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Medical Mycology Jun 2024The World Health Organization, in response to the growing burden of fungal disease, established a process to develop a fungal priority pathogens list. This systematic...
The World Health Organization, in response to the growing burden of fungal disease, established a process to develop a fungal priority pathogens list. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and impact of eumycetoma. PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify studies published between 1 January 2011 and 19 February 2021. Studies reporting on mortality, inpatient care, complications and sequelae, antifungal susceptibility, risk factors, preventability, annual incidence, global distribution, and emergence during the study time frames were selected. Overall, 14 studies were eligible for inclusion. Morbidity was frequent with moderate to severe impairment of quality of life in 60.3%, amputation in up to 38.5%, and recurrent or long-term disease in 31.8%-73.5% of patients. Potential risk factors included male gender (56.6%-79.6%), younger age (11-30 years; 64%), and farming occupation (62.1%-69.7%). Mycetoma was predominantly reported in Sudan, particularly in central Sudan (37%-76.6% of cases). An annual incidence of 0.1/100 000 persons and 0.32/100 000 persons/decade was reported in the Philippines and Uganda, respectively. In Uganda, a decline in incidence from 3.37 to 0.32/100 000 persons between two consecutive 10-year periods (2000-2009 and 2010-2019) was detected. A community-based, multi-pronged prevention programme was associated with a reduction in amputation rates from 62.8% to 11.9%. With the pre-specified criteria, no studies of antifungal drug susceptibility, mortality, and hospital lengths of stay were identified. Future research should include larger cohort studies, greater drug susceptibility testing, and global surveillance to develop evidence-based treatment guidelines and to determine more accurately the incidence and trends over time.
Topics: Humans; Mycetoma; Incidence; Antifungal Agents; World Health Organization; Risk Factors; Male; Female; Quality of Life
PubMed: 38935904
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae044 -
PloS One 2024Tuberculosis is a serious life-threatening disease among the top global health challenges and rapid and effective diagnostic biomarkers are vital for early diagnosis...
BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis is a serious life-threatening disease among the top global health challenges and rapid and effective diagnostic biomarkers are vital for early diagnosis especially given the increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance.
METHODS
Two human whole blood microarray datasets, GSE42826 and GSE42830 were retrieved from publicly available gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Deregulated genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R online tool and Gene Ontology (GO), protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed using Metascape and STRING databases. Significant genes (n = 8) were identified using T-test/ANOVA and Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) score ≥10, which was validated in GSE34608 dataset. The diagnostic potential of three biomarkers was assessed using Area Under Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) plot. The transcriptional levels of these genes were also examined in a separate dataset GSE31348, to monitor the patterns of variation during tuberculosis treatment.
RESULTS
A total of 62 common DEGs (57 upregulated, 7 downregulated genes) were identified in two discovery datasets. GO functions and pathway enrichment analysis shed light on the functional roles of these DEGs in immune response and type-II interferon signaling. The genes in Module-1 (n = 18) were linked to innate immune response, interferon-gamma signaling. The common genes (n = 8) were validated in GSE34608 dataset, that corroborates the results obtained from discovery sets. The gene expression levels demonstrated responsiveness to Mtb infection during anti-TB therapy in GSE31348 dataset. In GSE34608 dataset, the expression levels of three specific genes, GBP5, IFITM3, and EPSTI1, emerged as potential diagnostic makers. In combination, these genes scored remarkable diagnostic performance with 100% sensitivity and 89% specificity, resulting in an impressive Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.958. However, GBP5 alone showed the highest AUC of 0.986 with 100% sensitivity and 89% specificity.
CONCLUSIONS
The study presents valuable insights into the critical gene network perturbed during tuberculosis. These genes are determinants for assessing the effectiveness of an anti-TB response and distinguishing between active TB and healthy individuals. GBP5, IFITM3 and EPSTI1 emerged as candidate core genes in TB and holds potential as novel molecular targets for the development of interventions in the treatment of TB.
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis; Protein Interaction Maps; RNA-Seq; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; ROC Curve; Gene Regulatory Networks; Databases, Genetic; Biomarkers; Gene Ontology
PubMed: 38935691
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305582 -
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Care and Treatment in Puducherry - A Mixed Method Study.Indian Journal of Public Health Oct 2023The shift of focus toward pandemic control had an impact on public health issues that need to be addressed. As the impact may vary in the different areas based on...
BACKGROUND
The shift of focus toward pandemic control had an impact on public health issues that need to be addressed. As the impact may vary in the different areas based on COVID-19 cases and strictness of measures to control the disease, studying the local situation and related factors is essential to strengthening the TB program.
OBJECTIVES
The objective is to compare the TB care before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore the challenges faced by stakeholders during the pandemic.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A mixed method study was conducted in Puducherry with a quantitative phase involving data extraction from the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP), followed by in-depth interviews to explore the challenges faced by stakeholders.
RESULTS
In 2020, there were 67% and 23% reductions in number of presumptive TB case and notified TB cases, respectively, while the decline was lesser in the year 2021 (reduction of 59% and 13%, respectively). The main challenges faced in providing and accessing TB care were social stigma, lockdown restrictions, fear of getting COVID-19, redeployment of staff to COVID-19-related activities and increased COVID-19 workload.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a need to strengthen active case finding for the missed TB cases through the mobile vans equipped with diagnostics, combined testing for COVID-19 and TB, greater inclusion of private sector and dispensaries as well as community awareness for stigma prevention.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; India; Tuberculosis; SARS-CoV-2; Pandemics; Social Stigma; Health Services Accessibility
PubMed: 38934831
DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_1406_22 -
Indian Journal of Public Health Oct 2023National Strategic Plan to End tuberculosis (TB) in India 2020-2025 aims to prevent the emergence of TB in susceptible populations. Airborne infection control (AIC)...
BACKGROUND
National Strategic Plan to End tuberculosis (TB) in India 2020-2025 aims to prevent the emergence of TB in susceptible populations. Airborne infection control (AIC) practices in high-risk settings like homes for the aged (HFA) will be essential to achieve this.
OBJECTIVE
The objective is to assess the AIC practices (AICPs) in HFA in the Kollam district in Kerala, India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A mixed method approach was used. the study was done in five HFA s in a southern district of Kerala to find AICPs. Using purposive sampling, in-depth interviews was conducted among inmates with recent respiratory infection and administrators. Environmental measures were assessed using an observation checklist.
RESULTS
Ventilation was inadequate in 25%-40% of HFA. Air change per hour and distance between beds were less. Very few inmates were aware of the need for proper ventilation and personal hygiene. Wearing masks and hand hygiene was not practiced. Administrators faced shortages of space, funds, and human resources for caring for hospitalized inmates, and psychiatric and terminally ill patients.
CONCLUSIONS
There is a need to train the staff and inmates on AIC. Infrastructural improvements, like the use of partition screens in the short term and the creation of model airborne infection control HFA in the long run, with a collaborative effort from health professionals and architects, are needed for TB elimination efforts to succeed.
Topics: Humans; India; Ventilation; Infection Control; Tuberculosis; Homes for the Aged; Interviews as Topic; Male
PubMed: 38934828
DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_912_22 -
Indian Journal of Public Health Oct 2023The Saharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh has a very high tuberculosis (TB) burden. However, there is no report of adverse drug reaction (ADR) available in patients receiving... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Adverse Drug Reaction Patterns of First-line Anti-tubercular Drugs among Saharia Tuberculosis Patients: An Observational Study in Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group of Madhya Pradesh, India.
The Saharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh has a very high tuberculosis (TB) burden. However, there is no report of adverse drug reaction (ADR) available in patients receiving anti-TB chemotherapy in the community. Reporting and monitoring of ADRs among TB patients is still rare in marginalized communities. An observational prospective study was performed from November 2019 to June 2020 to assess the patterns of ADRs in 250 Saharia TB patients, who were prescribed Category-I daily DOTS (HRZE) by the physician. Both male and female participants equally experienced ADR during the treatment, but relatively more females (92.6%) than males (88.6%) reported ADR during Phase I. Out of 250 patients, 224 patients (89.6%) experienced one or more ADRs in Phase I. The central nervous system-related (75.6%) ADR was mostly reported followed by any gastrointestinal (74.4%), cardiovascular (49.2%) and any dermatological related (44.4%) ADRs. It is paramount to timely monitor and proactively manages ADRs pertaining to anti-TB drug treatment with minimal alteration in the treatment course.
Topics: Humans; India; Male; Female; Antitubercular Agents; Adult; Prospective Studies; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Adolescent; Young Adult; Directly Observed Therapy; Aged
PubMed: 38934815
DOI: 10.4103/ijph.ijph_865_22 -
Polish Archives of Internal Medicine Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Antitubercular Agents; Tuberculosis; Allografts; Middle Aged; Female; Adult
PubMed: 38934247
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16785 -
Polish Archives of Internal Medicine Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Tuberculosis; Allografts; Antitubercular Agents
PubMed: 38934246
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.16786 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2024tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain major public health threats globally and worse when they co-exist in susceptible individuals. The study...
INTRODUCTION
tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain major public health threats globally and worse when they co-exist in susceptible individuals. The study examined TB treatment outcomes and their predictive factors among people living with HIV (PLHIVs).
METHODS
a review of TB/HIV co-infected patients who had TB treatments across comprehensive antiretroviral therapy (ART) sites with ≥500 patients was conducted in seven United States of America President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)-supported States in Nigeria. Data on patient background, HIV and TB care, and TB treatment outcomes were collected using an Excel abstraction template. The data was analyzed using SPSS and an association was examined using a chi-square test while binary logistic regression was used to determine predictors of TB treatment outcomes (P< 0.05).
RESULTS
two thousand six hundred and fifty-two co-infected patients participated in the study. The mean age of participants was 37 ± 14 years. A majority had TB treatment success (cured = 1059 (39.9%), completed = 1186 (44.7%)). Participants who had pulmonary TB, virally suppressed and commenced isoniazid (INH) before TB diagnosis were more likely to have a favorable TB treatment outcome compared to those who had extrapulmonary TB (AOR = 7.110, 95% CI = 1.506 - 33.565), virally unsuppressed (AOR = 1.677, 95% CI = 1.036 - 2.716) or did not commence INH before TB diagnosis (AOR = 1.486, 95% CI = 1.047 - 2.109).
CONCLUSION
site of infection, immune status, exposure to ART, and INH prophylaxis were found to predict TB treatment outcomes among PLHIVs. Stakeholders should ensure early commencement of ART and INH prophylaxis for PLHIVs.
Topics: Humans; Nigeria; HIV Infections; Adult; Female; Antitubercular Agents; Male; Tuberculosis; Middle Aged; Coinfection; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Isoniazid; Retrospective Studies; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 38933432
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.149.35719 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Antitubercular Agents; Disease Management
PubMed: 38933279
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1433345 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) disease and TB infection (TBI) remains a challenge, and there is a need for non-invasive and blood-based methods to differentiate TB...
INTRODUCTION
The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) disease and TB infection (TBI) remains a challenge, and there is a need for non-invasive and blood-based methods to differentiate TB from conditions mimicking TB (CMTB), TBI, and healthy controls (HC). We aimed to determine whether combination of cytokines and established biomarkers could discriminate between 1) TB and CMTB 2) TB and TBI 3) TBI and HC.
METHODS
We used hemoglobin, total white blood cell count, neutrophils, monocytes, C-reactive protein, and ten Meso Scale Discovery analyzed cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-ɣ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in TruCulture whole blood tubes stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zymosan (ZYM), anti-CD3/28 (CD3), and unstimulated (Null) to develop three index tests able to differentiate TB from CMTB and TBI, and TBI from HC.
RESULTS
In 52 persons with CMTB (n=9), TB (n=23), TBI (n=10), and HC (n=10), a combination of cytokines (LPS-IFN-ɣ, ZYM-IFN-ɣ, ZYM-TNF-α, ZYM-IL-1β, LPS-IL-4, and ZYM-IL-6) and neutrophil count could differentiate TB from CMTB with a sensitivity of 52.2% (95% CI: 30.9%-73.4%) and a specificity of 100 % (66.4%-100%). Null- IFN-ɣ, Null-IL-8, CD3-IL-6, CD3-IL-8, CD3-IL-13, and ZYM IL-1b discriminated TB from TBI with a sensitivity of 73.9% (56.5% - 91.3%) and a specificity of 100% (69.2-100). Cytokines and established biomarkers failed to differentiate TBI from HC with ≥ 98% specificity.
DISCUSSION
Selected cytokines may serve as blood-based add-on tests to detect TB in a low-endemic setting, although these results need to be validated.
Topics: Humans; Cytokines; Male; Female; Adult; Biomarkers; Tuberculosis; Middle Aged; Blood Culture; Diagnosis, Differential; Young Adult; Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 38933274
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397941