients Dec 2021Health authorities increasingly recommend a more plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts, low in red meat and moderate in dairy,...
Health authorities increasingly recommend a more plant-based diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, pulses, whole grains and nuts, low in red meat and moderate in dairy, eggs, poultry and fish which will be beneficial for both health and the environment. A systematic review of observational and intervention studies published between 2000 and January 2020 was conducted to assess nutrient intake and status in adult populations consuming plant-based diets (mainly vegetarian and vegan) with that of meat-eaters. Mean intake of nutrients were calculated and benchmarked to dietary reference values. For micronutrient status, mean concentrations of biomarkers were calculated and compared across diet groups. A total of 141 studies were included, mostly from Europe, South/East Asia, and North America. Protein intake was lower in people following plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters, but well within recommended intake levels. While fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), folate, vitamin C, E and magnesium intake was higher, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake was lower in vegetarians and vegans as compared to meat-eaters. Intake and status of vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium and bone turnover markers were generally lower in plant-based dietary patterns compared to meat-eaters. Vegans had the lowest vitamin B12, calcium and iodine intake, and also lower iodine status and lower bone mineral density. Meat-eaters were at risk of inadequate intakes of fiber, PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA), folate, vitamin D, E, calcium and magnesium. There were nutrient inadequacies across all dietary patterns, including vegan, vegetarian and meat-based diets. As plant-based diets are generally better for health and the environment, public health strategies should facilitate the transition to a balanced diet with more diverse nutrient-dense plant foods through consumer education, food fortification and possibly supplementation.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Asia; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Energy Intake; Europe; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Meat; Micronutrients; Middle Aged; North America; Nutrients; Nutritional Status; Vitamins
PubMed: 35010904
DOI: 10.3390/nu14010029 -
Nutrients Nov 2021Evidence on the impact of diet, alcohol, body-mass index (BMI), and physical activity on mortality due to cancer and other cancer-related outcomes is still scarce....
Evidence on the impact of diet, alcohol, body-mass index (BMI), and physical activity on mortality due to cancer and other cancer-related outcomes is still scarce. Herein, we reviewed the contribution of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study to the current state of the art on the role of these factors in cancer mortality. We identified 45 studies using a rapid systematic review methodology. Dietary factors associated with reduced cancer mortality included raw vegetable intake; dietary fiber intake; the Mediterranean diet; other dietary scores; other diet patterns including low meat eaters, vegetarians/vegans, or fish eaters; dietary intake (or biomarkers) of some vitamins (e.g., vitamin D, vitamin K2, or Vitamin C); and intake of lignans. Physical activity and following healthy lifestyle recommendations also reduced cancer mortality risk. In contrast, dietary factors associated with higher cancer mortality risk included poor diet quality, consumption of alcohol and soft drinks including juice, and, to a lesser extent, intake of some fatty acids. Excess weight and obesity also increased the risk of cancer mortality. The EPIC study holds valuable information on diet and lifestyle factors and offers a unique opportunity to identify key diet-related factors for cancer mortality prevention.
Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Body Mass Index; Diet; Diet, Healthy; Exercise; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 34959845
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124293 -
Nutrients Nov 2021Kidney stone disease (KSD) has a strong association with diet metabolic syndrome. This review aims at exploring the lithogenic risk posed by the current most popular...
OBJECTIVES
Kidney stone disease (KSD) has a strong association with diet metabolic syndrome. This review aims at exploring the lithogenic risk posed by the current most popular diets. Our approach was to search for the effect of each diet type on the major urinary risk factors, to try to draw conclusions regarding the association of a specific diet type and KSD.
METHODS
This systematic review searched for the available literature exploring the association between the existing popular fad diets and KSD. Articles in English, French and Spanish were included, without restriction of the search period with the final search done in August 2021.
RESULTS
Total number of studies and studies for each diet type was as follows: 22 articles for the low carbohydrate diet, 20 articles for high protein diets, 26 articles for vegetarian and vegan diets. There exists a substantial variability in different low carbohydrate and high protein diets, and considerable overlap between modern popular fad diets. High carbohydrate intake might increase urine uric acid, calcium and oxalate levels. High protein diets increase urine calcium and uric acid and lower urine pH and citrate. Consumption of fruits and vegetables increases the urinary volume and urinary citrate. In vegan diets, sufficient daily calcium intake is important to avoid possible secondary hyperoxaluria.
CONCLUSIONS
Few studies evaluated the direct relationship between modern fad diets and KSD. In general, the reduction of carbohydrate in the diet, and counterbalancing protein rich diets with sufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, seem to play a protective role against KSD formation. Maintaining sufficient calcium intake in vegan and vegetarian diets is important. Additional research is needed to directly evaluate the link between KSD and each diet type.
Topics: Calcium, Dietary; Diet Fads; Humans; Kidney Calculi
PubMed: 34959822
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124270 -
Nutrients Nov 2021Various nutritional therapies have been proposed in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly diets rich in ω-3 fatty acids, which may lead to eicosanoid reduction. Our aim... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Various nutritional therapies have been proposed in rheumatoid arthritis, particularly diets rich in ω-3 fatty acids, which may lead to eicosanoid reduction. Our aim was to investigate the effect of potentially anti-inflammatory diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic) on pain. The primary outcome was pain on a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes were C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, health assessment questionnaire, disease activity score 28, tender/swollen joint counts, weight, and body mass index. We searched MEDLINE (OVID), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL for studies published from database inception to 12 November 2021. Two authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted study data, and assessed the risk of bias. We performed a meta-analysis with all eligible randomized controlled trials using RevMan 5. We used mean differences or standardized mean differences and the inverse variance method of pooling using a random-effects model. The search retrieved 564 unique publications, of which we included 12 in the systematic review and 7 in the meta-analysis. All studies had a high risk of bias and the evidence was very low. The main conclusion is that anti-inflammatory diets resulted in significantly lower pain than ordinary diets (-9.22 mm; 95% CI -14.15 to -4.29; = 0.0002; 7 RCTs, 326 participants).
Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthralgia; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Healthy; Diet, Ketogenic; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Middle Aged; Observational Studies as Topic; Pain Management; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34959772
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124221 -
Joint Bone Spine Mar 2022This article presents the 1st set of dietary recommendations of the French Society for Rheumatology for patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases...
This article presents the 1st set of dietary recommendations of the French Society for Rheumatology for patients suffering from chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) made by a working group consisting of 12 rheumatology experts, 3 physician nutrition specialists, 1 internal medicine specialist, 1 registered dietician and 3 representatives from patient associations. This group relied on a systematic literature review and on expert opinions, while taking into consideration not only the joint effects of diet in IRD but also the extra-articular ones. Eight general principles and nine recommendations were established. The general principles emphasize that nutritional advice is not a substitute for pharmacological treatment of IRD and that it is an integral part of the patients' overall care, which could help the patient actively participate in their care. The recommendations propose supporting weight loss in subjects who are overweight or obese, a Mediterranean-type diet and supplementation in polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly omega-3. Conversely, gluten-free diets (in the absence of celiac disease), vegetarian/vegan diets, fasting and elimination of dairy products should not be proposed. Supplementation with vitamins or trace elements is not indicated for controlling chronic IRD activity, while the use of probiotics or spices is not recommended given the limited or disparate data.
Topics: Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Humans; Rheumatic Diseases; Rheumatology; Vitamins
PubMed: 34902577
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105319 -
Nutrients Nov 2021Excessive adiposity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dietary patterns are important determinants of weight status. Plant-based dietary patterns... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Excessive adiposity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dietary patterns are important determinants of weight status. Plant-based dietary patterns (PBDs) are known for their therapeutic effects on T2D. The aim is to systematically review RCTs to investigate the effects of various PBDs compared to regular meat-eating diets (RMDs), in individuals who normally consume a RMD on body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in T2D. RCTs investigating PBDs and body weight, BMI, WC for ≥6 weeks in adults with T2D since 1980 were eligible for inclusion. Seven trials ( = 269) were included in the meta-analysis using random-effects models and expressed as MD (95%Cls). Compared to RMDs, PBDs significantly lowered body weight (-2.35 kg, 95% CI: -3.51, -1.19, < 0.001), BMI (-0.90 kg/m, 95% CI: -1.42, -0.38, = 0.001) and WC (-2.41 cm, 95% CI: -3.72, -1.09, < 0.001). PBDs alone significantly reduced body weight by 5.1% (-4.95 kg, 95% CI: -7.34, -2.55, < 0.001), BMI by 5.4% (-1.87 kg/m, 95% CI: -2.78, -0.95, < 0.001) and WC by 4.3%(-4.23, 95% CI: -6.38, -2.07, < 0.001). Interventions not limiting energy intake led to a significant reduction in body weight (-2.54 kg, 95% CI: -4.16, -0.92, < 0.005) and BMI (-0.91 kg/m, 95% CI: -1.56, -0.25, < 0.005). Trials ≥16 weeks had a pronounced reduction in body weight (-2.93 kg, 95% CI: -5.00, -0.87, = 0.005) and BMI (-1.13 kg/m, 95% CI: -1.89, -0.38, < 0.005). These findings provide evidence for the implementation of PBDs for better management of central adiposity in individuals with T2D.
Topics: Adiposity; Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Waist Circumference
PubMed: 34836356
DOI: 10.3390/nu13114099