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Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2021Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is one of the most challenging health concerns for pig production worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the...
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is one of the most challenging health concerns for pig production worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of pathogens associated with PRDC, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and bacterial agents, such as Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, in clinically healthy pigs in Eastern China. Molecular detection revealed positive single-pathogen detection rates of 59.9%, 27.2%, 52.3%, 33.2% and 0.4% for PCV2, PRRSV, S. suis, H. parasuis and A. pleuropneumoniae, respectively. Co-infection with more than one pathogen was frequently detected in these samples, with PCV2/S. suis, H. parasuis and PCV2/H. parasuis mixed infection rates of 35.4%, 33.2% and 21.6%, respectively, and PCV2/S. suis/H. parasuis and PRRSV/PCV2/S. suis co-infection rates of 21.6% and 6.2%, respectively. These results suggest that mixed infections are prevalent among PRDC cases in swine, which may pose a greater threat to the health of herds compared with single-pathogen infections.
Topics: Animals; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Coinfection; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 34032016
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.533 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection...
A comparative study on pharmacokinetics of four long-acting enrofloxacin injectable formulations was investigated in 36 healthy pigs after intramuscular injection according to the recommended single dose @ 2.5 mg/kg body weight. The drug concentrations in the plasma were computed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. WinNonLin5.2.1 software was used to analyze the experimental data and compared it under one-way ANOVA using SPSS software with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The main pharmacokinetic parameters, that is, the maximum plasma concentrations (C), the time to maximum concentration (T), area under the time curve concentration (AUC) and Terminal half-life (T) were 733.84 ± 129.87, 917.00 ± 240.13, 694.84 ± 163.49, 621.98 ± 227.25 ng/ml, 2.19 ± 0.0.66, 1.50 ± 0.37, 2.89 ± 0.24, 0.34 ± 0.13 h, 7754.43 ± 2887.16, 8084.11 ± 1543.98, 7369.42 ± 2334.99, 4194.10 ± 1186.62 ng h/ml, 10.48 ± 2.72, 10.37 ± 2.38, 10.20 ± 2.81, and 10.61 ± 0.86 h for 10% enrofloxacin (Alkali), 20% enrofloxacin (Acidic), Yangkang and control drug Nuokang® respectively. There were significant differences among C, T, and AUC of three formulations compare with that of the reference formulation. No significant differences were observed among the T for tested formulations compare with the reference formulation. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed that the tested formulations were somewhat better compared to the reference one. The calculated PK/PD indices were effective for bacteria such as and with values higher than the cut-off points (C/MIC≥10-12 and AUC/MIC ≥ 125). However, they were not effective against bacteria like , and where lower values were obtained.
PubMed: 33575278
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.604628 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Dec 2020Medical records of 20 horses with a confirmed diagnosis of valvular endocarditis at the Ontario Veterinary College between January 1, 1993 and February 3, 2020 were...
Medical records of 20 horses with a confirmed diagnosis of valvular endocarditis at the Ontario Veterinary College between January 1, 1993 and February 3, 2020 were reviewed. The diagnosis was based on physical examination findings, complete blood (cell) count (CBC), serum biochemistry, echocardiography, blood culture, and post-mortem findings. Common presenting signs included tachycardia, pyrexia, weight loss, lameness/joint distension, and a heart murmur. Clinicopathological findings included leukocytosis, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Culture from 5 horses yielded in 2 cases and in 1 case. Of the 20 horses included in this study, 17 were euthanized and 3 were treated. Only 1 case had follow-up more than 1 year after discharge.
Topics: Animals; Echocardiography; Endocarditis; Euthanasia, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Ontario
PubMed: 33299245
DOI: No ID Found -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Aug 2020Data on the scope of bacterial pathogens present and the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in New Zealand's pigs are limited. This study describes bacterial...
Data on the scope of bacterial pathogens present and the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in New Zealand's pigs are limited. This study describes bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility data, and multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) from New Zealand pig submissions. Porcine test data from June 2003 to February 2016 were obtained from commercial veterinary pathology laboratory records. In total, 470/477 unique submissions resulted in bacterial growth, yielding 779 isolates. Sample type was recorded for 360/477 (75.5%); lung (79/360; 21.9%), faecal (61/360; 16.9%) and intestinal (45/360; 12.5%) were most common. The most common isolates were (186/779, 23.9%), (43/779; 5.5%), (43/779; 5.5%), unidentified spp. (38/779; 4.9%), alpha haemolytic (32/779; 4.1%), coagulase negative S spp. (26/779; 3.3%), and (25/779; 3.2%). Susceptibility results were available for 141/779 (18.1%) isolates from 62/470 (13.2%) submissions. Most were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphonamide (75/81; 92.6%), but fewer were susceptible to penicillin (37/77; 48.1%), tilmicosin (18/43; 41.9%), or tetracyclines (41/114; 36.0%). No susceptibility data were available for spp., spp., or spp. isolates. MDR was present in 60/141 (42.6%) isolates. More data on sample submission drivers, antimicrobial drug use, and susceptibilities of important porcine bacterial isolates are required to inform guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use, to reduce their prevalence, human transmission, and to minimise AMR and MDR.
PubMed: 32824043
DOI: 10.3390/ani10081427 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020() and () are primary swine pathogens that have been frequently co-isolated from pigs suffering from severe respiratory disease. The purpose of this study was to...
() and () are primary swine pathogens that have been frequently co-isolated from pigs suffering from severe respiratory disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological impacts of the interactions between and . A single- and dual-species culture model was established via HA9801 (serotype 2) and CVCC265 (serotype 1). The single or mixed biofilms were imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The biomass and viable cells in biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining and determination of colony-forming units. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by a microdilution broth method. The differences in gene transcription in pure- or mixed-species biofilms of and was evaluated by quantitative PCR. and formed two-species biofilms when co-cultured . When co-cultured with , biofilm formation by was significantly increased with the absence of NAD that is necessary for the growth of . Moreover, compared with monocultures, the antibiotic resistance of and was both enhanced in the co-culture model. When grown in dual-species biofilms, for , genes associated with virulence factors, including exotoxins and adhesins, were significantly upregulated. For , virulence factor-related genes , , , and were highly induced. These results suggest that the interspecies interactions between and may be cooperative under specific conditions and may play an important role in the disease progression and persistent infection.
PubMed: 32373078
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00507 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Feb 2020The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying...
The etiology of Porcine respiratory disease complex is complicated by infections with multiple pathogens, and multiple infections increase the difficulty in identifying the causal pathogen. In this present study, we developed a detection system of microbes from porcine respiratory by using TaqMan real-time PCR (referred to as Dempo-PCR) to screen a broad range of pathogens associated with porcine respiratory diseases in a single run. We selected 17 porcine respiratory pathogens (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Boldetella bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multocida, Pasteurella multocida toxin, Streptococcus suis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma hyosynovie, porcine circovirus 2, pseudorabies virus, porcine cytomegalovirus, swine influenza A virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, EU strain, porcine respiratory coronavirus and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus) as detection targets and designed novel specific primer-probe sets for seven of them. In sensitivity test by using standard curves from synthesized DNA, all primer-probe sets showed high sensitivity. However, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus is known to have a high frequency of genetic mutations, and the primer and probe sequences will need to be checked at a considerable frequency when performing Dempo-PCR from field samples. A total of 30 lung samples from swine showing respiratory symptoms on six farms were tested by the Dempo-PCR to validate the assay's clinical performance. As the results, 12 pathogens (5 virus and 7 bacteria) were detected and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus US strain, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Haemophilus parasuis, and porcine cytomegalovirus were detected at high frequency. These results suggest that Dempo-PCR assay can be applied as a screening system with wide detection targets.
Topics: Animals; Japan; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31866601
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0063 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2019Optimal treatment and prudent use of antimicrobials for pigs is imperative to secure animal health and prevent development of critical resistance. An important step in...
BACKGROUND
Optimal treatment and prudent use of antimicrobials for pigs is imperative to secure animal health and prevent development of critical resistance. An important step in this one-health context is to monitor resistance patterns of important animal pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of five major pathogens in Danish pigs during a period from 2004 to 2017 and elucidate any developments or associations between resistance and usage of antibiotics.
RESULTS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Staphylococcus hyicus was determined to representatives of antibiotic classes relevant for treatment or surveillance. Escherichia coli isolates were mostly sensitive to fluoroquinolones and colistin, whereas high levels of resistance were observed to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline. While resistance levels to most compounds remained relatively stable during the period, resistance to florfenicol increased from 2.1% in 2004 to 18.1% in 2017, likely in response to a concurrent increase in usage. A temporal association between resistance and usage was also observed for neomycin. E. coli serovars O138 and O149 were generally more resistant than O139. For A. pleuropneumoniae, the resistance pattern was homogenous and predictable throughout the study period, displaying high MIC values only to erythromycin whereas almost all isolates were susceptible to all other compounds. Most S. suis isolates were sensitive to penicillin whereas high resistance levels to erythromycin and tetracycline were recorded, and resistance to erythromycin and trimethoprim increasing over time. For S. hyicus, sensitivity to the majority of the antimicrobials tested was observed. However, penicillin resistance was recorded in 69.4-88.9% of the isolates. All B. bronchiseptica isolates were resistant to ampicillin, whereas all but two isolates were sensitive to florfenicol. The data obtained have served as background for a recent formulation of evidence-based treatment guidelines for pigs.
CONCLUSIONS
Antibiotic resistance varied for some pathogens over time and in response to usage. Resistance to critically important compounds was low. The results emphasize the need for continuous surveillance of resistance patterns also in pig pathogenic bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Denmark; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31829171
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2162-8 -
Cell Death & Disease Sep 2019Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pp) causes severe pneumonia associated with enormous economic loss in pigs. Peracute diseased pigs die in <24 h with pneumonia....
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A.pp) causes severe pneumonia associated with enormous economic loss in pigs. Peracute diseased pigs die in <24 h with pneumonia. Neutrophils are the prominent innate immune cell in this infection that massively infiltrate the infected lung. Here we show that neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as response to A.pp infection. Numerous NET-markers were identified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of A.pp-infected piglets in vivo, however, most NET fibers are degraded. Importantly, A.pp is able to enhance its growth rate in the presence of NETs that have been degraded by nucleases efficiently. A.pp itself releases no nuclease, but we identified host nucleases as sources that degrade NETs after A.pp infection. Furthermore, the nucleases of co-infecting pathogens like Streptococcus suis increase growth of A.pp in presence of porcine NETs. Thus, A.pp is not only evading the antimicrobial activity of NETs, A.pp is rather additionally using parts of NETs as growth factor thereby taking advantage of host nucleases as DNase1 or nucleases of co-infecting bacteria, which degrade NETs. This effect can be diminished by inhibiting the bacterial adenosine synthase indicating that degraded NETs serve as a source for NAD, which is required by A.pp for its growth. A similar phenotype was found for the human pathogen Haemophilus (H.) influenzae and its growth in the presence of human neutrophils. H. influenzae benefits from host nucleases in the presence of neutrophils. These data shed light on the detrimental effects of NETs during host immune response against certain bacterial species that require and/or efficiently take advantage of degraded DNA material, which has been provided by host nuclease or nucleases of other co-infecting bacteria, as growth source.
Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Extracellular Traps; Lung; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31506432
DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1895-4 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2019Bacterial diseases of swine are a kind of multifactorial and uncontrollable diseases that commonly exist in pig farms all over the world and will lead to huge economic...
Bacterial diseases of swine are a kind of multifactorial and uncontrollable diseases that commonly exist in pig farms all over the world and will lead to huge economic losses every year. In this study, a detailed and overall survey was carried out to better understand the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial diseases from 2013 to 2017 in China. A total of 19673 bacterial strains were isolated from 44175 samples collected from 9661 pig farms that distributed in 16 Chinese major pig breeding provinces. The results showed that the average isolation rates of Streptococcus suis (SS), Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Brodetella bronchiseptica (Bb), Salmonella enteria (SE), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) were 16.9%, 9.7%, 6.3%, 3.4%, 0.3%, 1.5%, 2.3% and 0.9%, respectively. The isolate rates of E. coli, APP and SE showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2017. The seasonal prevalence characteristics of SS, HPS and Pm were obviously higher from April to August for first two bacteria and higher at February, March, April, and October for Pm. The dominant serotypes for SS, HPS were serotype 2 and serotype 5 (changed from serotype 4), respectively. The SS, HPS, and Pm showed very high antibiotic resistance rates to almost 8 common antibiotics (β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolides, lincomycin, tetracycline, quinolone, polymyxin, and sulfonamide) and an obvious increasing trend of antibiotic resistance rates from 2013 to 2017. In conclusion, the study provides detailed information on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of different bacterial pathogens of swine from 2013 to 2017 in China. These data can provide a foundation for monitoring epidemiological patterns of bacterial diseases in the Chinese swine herds, as well as provide insight into potential antibiotic resistance profiles in these pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Farms; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31289289
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45482-8