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Lasers in Medical Science May 2024The purpose of this study is to explore the potential application of photobiomodulation to irritable bowel syndrome. We established the following experimental groups:...
The purpose of this study is to explore the potential application of photobiomodulation to irritable bowel syndrome. We established the following experimental groups: the Non-Stress + Sham group, which consisted of rats that were not restrained and were only subjected to sham irradiation; the Stress + Sham group, which underwent 1 hour of restraint stress followed by sham irradiation; and the Stress + Laser group, which was subjected to restraint stress and percutaneous laser irradiation bilaterally on the L6 dorsal root ganglia for 5 minutes each. The experiment was conducted twice, with three and two laser conditions examined. Following laser irradiation, a barostat catheter was inserted into the rat's colon. After a 30-minute acclimatization period, the catheter was inflated to a pressure of 60 mmHg, and the number of abdominal muscle contractions was measured over a 5-minute period. The results showed that photobiomodulation significantly suppressed the number of abdominal muscle contractions at average powers of 460, 70, and 18 mW. However, no significant suppression was observed at average powers of 1 W and 3.5 mW. This study suggests that photobiomodulation can alleviate visceral hyperalgesia induced by restraint stress, indicating its potential applicability to irritable bowel syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Low-Level Light Therapy; Rats; Hyperalgesia; Male; Restraint, Physical; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Psychological; Muscle Contraction; Abdominal Muscles; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38806837
DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04091-2 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jul 2024The increase of marine heat waves (MHWs) occurrence is exacerbated in Mediterranean Sea and temperature resilience-enhancing strategies on key species, such as the...
The increase of marine heat waves (MHWs) occurrence is exacerbated in Mediterranean Sea and temperature resilience-enhancing strategies on key species, such as the seagrass Posidonia oceanica, need to be investigated. "Priming" describes a stimulus that prepares an organism for an improved response to upcoming environmental changes by triggering a memory that remains during a lag-phase. The aim of this study, conducted in Sardinia (Italy), was to investigate whether the development of thermo-primed P. oceanica seedlings is affected by a field simulated MHW depending on the duration of the lag-phase. After the thermo-priming stimulus, seedlings had a 0, 7 or 14 days lag-phase and after that, for each lag-phase group, half of the seedlings experienced a simulated MHW (the other half served as controls). Some other seedlings did not experience either the priming stimulus or the lag-phase. Results did not show any evidence of a memory triggered by the priming stimulus, but they highlighted the importance of an acclimation phase before the highest temperature: seedlings that experienced a gradual increase of temperature had a higher number of leaves and shorter leaf necrosis length compared to seedlings that had a lag-phase between two heat events. Regardless the priming stimulus, MHWs slowed down the development of the leaf and root length. Considering the increase of temperature fluctuations, testing different intensities of priming and different length of lag-phase is necessary to provide information about the adaptive success of the species.
Topics: Alismatales; Seedlings; Hot Temperature; Italy; Mediterranean Sea; Acclimatization; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 38796990
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116515 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024The damask rose ( Mill.) is an ornamental-medicinal plant from the Rosaceae family, and its aromatic compounds and essential oils are applied globally in the food,...
The damask rose ( Mill.) is an ornamental-medicinal plant from the Rosaceae family, and its aromatic compounds and essential oils are applied globally in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its economic value, this research aimed to establish a protocol for an efficient, rapid, and cost-effective method for in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of the 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes. Nodal segments (as primary explants) were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with combinations of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as gibberellic acid (GA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), as well as a PGR-like substance, phloroglucinol (PG), vitamins such as ascorbic acid (AA), and activated carbon in the form of active charcoal (AC). For the establishment stage, 0.1 mg·L PG, 0.2 mg·L GA, and 1 mg·L BAP were added to the media. Secondary explants (nodal segments containing axillary buds produced from primary explants) were obtained after 30 days of in vitro culture and transferred to the proliferation media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg·L) and GA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 mg·L) together with 0.1 mg·L PG and 20 mg·L of AA. The rooting media were augmented with different concentrations of BAP and GA with 0.1 mg·L of IBA, PG and 20 mg·L of AA and AC. The results showed that the highest regeneration coefficient (4.29 and 4.28) and the largest number of leaves (23.33-24.33) were obtained in the explants grown on the medium supplemented with 2 mg·L BAP and 0.4 mg·L GA for the 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes, respectively. Likewise, this PGR combination provided the shortest time until bud break (approximately 6.5 days) and root emergence (approximately 10 days) in both genotypes. The highest number of shoots (4.78 per explant) and roots (3.96) was achieved in this medium in the 'Kashan' rose. Stem and root lengths, as well as stem and root fresh and dry weights, were also analyzed. In most measured traits, the lowest values were found in the PGRs-free control medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to pots filled with perlite and peat moss in a 2:1 proportion and were acclimatized to ambient greenhouse conditions with a mean 90.12% survival rate. This research contributes significantly to our understanding of Damask rose propagation and has practical implications for the cosmetic and ornamental plant industries. By offering insights into the manipulation of regeneration processes, our study opens up new possibilities for the effective production of high-quality plant material.
PubMed: 38794435
DOI: 10.3390/plants13101364 -
Microorganisms May 2024is the causal agent of late blight in potato. The occurrence of with both A1 and A2 mating types in the field may result in sexual reproduction and the generation of...
is the causal agent of late blight in potato. The occurrence of with both A1 and A2 mating types in the field may result in sexual reproduction and the generation of recombinant strains. Such strains with new combinations of traits can be highly aggressive, resistant to fungicides, and can make the disease difficult to control in the field. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates are now more prevalent in potato fields. Understanding the genetic structure and rapid identification of mating types and metalaxyl response of in the field is a prerequisite for effective late blight disease monitoring and management. Molecular and phenotypic assays involving molecular and phenotypic markers such as mating types and metalaxyl response are typically conducted separately in the studies of the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of . As a result, there is a pressing need to reduce the experimental workload and more efficiently assess the aggressiveness of different strains. We think that employing genetic markers to not only estimate genotypic diversity but also to identify the mating type and fungicide response using machine learning techniques can guide and speed up the decision-making process in late blight disease management, especially when the mating type and metalaxyl resistance data are not available. This technique can also be applied to determine these phenotypic traits for dead isolates. In this study, over 600 isolates from different populations-Estonia, Pskov region, and Poland-were classified for mating types and metalaxyl response using machine learning techniques based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. For both traits, random forest and the support vector machine demonstrated good accuracy of over 70%, compared to the decision tree and artificial neural network models whose accuracy was lower. There were also associations ( < 0.05) between the traits and some of the alleles detected, but machine learning prediction techniques based on multilocus SSR genotypes offered better prediction accuracy.
PubMed: 38792811
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050982 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Eelgrass meadows have attracted much attention not only for their ability to maintain marine ecosystems as feeding grounds for marine organisms but also for their...
Eelgrass meadows have attracted much attention not only for their ability to maintain marine ecosystems as feeding grounds for marine organisms but also for their potential to store atmospheric and dissolved CO as blue carbon. This study comprehensively evaluated the bacterial and chemical data obtained from eelgrass sediments of different scales along the Japanese coast to investigate the effect on the acclimatization of eelgrass. Regardless of the eelgrass habitat, approximately 1% , , , and was present in the bottom sediment. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were present at 3.69% in eelgrass sediment compared to 1.70% in bare sediment. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) were present at 2.81% and 1.10% in the eelgrass and bare sediment, respectively. Bacterial composition analysis and linear discriminant analysis revealed that SOB detoxified HS in the eelgrass meadows and that the larger-scale eelgrass meadows had a higher diversity of SOB. Our result indicated that there were regional differences in the system that detoxifies HS in eelgrass meadows, either microbial oxidation mediated by SOB or O permeation via the physical diffusion of benthos. However, since bacterial flora and phylogenetic analyses cannot show bias and/or causality due to PCR, future kinetic studies on microbial metabolism are expected.
Topics: Zosteraceae; Geologic Sediments; Phylogeny; Bacteria; Hydrogen Sulfide; Ecosystem; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 38791480
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105442 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Amaranth species are C4 plants that are rich in betalains, and they are tolerant to salinity stress. A small family of plant-specific TCP transcription factors are...
Amaranth species are C4 plants that are rich in betalains, and they are tolerant to salinity stress. A small family of plant-specific TCP transcription factors are involved in the response to salt stress. However, it has not been investigated whether amaranth is involved in salt stress. We elucidated that the growth and physiology of amaranth were affected by salt concentrations of 50-200 mmol·L NaCl. The data showed that shoot and root growth was inhibited at 200 mmol·L, while it was promoted at 50 mmol·L. Meanwhile, the plants also showed physiological responses, which indicated salt-induced injuries and adaptation to the salt stress. Moreover, promoted seed germination. The germination rate of wild-type (WT) and seeds reached around 92% by the seventh day and 94.5% by the second day under normal conditions, respectively. With 150 mmol·L NaCl treatment, the germination rate of the WT and plant seeds was 27.0% by the seventh day and 93.0% by the fourth day, respectively. Under salt stress, the transformed plants bloomed when they grew 21.8 leaves after 16.2 days of treatment, which was earlier than the WT plants. The transformed plants flowered early to resist salt stress. These results reveal amaranth's growth and physiological responses to salt stress, and provide valuable information on the gene.
Topics: Salt Stress; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Amaranthus; Plant Proteins; Germination; Arabidopsis; Transcription Factors; Plants, Genetically Modified; Plant Roots; Seeds; Salt Tolerance; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 38791475
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105437 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing...
The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing perception, recognition, and signal transduction in response to pathogens are well studied in the context of damaging intruders, the current understanding of plant cell wall rebuilding and active defense strategies in response to plant virus infections remains poorly characterized. Pectins can act as major elements of the primary cell wall and are dynamic compounds in response to pathogens. Homogalacturonans (HGs), a main component of pectins, have been postulated as defensive molecules in plant-pathogen interactions and linked to resistance responses. This research focused on examining the regulation of selected pectin metabolism components in susceptible (-, Col-0-TuMV) and resistance (-, -TuMV) reactions. Regardless of the interaction type, ultrastructural results indicated dynamic cell wall rebuilding. In the susceptible reaction promoted by RbohF, there was upregulation of (pectin methylesterase) but not , confirmed by induction of PME3 protein deposition. Moreover, the highest PME activity along with a decrease in cell wall methylesters compared to resistance interactions in -TuMV were noticed. Consequently, the susceptible reaction of and Col-0 to TuMV was characterized by a significant domination of low/non-methylesterificated HGs. In contrast, cell wall changes during the resistance response of and to TuMV were associated with dynamic induction of , , , and genes, confirmed by significant induction of PMEI2, PMEI3, and GAUT1 protein deposition. In both resistance reactions, a dynamic decrease in PME activity was documented, which was most intense in -TuMV. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in cell wall methylesters, indicating that the domination of highly methylesterificated HGs was associated with cell wall rebuilding in and defense responses to TuMV. These findings suggest that selected PME with PMEI enzymes have a diverse impact on the demethylesterification of HGs and metabolism as a result of -TuMV interactions, and are important factors in regulating cell wall changes depending on the type of interaction, especially in resistance responses. Therefore, PMEI2 and PMEI3 could potentially be important signaling resistance factors in the -TuMV pathosystem.
Topics: Pectins; Cell Wall; Disease Resistance; Plant Diseases; Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Arabidopsis Proteins; Potyvirus; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
PubMed: 38791293
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105256 -
Genes May 2024To investigate the role of candidate genes for salt-alkali tolerance in cucumber ( L.), this study screened in the glutathione pathway from previous transcriptome data...
To investigate the role of candidate genes for salt-alkali tolerance in cucumber ( L.), this study screened in the glutathione pathway from previous transcriptome data for cloning and functional analysis. Clone cucumber contains one 675 bp open reading frame, containing one GST-N-Tau domain and one GST-C-Tau domain, and is expressed in cytoplasm. After successfully constructing overexpression vectors of CsTAU1 (+) and CsTAU1 (-), they were transferred into cucumber varieties 'D1909' (high salt alkali resistance) and 'D1604' (low salt alkali resistance) for salt-alkali resistance identification. It was found that under salt-alkali stress, CsTAU1 (+)-overexpressing plants showed strong resistance to salt-alkali stress, while CsTAU1 (-)-overexpressing plants showed the opposite situation. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on other glutathione pathway-related genes in -overexpressing plants. The expression patterns of LOC101219529 and LOC105434443 were the same as , and the introduction of (+) increased the chlorophyll, α-Naphthylamine oxidation, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and catalase (CAT) content of cucumber. The research results provide a theoretical basis for cultivating salt-alkali-tolerant cucumber varieties.
Topics: Cucumis sativus; Plant Proteins; Cloning, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Salt Tolerance; Alkalies; Salt Stress; Stress, Physiological; Glutathione Transferase; Plants, Genetically Modified
PubMed: 38790241
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050613 -
Genes Apr 2024Salt stress has a detrimental impact on food crop production, with its severity escalating due to both natural and man-made factors. As one of the most important food... (Review)
Review
Salt stress has a detrimental impact on food crop production, with its severity escalating due to both natural and man-made factors. As one of the most important food crops, wheat is susceptible to salt stress, resulting in abnormal plant growth and reduced yields; therefore, damage from salt stress should be of great concern. Additionally, the utilization of land in coastal areas warrants increased attention, given diminishing supplies of fresh water and arable land, and the escalating demand for wheat. A comprehensive understanding of the physiological and molecular changes in wheat under salt stress can offer insights into mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat. In this review, we summarized the genes and molecular mechanisms involved in ion transport, signal transduction, and enzyme and hormone regulation, in response to salt stress based on the physiological processes in wheat. Then, we surveyed the latest progress in improving the salt tolerance of wheat through breeding, exogenous applications, and microbial pathways. Breeding efficiency can be improved through a combination of gene editing and multiple omics techniques, which is the fundamental strategy for dealing with salt stress. Possible challenges and prospects in this process were also discussed.
Topics: Triticum; Salt Tolerance; Plant Breeding; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Salt Stress; Salinity
PubMed: 38790202
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050573 -
Genes Apr 2024The ionic toxicity induced by salinization has adverse effects on the growth and development of crops. However, researches on ionic toxicity and salt tolerance in plants...
The ionic toxicity induced by salinization has adverse effects on the growth and development of crops. However, researches on ionic toxicity and salt tolerance in plants have focused primarily on cations such as sodium ions (Na), with very limited studies on chloride ions (Cl). Here, we cloned the homologous genes of , , from upland cotton (), which were significantly induced by NaCl or KCl treatments. Subcellular localization showed that GhCLCc-1A/D were both localized to the tonoplast. Complementation of mutant with rescued its salt-sensitive phenotype. In addition, the silencing of the gene led to an increased accumulation of Cl in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton seedlings under salt treatments, resulting in compromised salt tolerance. And ectopic expression of the gene in reduced the accumulation of Cl in transgenic lines under salt treatments, thereby enhancing salt tolerance. These findings elucidate that positively regulates salt tolerance by modulating Cl accumulation and could be a potential target gene for improving salt tolerance in plants.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Chloride Channels; Chlorides; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gossypium; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; Salt Tolerance; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 38790184
DOI: 10.3390/genes15050555