-
Biomedicines Aug 2022A considerable body of work has studied the involvement of osteopontin (OPN) in human physiology and pathology, but comparably little is known about the interaction of...
A considerable body of work has studied the involvement of osteopontin (OPN) in human physiology and pathology, but comparably little is known about the interaction of OPN with prokaryotic cells. Recently, bovine milk OPN has been proposed as a therapeutic agent to prevent the build-up of dental biofilms, which are responsible for the development of caries lesions. Bioactive milk proteins are among the most exciting resources for caries control, as they hamper bacterial attachment to teeth without affecting microbial homeostasis in the mouth. The present work investigated the ability of OPN to prevent the adhesion of three dental biofilm-forming bacteria to saliva-coated surfaces under shear-controlled flow conditions in comparison with the major milk proteins α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, αs1-casein, β-casein and κ-casein, as well as crude milk protein. OPN was the most effective single protein to reduce the adhesion of , and . β-casein and crude milk protein also had a pronounced effect on all three species, which suggests binding to different microbial surface structures rather than the blocking of a specific bacterial adhesin. Bioactive milk proteins show potential to delay harmful biofilm formation on teeth and hence the onset of biofilm-related oral disease.
PubMed: 36009469
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081922 -
Polymers Jul 2022Background: Extracts of medicinal plant like lemongrass offer a new choice for optional antimicrobial therapy against various oral microorganisms. The objective of this...
Comparative Evaluation of Locally Administered 2% Gel Fabricated from Lemongrass Polymer and 10% Doxycycline Hyclate Gel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis-A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Background: Extracts of medicinal plant like lemongrass offer a new choice for optional antimicrobial therapy against various oral microorganisms. The objective of this study was to assess, verify, and compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally administered 2% lemongrass gel and 10% doxycycline hyclate gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in treating chronic periodontitis. Method: This is a double-blind parallel arm randomized controlled study. Forty subjects were randomly divided into Group A and B for 2% lemongrass gel and 10% doxycycline hyclate gel, respectively. The clinical assessments of Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), and Clinical Attachment Level (CAL) together with microbial colony counts for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Prevotella intermedia were done at baseline, 1st month, and 3rd month follow-ups. Results: The results showed there was a significant reduction in the mean scores of GI, PPD, and CAL clinical indices from baseline to the 1st and 3rd month follow-ups in both the 2% lemongrass gel and 10% doxycycline gel groups (p < 0.05). Similarly, there was significant reduction in mean CFU scores for all periodontal pathogens from baseline to 1st and 3rd month follow-ups in both the 2% lemongrass gel and 10% doxycycline gel groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It could be concluded that the local delivery of 2% lemongrass gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing is effective and comparable to 10% doxycycline gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.
PubMed: 35890542
DOI: 10.3390/polym14142766 -
BMC Oral Health Jul 2022Root caries in aging population was prevalent worldwide. Due to the absence of enamel and specific structure of dentine, bacteria are able to penetrate further into...
BACKGROUD
Root caries in aging population was prevalent worldwide. Due to the absence of enamel and specific structure of dentine, bacteria are able to penetrate further into dentine at an earlier stage of lesion development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding of a strontium-doped bioactive glass-ceramic (HX-BGC) to a fluoride-free toothpaste on prevention of formation of artificial dentine caries.
METHODS
Thirty-six human tooth specimens were allocated to three groups (n = 12 per group). Group 1 treated with slurry containing a fluoride-free toothpaste and 5% HX-BGC, Group 2 was treated with fluoride-free toothpaste slurry, and Group 3 received deionized water as a negative control. The specimens were subjected to four cycles (15 h demineralization and 8 h remineralization for one cycle) of biochemical cycling. A mixed suspension of five bacteria species (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii) were prepared in brain heart infusion broth with 5% sucrose and used as acidic challenge in biochemical cycling. Subsequently, surface morphology of the dentine lesion was assessed by scanning electron microscopy, while the lesion depths and mineral loss were assessed by micro-computed tomography.
RESULTS
The mean lesion depths in dentine in Groups 1 to 3 were 87.79 ± 16.99 μm, 101.06 ± 10.04 μm and 113.60 ± 16.36 μm, respectively (p = 0.002). The mean amounts of mineral loss in Groups 1 to 3 were 0.82 ± 0.10 g/cm, 0.89 ± 0.09 g/cm and 0.96 ± 0.11 g/cm, respectively (p = 0.016). No obvious differences in the surface morphology were seen among the groups.
CONCLUSION
Addition of strontium-doped bioactive glass-ceramic to fluoride-free toothpaste has potential to reduce formation of dentine lesions.
Topics: Aged; Cariostatic Agents; Ceramics; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentin; Fluorides; Humans; Minerals; Strontium; Tooth Remineralization; Toothpastes; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 35842639
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02321-z -
Biomedicines Apr 2022The widespread increase of antibiotic resistance highlights the need for alternative treatments such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This study aimed to...
Antimicrobial Behavior and Cytotoxicity of Indocyanine Green in Combination with Visible Light and Water-Filtered Infrared A Radiation against Periodontal Bacteria and Subgingival Biofilm.
The widespread increase of antibiotic resistance highlights the need for alternative treatments such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial behavior and cytotoxicity of aPDT with indocyanine green (ICG) in combination with visible light (Vis) and water-filtered infrared A (wIRA). Representative periodontal bacteria (, , , , , , , and ) and subgingival in situ biofilms from periodontal patients were treated with aPDT for 5 min. ICG was used at different concentrations (50-500 µg/mL) and the number of viable cells was determined in colony forming units (CFU). Untreated negative controls and 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control were also prepared. The cytotoxicity test on human keratinocytes in vitro was analyzed with the AlamarBlue assay after 5, 10, and 20 min, with four ICG concentrations, and at two temperatures (room temperature and 37 °C). The tested periodontal pathogens treated with aPDT were eliminated in a range between 1.2 and 6.7 log CFU, except for , which was killed at a lower range. The subgingival biofilm treated with aPDT expressed significant differences to the untreated controls except for at 300 µg/mL ICG concentration. The cytotoxicity was directly related to the concentration of ICG and irradiation time. These observations raise questions concerning the use of this specific aPDT as an adjuvant to periodontal treatments due to its possible toxicity towards human gingival cells.
PubMed: 35625693
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050956 -
Journal of Oral Microbiology 2022Biofilm formation under cariogenic conditions contributes to dental caries development, in which () is regarded as the major cariogenic bacteria. Here, we synthesized a...
OBJECTIVE
Biofilm formation under cariogenic conditions contributes to dental caries development, in which () is regarded as the major cariogenic bacteria. Here, we synthesized a series of imidazolium salts. Their properties of antimicrobial and anti-biofilm were investigated.
METHODS
The microdilution method crystal violet staining, and cell counting Kit-8 assay were used to screen imidazolium salts. Then, the bacterial composition in multi-species biofilm composed of and was quantified by quantitative PCR. The exopolysaccharide and morphology of the structure of multi-species biofilm were further observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscope, respectively.
RESULTS
Imidazolium salts exhibited highly antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, especially for . Compounds with -diisopropyl and -methoxyl on N-moieties as well as bearing ancenaphthyl skeleton (C5) showed the lowest cytotoxicity and most efficient anti-biofilm activity. C5 inhibited approximately 50% of multi-species biofilm at 0.98 μg/mL. Notably, C5 resulted in 98.97% live and 77.65% decreased. Furthermore, the exopolysaccharide was reduced by 88%, along with a sparse and scattered microstructure.
CONCLUSION
The imidazolium salts present low cytotoxicity and remarkable antimicrobial activity against in multi-species biofilm, suggesting that they may have a great potential in anti-biofilm clinical applications.
PubMed: 35600163
DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2075309 -
International Endodontic Journal Jul 2022The addition of etidronic acid (HEDP) to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) could increase the antibiofilm potency of the irrigant, whilst maintaining the benefits of...
AIM
The addition of etidronic acid (HEDP) to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) could increase the antibiofilm potency of the irrigant, whilst maintaining the benefits of continuous chelation. Studies conducted so far have shown that mixing HEDP with NaOCl solutions of relatively low concentration does not compromise the antibiofilm efficacy of the irrigant. However, the working lifespan of NaOCl may decrease resulting in a reduction of its antibiofilm efficacy over time (efficiency). In this regard, continuous irrigant replenishment needs to be examined. This study investigated the response of a dual-species biofilm when challenged with 2% and 5% NaOCl mixed with HEDP for a prolonged timespan and under steady laminar flow.
METHODOLOGY
Dual-species biofilms comprised of Streptococcus oralis J22 and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V-J1 were grown on human dentine discs in a constant depth film fermenter (CDFF) for 96 h. Biofilms were treated with 2% and 5% NaOCl, alone or mixed with HEDP. Irrigants were applied under steady laminar flow for 8 min. Biofilm response was evaluated by means of optical coherence tomography (OCT). Biofilm removal, biofilm disruption, rate of biofilm loss and disruption as well as bubble formation were assessed. One-way anova, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were performed for statistical analysis of the data. The level of significance was set at a ≤.05.
RESULTS
Increasing NaOCl concentration resulted in increased biofilm removal and disruption, higher rate of biofilm loss and disruption and increased bubble formation. Mixing HEDP with NaOCl caused a delay in the antibiofilm action of the latter, without compromising its antibiofilm efficacy.
CONCLUSIONS
NaOCl concentration dictates the biofilm response irrespective of the presence of HEDP. The addition of HEDP resulted in a delay in the antibiofilm action of NaOCl. This delay affects the efficiency, but not the efficacy of the irrigant over time.
Topics: Biofilms; Etidronic Acid; Humans; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 35470434
DOI: 10.1111/iej.13754 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022This study aims to investigate the effects of a novel ZnCuO nanoparticle coating for dental implants-versus those of conventional titanium surfaces-on bacteria and host...
This study aims to investigate the effects of a novel ZnCuO nanoparticle coating for dental implants-versus those of conventional titanium surfaces-on bacteria and host cells. A multispecies biofilm composed of , , , and was grown for 14 days on various titanium discs: machined, sandblasted, sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA), ZnCuO-coated, and hydroxyapatite discs. Bacterial species were quantified with qPCR, and their viability was examined via confocal microscopy. Osteoblast-like and macrophage-like cells grown on the various discs for 48 h were examined for proliferation using an XTT assay, and for activity using ALP and TNF-α assays. The CSLM revealed more dead bacteria in biofilms grown on titanium than on hydroxyapatite, and less on sandblasted than on machined and ZnCuO-coated surfaces, with the latter showing a significant decrease in all four biofilm species. The osteoblast-like cells showed increased proliferation on all of the titanium surfaces, with higher activity on the ZnCuO-coated and sandblasted discs. The macrophage-like cells showed higher proliferation on the hydroxyapatite and sandblasted discs, and lower activity on the SLA and ZnCuO-coated discs. The ZnCuO-coated titanium has anti-biofilm characteristics with desired effects on host cells, thus representing a promising candidate in the complex battle against peri-implantitis.
PubMed: 35407847
DOI: 10.3390/ma15072514 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Jun 2022Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) nanofiller, an antibacterial ion-releasing bioactive glass, has been shown to adhere to tooth surfaces and reported to improve...
OBJECTIVES
Surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) nanofiller, an antibacterial ion-releasing bioactive glass, has been shown to adhere to tooth surfaces and reported to improve inflammatory parameters in experimental periodontitis. In this study, cementum substrate was irrigated ultrasonically with dispersion to examine in-vitro nanofiller adhesion and antibacterial activity. Moreover, periodontal pockets in a beagle dog were ultrasonically irrigated with dispersion to assess periodontal healing.
METHODS
The morphology of human cementum irrigated with S-PRG nanofiller dispersion was examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the treated cementum was tested using Actinomyces naeslundii. In addition, experimentally formed periodontal pockets in beagle dog were ultrasonically irrigated with S-PRG nanofiller dispersion. Periodontal parameters (gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level) were measured from baseline (0 weeks) through 12 weeks. Moreover, the effects of irrigation with S-PRG nanofiller on changes in periodontal microflora and bone healing were analyzed.
RESULTS
After ultrasonic irrigation, S-PRG nanofiller adhered to the cementum and exhibited antibacterial activity. The periodontal parameters were shown to improve following ultrasonic irrigation with S-PRG nanofiller dispersion. Analysis by next-generation sequencing revealed that the ratio of red-complex species decreased in the pockets irrigated with S-PRG nanofiller dispersion. In addition, the S-PRG nanofiller showed the potential to promote bone healing.
CONCLUSIONS
Ultrasonic irrigation with S-PRG nanofiller dispersion using an ultrasonic scaler system permitted delivery of the S-PRG nanofiller to the root surface, providing improved parameters in experimental periodontitis and modifying the composition of subgingival periodontal microflora.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dogs; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Therapeutic Irrigation; Ultrasonics
PubMed: 35257846
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.02.006 -
Polymers Jan 2022This investigation aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), functionalized with calcium, zinc, or doxycycline, using a subgingival...
This investigation aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), functionalized with calcium, zinc, or doxycycline, using a subgingival biofilm model of six bacterial species ( and ) on sandblasted, large grit, acid-etched titanium discs (TiDs). Undoped NPs (Un-NPs) or doped NPs with calcium (Ca-NPs), zinc (Zn-NPs), or doxycycline (Dox-NPs) were applied onto the TiD surfaces. Uncovered TiDs were used as negative controls. Discs were incubated under anaerobic conditions for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. The obtained biofilm structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its vitality and thickness by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction of samples was used to evaluate the bacterial load. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance ( < 0.05) and post hoc comparisons with Bonferroni adjustments ( < 0.01). As compared with uncovered TiDs, Dox-NPs induced higher biofilm mortality (47.21% and 85.87%, respectively) and reduced the bacterial load of the tested species, after 72 h. With SEM, scarce biofilm formation was observed in Dox-NPs TiDs. In summary, Dox-NPs on TiD reduced biofilm vitality, bacterial load, and altered biofilm formation dynamics.
PubMed: 35160348
DOI: 10.3390/polym14030358 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Feb 2022Oral bacterial adhesion on dental implant materials has been extensively studied using in vitro systems but has yielded results restricted to in vitro growth patterns...
OBJECTIVES
Oral bacterial adhesion on dental implant materials has been extensively studied using in vitro systems but has yielded results restricted to in vitro growth patterns due to limitations in species selection, sustained fastidious anaerobe growth, and mixed culture longevity. The aim of this study was to develop an oral bacterial biofilm model consisting of colonizers representative of the oral microbiome exhibiting temporal shifts characteristic of plaque development and maturation in vivo.
METHODS
Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis were grown in monoculture prior to combination in mixed culture. Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (ZrO) disks with polished, acid-etched, or sandblasted surfaces were prepared to evaluate oral bacterial adhesion. After 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, genomic DNA from planktonic and adherent bacteria was isolated. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to enumerate the amount and proportion of each species.
RESULTS
Early-colonizing S. oralis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, dominated after 6 h prior to secondary colonization by F. nucleatum and V. parvula in planktonic (1 day) and sessile (3 days) form. A. naeslundii maintained relatively low but stable bacterial counts throughout testing. After 14 days, late-colonizing P. gingivalis became established in mixed culture and persisted, becoming the dominant species after 21 days. The composition of adherent bacteria across all substrates was statistically similar at all timepoints with notable exceptions including lower S. oralis bacterial counts on polished cpTi (3 days).
SIGNIFICANCE
Within the present model's limitations, multispecies oral bacterial attachment is similar on surface-treated cpTi and ZrO.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Dental Implants; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Microbiota
PubMed: 34953626
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.021