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Veterinary Sciences Nov 2022The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intratesticular or intrafunicular lidocaine to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release in ponies...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intratesticular or intrafunicular lidocaine to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release in ponies undergoing field castration under total intravenous anaesthesia. Before castration, one group was injected with intrafunicular (FL) lidocaine and the other received intratesticular (TL) lidocaine. All ponies were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Twenty minutes after the administration of acepromazine, xylazine (1 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg) were administered intravenously. Lidocaine 2% was given 1 mL/100 kg intrafunicularly in the FL groups or 2 mL/100 kg intratesticularly on each testicular side for TL. Surgery was performed by the same team of two experienced surgeons using Serra's emasculator and an open technique was used for all ponies in order to promote postoperative drainage. In this study, we focused on the plasmatic levels of TNF-α and IL-6. The results from this study showed a significant difference in plasmatic concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 between the two different locoregional anaesthetic protocols. Taken together, the results suggest that the intrafunicular lidocaine locoregional anaesthesia could be a useful technique in the anaesthesia protocol for field pony castration.
PubMed: 36548825
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120664 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022In medicine, the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has been shown as an effective method of analgesia in several surgical procedures. In this context, this...
BACKGROUND
In medicine, the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block has been shown as an effective method of analgesia in several surgical procedures. In this context, this prospective, randomized, blinded study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of TAP block, guided by ultrasound in female dogs submitted to ovariectomy.
METHODS
Therefore, 32 animals randomly assigned in two groups ( = 16) were used. Groups consisted of TAP block control (TBC) which received water injection (0.2 ml kg point), and TAP block bupivacaine (TBB) which received bupivacaine (0.2 ml kg point at 0.25%); both groups were submitted to four-point approach. Animals were pre-medicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg kg) and meperidine (2 mg kg) IM, propofol was used as anesthetic induction (3-5 mg kg) IV, and isoflurane was used to maintain. To standardize groups, the animals received a continuous infusion of remifentanil (0.2μg kg min) and rocuronium (0.6 mg kg) IV in the intraoperative period. Variables measured were the heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, temperature, peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation, exhaled carbon dioxide concentration, exhaled isoflurane concentration, serum cortisol, analgesia, and sedation. Before the pre-anesthetic medication (Baseline) and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after extubation, pain and sedation were assessed using a numeric rating scale (NRS), Glasgow composite measure pain scale (GCMPS-SF), and sedation scale. Moreover, serum cortisol was measured at different moments.
RESULTS
The results show that in the intraoperative period, there was no significant difference between groups. After surgery, in TBC, 13 out of 16 animals required analgesic rescue, whereas, in TBB, this occurred only in one animal. Regarding the measurement of serum cortisol, the TBC group showed a significant difference when compared to the baseline time in the traction of the first ovary ( < 0.0001), 2 h ( = 0.0441), and 8 h ( = 0.0384) after extubation. In TBB, cortisol showed a significant increase only in the traction of the first ovary and 2 h after extubation ( < 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
The technique using ultrasound-guided TAP block in two points approach by hemiabdomen with 0.2 ml kg bupivacaine 0.25% was effective in providing post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariectomy.
PubMed: 36387373
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1031345 -
Current Eye Research Mar 2023Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important factor in numerous ocular conditions and research areas, including eye growth and myopia. In infant monkeys, IOP is typically...
PURPOSE
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important factor in numerous ocular conditions and research areas, including eye growth and myopia. In infant monkeys, IOP is typically measured under anesthesia. This study aimed to establish a method for awake IOP measurement in infant rhesus monkeys, determine diurnal variation, and assess the effects of dilation and sedation.
METHODS
Awake IOP (iCare TonoVet) was measured every 2 h from 7:30 am to 5:30 pm to assess potential diurnal variations in infant rhesus monkeys (age 3 weeks, = 11). The following day, and every 2 weeks to age 15 weeks, IOP was measured under three conditions: (1) awake, (2) awake and dilated (tropicamide 0.5%), and (3) sedated (ketamine and acepromazine) and dilated. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine intersession repeatability, and repeated measures. ANOVA was used to determine effects of age and condition.
RESULTS
At age 3 weeks, mean (±SEM) awake IOP was 15.4 ± 0.6 and 15.2 ± 0.7 mmHg for right and left eyes, respectively (=.59). The ICC between sessions was 0.63[-0.5 to 0.9], with a mean difference of 2.2 ± 0.3 mmHg. Diurnal IOP from 7:30 am to 5:30 pm showed no significant variation (=.65). From 3 to 15 weeks of age, there was a significant effect of age (=.01) and condition (<.001). Across ages, IOP was 17.8 ± 0.7 mmHg while awake and undilated, 18.4 ± 0.2 mmHg awake and dilated, and 11.0 ± 0.3 mmHg after sedation and dilation.
CONCLUSIONS
Awake IOP measurement was feasible in young rhesus monkeys. No significant diurnal variations in IOP were observed between 7:30 am and 5:30 pm at age 3 weeks. In awake monkeys, IOP was slightly higher after mydriasis and considerably lower after sedation. Findings show that IOP under ketamine/acepromazine anesthesia is significantly different than awake IOP in young rhesus monkeys.
Topics: Animals; Intraocular Pressure; Macaca mulatta; Ketamine; Acepromazine; Dilatation; Tonometry, Ocular; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Anesthesia
PubMed: 36357337
DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2141782 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Nov 2022The Zurich's Sechseläuten is a traditional festival of the Zurich guilds, in which around 500 horses take part. After a parade through the old town of Zurich, the...
The Zurich's Sechseläuten is a traditional festival of the Zurich guilds, in which around 500 horses take part. After a parade through the old town of Zurich, the riders gather at a big square to canter around a burning woodpile topped with an exploding effigy (the «Böögg»). The level of stress experienced by the horses partaking in this event is subjected to increasing scrutiny. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress load of the horses participating in the Sechseläuten procession more objectively by measuring heart rate and faecal cortisol metabolites. Twenty-three horse-rider pairs were voluntarily recruited from the guilds for participation in the study. For comparison purposes, three sections of the procession were simulated in terms of gait and distance travelled in a normal riding environment during a test day and observed during the Sechseläuten itself 16 days later: Counter march Bahnhofstrasse, parade Limmatquai and parade around the burning «Böögg». All horses were equipped with a heart rate measuring system with GPS tracking (Polar Team Pro®, Polar Electro Oy, Finland). Faecal samples for measuring cortisol metabolites were taken rectally immediately before and 24 hours after the events. Thirteen of the 23 horses were sedated during the Sechseläuten (Acepromazine, 0,1-0,2 mg/kg p.o.). The differences between the observation periods and groups (sedated/unsedated) were tested by analysis of variance (P.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Hydrocortisone; Heart Rate; Gait; Feces
PubMed: 36325640
DOI: 10.17236/sat00373 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Oct 2022The aim of this prospective, non-randomized study was to evaluate the effect of nine different premedication medications on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux...
The aim of this prospective, non-randomized study was to evaluate the effect of nine different premedication medications on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GOR) in anesthetized dogs. Two hundred and seventy dogs undergoing non-intrathoracic, non-intrabdominal elective surgeries or invasive diagnostic procedures were included in the study, and were allocated into nine groups (30 dogs/group) defined by the type of premedication administered. Premedication consisted of dexmedetomidine with either morphine, pethidine or butorphanol, acepromazine with either one of the three opioids or midazolam with one of the above-mentioned opioids. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Esophageal pH was measured with the use of a pH-meter electrode and a pH-value less than 4 and over 7.5 was considered to be GOR. The study revealed that 119/270 (44.1%) dogs experienced a reflux episode during anesthesia. The incidence of reflux did not differ among groups ( = 0.117). In group AB the dogs refluxed within 10 min of the beginning of pH-measurements, in comparison with group DB in which dogs refluxed within 30 min ( = 0.029). Invasive diagnostic procedures had a lower incidence of GOR in comparison to castrations ( = 0.09). The outcome of the study suggests that none of the opioids used increased the incidence of GOR in anesthetized dogs.
PubMed: 36230408
DOI: 10.3390/ani12192667 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary...
Etorphine is widely used in zoological medicine for the immobilization of large herbivores. All reported immobilization protocols for kulans use etorphine as the primary immobilizing agent. However, etorphine can trigger severe side effects and is highly toxic for humans, its availability is occasionally limited for use in wildlife medicine. Therefore, two different alpha-2 agonist-based protocols for the general anesthesia of kulans were investigated and compared with the standard etorphine immobilization. In total, 21 immobilizations were performed within the scope of routine husbandry management at the Serengeti-Park Hodenhagen. Kulans were darted using a ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam-butorphanol (KMMB) protocol ( = 8, treatment group (TG) 1), a tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine-butorphanol (TZMB) protocol ( = 7, treatment group (TG) 2), or an etorphine-acepromazine-detomidine-butorphanol (EADB) protocol ( = 6, control group). Vital parameters included heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (invasive), end tidal CO (etCO), electromyography and core body temperature, which were all assessed every 10 min. For blood gas analysis, arterial samples were collected 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after induction. Subjective measures of quality and efficacy included quality of induction, immobilization, and recovery. Time to recumbency was longer for TG 1 (9.00 ± 1.67 min) and TG 2 (10.43 ± 1.79 min) compared to the induction times in the control group (5.33 ± 1.93 min). Treatment group protocols resulted in excellent muscle relaxation, normoxemia and normocapnia. Lower pulse rates combined with systolic arterial hypertension were detected in the alpha-2 agonist-based protocols. However, only in TZMB-immobilized kulans, sustained severe systolic arterial hypertension was observed, with significantly higher values than in the TG 1 and the normotensive control group. At 60 min following induction, medetomidine and detomidine were antagonized with atipamezole IM (5 mg/mg medetomidine or 2 mg/mg detomidine), etorphine and butorphanol with naltrexone IV (2 mg/mg butorphanol or 50 mg/mg etorphine), and midazolam and zolazepam with flumazenil IV (0.3 mg per animal). All three combinations provided smooth and rapid recoveries. To conclude, the investigated treatment protocols (KMMB and TZMB) provided a safe and efficient general anesthesia in kulans with significantly better muscle relaxation, higher respiration rates and improved arterial oxygenation compared with the immobilizations of the control group. However, the control group (EADB) showed faster recoveries. Therefore, EADB is recommended for ultra-short immobilizations (e.g., microchipping and collaring), especially with free-ranging kulans where individual recovery is uncertain, whereas the investigated treatment protocols are recommended for prolonged medical procedures on captive kulans.
PubMed: 36213408
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.885317 -
Journal of Veterinary Science Nov 2022Studies on anesthetized dogs regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) are increasing. The influence of respiratory rate (RR) on PPV, in mechanically ventilated dogs, has...
BACKGROUND
Studies on anesthetized dogs regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) are increasing. The influence of respiratory rate (RR) on PPV, in mechanically ventilated dogs, has not been clearly identified.
OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated the influence of RR on PPV in mechanically ventilated healthy dogs after hemorrhage.
METHODS
Five healthy adult Beagle dogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (3 mg/kg IV) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The right dorsal pedal artery was cannulated with a 22-gauge catheter for blood removal, and the left dorsal pedal artery was cannulated and connected to a transducer system for arterial blood pressure monitoring. The PPV was automatically calculated using a multi-parameter monitor and recorded. Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawing 30% of blood (24 mL/kg) over 30 min. Mechanical ventilation was provided with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg and a 1:2 inspiration-to-expiration ratio at an initial RR of 15 breaths/min (baseline). Thereafter, RR was changed to 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min according to the casting lots, and the PPV was recorded at each RR. After data collection, the blood was transfused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h, and the PPV was recorded at the baseline ventilator setting.
RESULTS
The data of PPV were analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test ( < 0.05). Hemorrhage significantly increased PPV from 11% to 25% at 15 breaths/min. An increase in RR significantly decreased PPV from 25 (baseline) to 17%, 10%, and 10% at 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min, respectively (all < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The PPV is a dynamic parameter that can predict a dog's hemorrhagic condition, but PPV can be decreased in dogs under high RR. Therefore, careful interpretation may be required when using the PPV parameter particularly in the dogs with hyperventilation.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Blood Pressure; Respiratory Rate; Isoflurane; Tidal Volume; Hemorrhage; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36038189
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22090 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research Aug 2022To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic...
Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane in healthy dogs.
ANIMALS
6 healthy adult female Beagles.
PROCEDURES
Dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements while anesthetized with isoflurane. Two hours after recovery, dogs received 1 of 4 IM combinations in a crossover design with 1 week between treatments: hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.005 mg/kg; HA); hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine (0.0025 mg/kg; HD); hydromorphone, acepromazine, and dexmedetomidine (HAD); and hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg/kg; HADG). Sedation was scored after 30 minutes. Physiologic variables and cardiac index were measured after sedation, after anesthetic induction with propofol, and every 15 minutes during maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane for 60 minutes (target expired concentration at 760 mm Hg, 1.3%).
RESULTS
Sedation scores were not significantly different among treatments. Mean ± SD cardiac index was significantly higher for the HA (202 ± 45 mL/min/kg) and HADG (185 ± 59 mL/min/kg) treatments than for the HD (88 ± 31 mL/min/kg) and HAD (103 ± 25 mL/min/kg) treatments after sedation and through the first 15 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were noted with any treatment.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In healthy dogs, IM administration of HADG before propofol and isoflurane anesthesia provided acceptable cardiopulmonary function with no adverse effects. This combination should be considered for routine anesthetic premedication in healthy dogs.
Topics: Acepromazine; Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Cross-Over Studies; Dexmedetomidine; Dogs; Female; Glycopyrrolate; Heart Rate; Hydromorphone; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Isoflurane; Propofol
PubMed: 35973002
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.06.0098 -
American Journal of Veterinary Research May 2022To compare sedative, cardiopulmonary, and adverse effects of 3 nalbuphine doses, administered alone or in combination with acepromazine, in dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To compare sedative, cardiopulmonary, and adverse effects of 3 nalbuphine doses, administered alone or in combination with acepromazine, in dogs.
ANIMALS
6 healthy dogs.
PROCEDURES
Dogs were administered nalbuphine (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 mg/kg, intravenously [IV]) combined with physiologic saline solution (1 mL, IV; treatments SN1.0, SN1.5, and SN2.0, respectively) or acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IV; treatments AN1.0, AN1.5, and AN2.0, respectively) in random order, with a 1-week washout interval between treatments. Sedation scores, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded before and 20 minutes after administration of saline solution or acepromazine (T0), and nalbuphine was administered at T0. Measurements were repeated 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after nalbuphine administration.
RESULTS
Treatments SN and AN resulted in at least 120 minutes of mild sedation and 60 minutes of moderate sedation, respectively. Sedation scores were greater for treatments AN1.0, AN1.5, and AN2.0 at various times, compared with scores for treatments SN1.0, SN1.5, and SN2.0, respectively. Administration of nalbuphine alone resulted in salivation and panting in some dogs.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
All nalbuphine doses promoted mild sedation when administered alone, and moderate sedation when combined with acepromazine. Greater doses of nalbuphine did not increase sedation scores. All treatments resulted in minimal changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and mean arterial pressure. Nalbuphine alone resulted in few adverse effects.
Topics: Acepromazine; Animals; Conscious Sedation; Dogs; Heart Rate; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Nalbuphine; Saline Solution
PubMed: 35930780
DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.21.12.0214 -
Respiratory response to finger clamping in dogs under general anesthesia: A descriptive pilot study.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a nociceptive stimulus on respiratory variables in anesthetized dogs.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a nociceptive stimulus on respiratory variables in anesthetized dogs.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Eleven dogs received acepromazine administered intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 0.04 mg kg 45 mins before induction of anesthesia. Loss of consciousness was obtained with midazolam at 0.2 mg kg and propofol administered at a dose of 2 mg kg intravenously (IV). Orotracheal intubation was performed and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Inspired (V) and expired (V) tidal volume (V), minute volume (V), inspiratory and expiratory time (Ti; Te) were measured and recorded twice a second by a spirometer. The Drive (V/T) and Timing [Ti/(Ti+ Te)] were calculated.After stabilizing the depth of anesthesia the variables measured by the spirometer were recorded for 5 mins [T-T]. Then (T) interdigital clamping of the hind leg was performed until a withdrawal movement was observed. If no reaction occurred, the clamp was left in place for 60s. After removal of the clamp, respiratory variables were measured continuously for another 5 mins [T-T]. At T morphine (0.2 mg kg IV) was administered. Five minutes later (T), a second clamp test was performed, using the same procedure. At T the data recording was stopped.
RESULT
The results showed a large variation in the individual values of Drive and Timing and are presented in a descriptive manner. The observation of Drive values over time showed variations following nociceptive stimuli. Drive appears to have increased only for those dogs that did not move during the stimulus, and were therefore pinched for a full 60 s. In contrast, the study of the Timing values revealed no difference between the data before and after nociceptive stimulation. However Timing seems to increase after morphine administration.
CONCLUSION
Drive remains a parameter that needs to be studied in depth to determine its sensitivity and precocity to monitor acute nociception.
PubMed: 35928110
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843956