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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022: spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at...
: spp. third-stage larvae (L3) are the causative agents of human zoonosis called anisakiasis. The accidental ingestion of L3 can cause acute and chronic inflammation at the gastric, intestinal, or ectopic levels. Despite its relevance in public health, studies on pathogenetic mechanisms and parasite-human interplay are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the human inflammatory response to different vehicles of pathogenicity. : Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells were exposed to L3 (the initial contact with the host), extracellular vesicles (EVs, -host communication), and crude extract (CE, the larval dying). The protein quantity and gene expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) were investigated using an ELISA test (6 h and 24 h) and a qReal-Time PCR (1 h, 6 h, and 24 h), respectively. : The L3 and EVs induced a downregulation in both the and gene expression and protein quantity. On the contrary, the CE stimulated IL-6 gene expression and its protein release, not affecting IL-8. : The Caco-2 cells seemed to not react to the exposure to the L3 and EVs, suggesting a parasite's immunomodulating action to remain alive in an inhospitable niche. Conversely, the dying larva (CE) could induce strong activation of the immune strategy of the host that, in vivo, would lead to parasite expulsion, eosinophilia, and/or granuloma formation.
PubMed: 36297271
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101214 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Sep 2022The study aimed to perform the molecular identification of larvae in commercial fish from the coast of the Canary Islands and to provide data on their infection level...
The study aimed to perform the molecular identification of larvae in commercial fish from the coast of the Canary Islands and to provide data on their infection level for the host and the species of this nematode parasite that we could find in several species of commercial interest in the Canary Archipelago. Fish specimens (n = 172) from the Canary coasts were examined for parasites. In total, 495 larvae were identified; PCR was carried out for the entire ITS rDNA and cox2 mtDNA region, obtaining sixteen sequences for the entire ITS rDNA region and fifteen for the cox2 mtDNA, this being the first contribution of nucleotide sequences of species of fish caught from the Canary Islands. An overall prevalence of 25% was obtained in the fish analyzed, and five species of were identified, these being (s.s.), , and and the hybrid x . The results obtained in this study have relevance for public health, since the pathology will depend on the species of so it is important to know the health status of fish in the waters of the Canary Islands to assure a safer consumption and take adequate measures, in addition to the provision of epidemiological data.
PubMed: 36230375
DOI: 10.3390/ani12192634 -
Veterinary Parasitology Nov 2022Anisakis spp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) are parasites known by their economic and health impacts, as their L3 larval stages infect a variety of fish species, many of them...
Anisakis spp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) are parasites known by their economic and health impacts, as their L3 larval stages infect a variety of fish species, many of them commercial species, sometimes causing zoonotic episodes due to consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The aim of this study is to determine the infection process and the potential impact of A. simplex s.l. L3 on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), one of the most important fish species in Mediterranean aquaculture, by periodic histological monitoring of the infection process. For this, fish were experimentally infected with A. simplex s.l. L3 and periodically analysed for L3 larvae, collecting samples at different time points (hours post ingestion, hpi): 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 and 192, up to 6 months post infection (mpi). All samples were observed under a stereomicroscope and later fixed for histological examination. A. simplex s.l. L3 were only found on the visceral surface and mesenteric tissue, but never free or encapsulated in muscle. Chronological events were found to occur faster than those reported in previous studies. They were first observed 6 hpi in the coelomic cavity, being present up to 48 hpi. While the earliest evidence of fibrocytes surrounding A. simplex s.l. L3 larvae were observed at 18 hpi, complete spiral encapsulation occurred by 72 hpi. Alive parasites were observed up to 6 mpi. Although the infection of gilthead seabream by Anisakis spp. larvae is feasible, it seems unlikely, especially in aquaculture given the hygienically controlled feeding systems. In the event of infection, the transmission would be unlikely due to the poor condition in which specimens of Anisakis spp. are found. Furthermore, since no larvae were detected in the fish's muscle, human infection seems improbable.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Sea Bream; Ascaridoidea; Larva; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 36150240
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109805 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Using data from 2018-2019 health insurance claims, we estimated the average annual incidence of anisakiasis in Japan to be 19,737 cases. Molecular identification of...
Using data from 2018-2019 health insurance claims, we estimated the average annual incidence of anisakiasis in Japan to be 19,737 cases. Molecular identification of larvae revealed that most (88.4%) patients were infected with the species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto. Further insights into the pathogenesis of various anisakiasis forms are needed.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Humans; Incidence; Japan; Larva
PubMed: 36148963
DOI: 10.3201/eid2810.220627 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2022nematodes infecting Indian mackerel () were initially discovered in Thailand in our preliminary investigation. Nevertheless, the species of collected has not been...
nematodes infecting Indian mackerel () were initially discovered in Thailand in our preliminary investigation. Nevertheless, the species of collected has not been determined nor has its genetic variation been researched. Thus, this study aimed to molecularly identify the species of specimens using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA sequences. In addition, the intraspecific genetic variation was also determined using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) gene sequences. The phylogenetic relationships of the ITS region classified all samples into ; however, the genetic variation between them could not be distinguished. By contrast, the phylogenetic tree analysis of the COII region identified all samples as . , with 17 different haplotypes by 66 polymorphic sites and five of the substitutions resulted in amino acid change. Additionally, the distribution pattern of the COII region can be separated into two groups between South America and Asian countries. All our haplotypes belong to Asian countries. Compared with the two genetic markers used in this investigation, COII appears to be a better candidate for studying genetic variation sensitive to environmental changes and intermediate or definitive host behavioral changes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genetic Variation; Perciformes; Phylogeny; Thailand
PubMed: 35774411
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2122619 -
BMC Research Notes Jun 2022Anisakis pegreffii is a zoonotic parasite requiring marine organisms to complete its life-history. Human infection (anisakiasis) occurs when the third stage larvae (L3)...
OBJECTIVES
Anisakis pegreffii is a zoonotic parasite requiring marine organisms to complete its life-history. Human infection (anisakiasis) occurs when the third stage larvae (L3) are accidentally ingested with raw or undercooked infected fish or squids. A new de novo transcriptome of A. pegreffii was here generated aiming to provide a robust bulk of data to be used for a comprehensive "ready-to-use" resource for detecting functional studies on genes and gene products of A. pegreffii involved in the molecular mechanisms of parasite-host interaction.
DATA DESCRIPTION
A RNA-seq library of A. pegreffii L3 was here newly generated by using Illumina TruSeq platform. It was combined with other five RNA-seq datasets previously gathered from L3 of the same species stored in SRA of NCBI. The final dataset was analyzed by launching three assembler programs and two validation tools. The use of a robust pipeline produced a high-confidence protein-coding transcriptome of A. pegreffii. These data represent a more robust and complete transcriptome of this species with respect to the actually existing resources. This is of importance for understanding the involved adaptive and immunomodulatory genes implicated in the "cross talk" between the parasite and its hosts, including the accidental one (humans).
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fishes; Larva; Parasites; Transcriptome
PubMed: 35752825
DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06099-9 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Nematode parasite species belonging to the complex are the most important cause of human anisakiasis through the consumption of (mainly) undercooked, previously not...
Nematode parasite species belonging to the complex are the most important cause of human anisakiasis through the consumption of (mainly) undercooked, previously not frozen, or conveniently treated fish. In Spain, the consumption of hake has been recognized as an important source of this parasitosis. With the aim of shedding light on the risk factors that can influence the potential risk of human anisakiasis in Spain through the consumption of fresh hake sold by nationwide supermarket chains, a total of 536 small hake specimens belonging to the species caught off the Northeast American coasts and caught in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean waters was analysed. Anisakids morphologically identified as type I were found as the most prevalent and the most abundant species and were considered the main potential cause of human anisakiasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors concerning the hake, such as its origin and season of capture, its size, as well as the days passed between its capture and consumption, should be taken into account to avoid this human parasitosis. It is essential that consumers have access to fish label information which should include, as regulated by the European Commission, traceability data.
PubMed: 35745476
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060622 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2022
Topics: Anisakiasis; Denmark; Humans
PubMed: 35703062
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022Anisakids are widespread marine parasites of medical, veterinary and economic relevance. They infect marine natural hosts but humans can accidentally acquire the...
Anisakids are widespread marine parasites of medical, veterinary and economic relevance. They infect marine natural hosts but humans can accidentally acquire the fish-borne zoonosis anisakiasis by ingesting infected raw fishes or mollusks. Among the several species described, Anisakis pegreffii is one of the main etiological agent of the disease, in particular in the Mediterranean area. Despite the growing evidence of miRNAs involvement in host-parasite interplay, and the emerging role of exosomal microvesicles in shuttling them between different cell types (and sometime across species), no information on miRNAs from any Anisakis species is presently available. In this study we isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Anisakis pegreffii infective third-stage larvae (L3) and analyzed by RNA-seq small RNAs from both L3 and EVs. We showed by nanoparticle tracking analysis that L3 release in culture medium particles of size compatible with the one of extracellular vesicles. A catalogue of 156 miRNAs from A. pegreffii was compiled by sequence comparison to evolutionary close species and miRNA prediction software. Using differential expression analysis, we identified a small number of highly abundant miRNAs in larvae and extracellular vesicles fractions whose potential biological relevance may deserve future investigation. Finally, A. pegreffii miRNAs were compared to those described in other parasitic helminths and predicted targets among human genes were searched, suggesting their potential involvement during infection.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Extracellular Vesicles; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Larva; MicroRNAs; Parasites
PubMed: 35690629
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13594-3 -
Radiologia 2022To review the main findings for anisakiasis in the different imaging tests that can be used to diagnose it, based on studies done at our center.
OBJECTIVE
To review the main findings for anisakiasis in the different imaging tests that can be used to diagnose it, based on studies done at our center.
CONCLUSION
The presence of Anisakis species in food consumed in Western countries is becoming more common. Patients with anisakiasis present with acute abdomen; there are no specific clinical signs or laboratory findings. Careful history taking is key to discovering exposure to Anisakis-contaminated food, but this task is hindered by unfamiliarity with the condition and lack of suspicion and is also confounded by the variable latency period after ingestion of Anisakis-contaminated food. Give the nonspecific presentation, patients with anisakiasis often undergo imaging tests to rule out other processes. Thus, radiologists need to be familiar with the spectrum of imaging findings that should lead to the inclusion of anisakiasis in the differential diagnosis, so they can guide clinicians toward directed history taking and specific tests.
Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans
PubMed: 35676056
DOI: 10.1016/j.rxeng.2022.05.001