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Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and... Oct 2023Cerebral hemodynamic alterations have been observed in apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) carriers at midlife, however the physiological underpinnings of this observation are...
Cerebral hemodynamic alterations have been observed in apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE4) carriers at midlife, however the physiological underpinnings of this observation are poorly understood. Our goal was to investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its spatial coefficient of variation (CoV) in relation to APOE4 and a measure of erythrocyte anisocytosis (red blood cell distribution width - RDW) in a middle-aged cohort. Data from 563 participants in the PREVENT-Dementia study scanned with 3 T MRI cross-sectionally were analysed. Voxel-wise and region-of-interest analyses within nine vascular regions were run to detect areas of altered perfusion. Within the vascular regions, interaction terms between APOE4 and RDW in predicting CBF were examined. Areas of hyperperfusion in APOE4 carriers were detected mainly in frontotemporal regions. The APOE4 allele differentially moderated the association between RDW and CBF, an association which was more prominent in the distal vascular territories (p - [0.01, 0.05]). The CoV was not different between the considered groups. We provide novel evidence that in midlife, RDW and CBF are differentially associated in APOE4 carriers and non-carriers. This association is consistent with a differential hemodynamic response to hematological alterations in APOE4 carriers.
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Age Factors; Alzheimer Disease; Apolipoprotein E4; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Erythrocyte Indices; Heterozygote
PubMed: 37132287
DOI: 10.1177/0271678X231173587 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2023Lymphatic neoplasia may occur in various types, such as lymphoma, lymphosarcoma, lympholeukemia, and plasmacytoid leukemia. Lymphoma, defined as a malignant tumour of...
A rare case of ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in a hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758): clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study.
BACKGROUND
Lymphatic neoplasia may occur in various types, such as lymphoma, lymphosarcoma, lympholeukemia, and plasmacytoid leukemia. Lymphoma, defined as a malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue, has been found in a number of fish families including Esocidae and Salmonidae. However, the occurrence of lymphoma is rare in those belonging to the Cyprinidae. A final diagnosis of ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in the present study was based on the clinical signs, morphology, and texture of the tumour masses in the macroscopic and microscopic examinations. In addition, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings corresponded to T-cell lymphoma characteristics.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 2-year-old hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) with a large ocular mass and severe exophthalmia in the right eye was referred to the Ornamental Fish Clinic in October 2020. Under anesthesia, enucleation was performed. 57 days after enucleation of the right eye, exophthalmia in the left eye was discovered. 221 days after surgery, the fish was discovered to be dead. At necropsy, a large soft tissue mass attached to the left testis was discovered. There were also small whitish nodules on the surface of the liver. Histopathology revealed a hypercellular ocular mass with scant connective tissue. The sections also revealed multifocal hemorrhages, round to ovoid neoplastic cells, mild-to-moderate anisokaryosis and anisocytosis, and mitotic figures. Basophilic neoplastic cells were found in blood vessels within the testicular mass, raising the possibility of systemic spread. The liver showed microscopic metastasis with morphologic similarities to the ocular and testicular tumors. The neoplastic cells infiltrating the left and right eyes as well as the testicular mass were immunohistochemically positive for CD3 but negative for CD20. The masses were diagnosed as T-cell lymphoma based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.
CONCLUSIONS
This case report provides the first evidence of clinical, histopathological, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings of an ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in a hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Iran.
Topics: Animals; Male; Carps; Fish Diseases; Iran; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral; Testicular Neoplasms; Eye Neoplasms; Immunohistochemistry
PubMed: 37101161
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03621-4 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2023Information about dynamic changes occurring in the parameters and morphology of erythrocytes and platelets during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and...
PURPOSE
Information about dynamic changes occurring in the parameters and morphology of erythrocytes and platelets during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and convalescence is scarce. To explore potential associations between dynamic erythrocyte and platelet parameters, morphological changes, and the course or severity of the disease is essential.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
From January 17th, 2020, to February 20th, 2022, we followed up on 35 patients with non-severe and 11 patients with severe COVID-19 following their discharge. We collected clinical features, dynamic complete blood count (CBC), and peripheral blood smears (PBS) and analyzed parameter and morphological changes of erythrocytes and platelets depending on the course or severity of the disease. The course of the disease included four periods, namely onset (T1), discharge (T2), 1-year follow-up (T3), and 2-year follow-up (T4).
RESULTS
Red blood cell (RBC) counts and hemoglobin were the lowest in T2, followed by T1, and lower in T1 and T2 than in T3 and T4. Inversely, the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was the highest in T2, followed by T1, and higher than in T3 and T4. Compared to non-severe patients, the platelet of severe patients was lower in T1 and T2. In contrast, the mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) tended to be higher in severe patients. Similarly, anisocytosis was more common in peripheral blood smears at early stages and in severe patients. Finally, large platelets were more common in severe patients.
CONCLUSION
Anisocytosis of erythrocytes and large platelets are found in patients with severe COVID-19, these changes may help primary hospitals to identify patients with a high risk of severe COVID-19 at an early stage.
PubMed: 36992967
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S400735 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2023Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative laboratory parameter applied for the measurement of anisocytosis and is a reliable and inexpensive method for... (Review)
Review
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative laboratory parameter applied for the measurement of anisocytosis and is a reliable and inexpensive method for clinical classification of anemia. An increased RDW reflects a great heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells typical of regenerative and iron-deficiency anemia. In humans, numerous and recent studies have shown a relationship between increased RDW and the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with various disorders. In particular, a strong association has been established between changes in RDW and the risk of adverse outcome in humans with diseases affecting different organs or systems. Following the human literature, some studies have recently been conducted trying to clarify the clinical role of RDW in various animal disorders, particularly in dogs. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate the results of the studies based on the measurement of RDW in dogs. We also emphasize the need for further and more extensive studies on the use of this simple and inexpensive parameter in animals.
PubMed: 36978525
DOI: 10.3390/ani13060985 -
Journal of Comparative Pathology Apr 2023A 12-year-old male neutered Australian Shepherd Dog was presented to Charlotte Animal Referral & Emergency with a history of a thoracic mass. On physical examination,...
A 12-year-old male neutered Australian Shepherd Dog was presented to Charlotte Animal Referral & Emergency with a history of a thoracic mass. On physical examination, physiological parameters were within the normal ranges, and a complete haemogram and serum biochemistry profile were unremarkable except for mild thrombocytopenia. A computed tomography scan revealed a 21 × 15 × 12.7 cm thoracic mass encompassing the cranial mediastinum and extending to the right caudal thorax. The mass was surgically removed and histopathological evaluation revealed that it comprised remnants of the thymus and a neoplasm composed of large blood-filled vascular spaces lined by a single layer of endothelial cells with mild anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The neoplastic cells had diffuse strong immunolabeling for endothelial cell marker CD31. Multifocally, there were large cystic degenerated areas of thymic tissue lined by plump cytokeratin AE1/AE3-positive epithelial cells. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of thymic cavernous haemangioma (CH) was made. Thymic CH is rare in animals, with the only reported case in a cross bred cow. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a thymic CH in a dog.
Topics: Male; Female; Cattle; Dogs; Animals; Endothelial Cells; Australia; Hemangioma, Cavernous; Dog Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36931010
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.02.001 -
Cureus Mar 2023Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by abnormal megakaryoblasts expressing platelet-specific surface...
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by abnormal megakaryoblasts expressing platelet-specific surface antigens. 4%-16% of childhood AMLs are AMKL. Childhood AMKL is usually associated with Down syndrome (DS). It is 500 times more common in patients with DS when compared to the general population. In contrast, non-DS-AMKL is much rarer. We describe a case of de novo non-DS-AMKL in a teenage girl child who presented with a history of excessive tiredness, fever, abdominal pain for three months, and vomiting for four days. She had lost appetite, and weight. On examination she was pale; there was no clubbing, hepatosplenomegaly or lymphadenopathy. There were no dysmorphic features or neurocutaneous markers. Laboratory tests showed bicytopenia (Hb: 6.5g/dL, total WBC count: 700/µL, platelet count: 216,000/ µL, Reticulocyte %: 0.42) and 14% blasts on the peripheral blood smear. Platelet clumps and anisocytosis were also noted. Bone marrow aspirate showed a few hypocellular particles with dilute cell trails but showed 42% blasts. Mature megakaryocytes showed marked dyspoiesis. Flow cytometry on bone marrow aspirate showed myeloblasts and megakaryoblasts. Karyotyping showed 46 XX. Hence, a final diagnosis of non-DS-AMKL was established. She was treated symptomatically. However, she was discharged on request. Interestingly, the expression of erythroid markers such as CD36 and lymphoid markers like CD7 is usually seen in DS-AMKL and not in non-DS-AMKL. AMKL is treated with AML-directed chemotherapies. Although complete remission rates are similar to other AML subtypes, overall survival is only about 18-40 weeks.
PubMed: 36911590
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35965 -
Cureus Feb 2023During therapeutic intervention for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL), transient red blood cell (RBC) deformations and rapid anemia progression are often observed....
OBJECTIVES
During therapeutic intervention for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL), transient red blood cell (RBC) deformations and rapid anemia progression are often observed. These RBC responses are characteristically observed during the treatment of ATLL, and we examined the details and significance of these RBC responses.
METHODS
Seventeen patients with ATLL were enrolled. Peripheral blood smears and laboratory findings were collected during the first two weeks after treatment intervention. We examined the transition of erythrocyte morphology and the factors associated with the induction of anemia.
RESULTS
RBC abnormalities (i.e., elliptocytes, anisocytosis, and schistocytes) rapidly progressed following therapeutic intervention in five of the six cases for whom evaluable consecutive blood smears were available, with significant improvement evident after two weeks. Changes in RBC morphology were significantly associated with the red cell distribution width (RDW). Laboratory findings from all 17 patients showed various levels of anemia progression. A transient increase in RDW values was observed in 11 cases after therapeutic intervention. The degree of progressive anemia during the two-week period was significantly correlated with increased lactate dehydrogenase and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels and an increase in RDW (P <0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
In cases of ATLL, transient progression of RBC morphological abnormalities and RDW value were observed early after therapeutic intervention. These RBC responses may be associated with tumor and tissue destruction. RBC morphology or RDW values may provide important information about the tumor dynamics and general condition of the patients.
PubMed: 36895533
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34641 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... Jul 2023Extracellular histone levels are associated with the severity of many human pathologies, including sepsis and COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the role of...
OBJECTIVES
Extracellular histone levels are associated with the severity of many human pathologies, including sepsis and COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the role of extracellular histones on monocyte distribution width (MDW), and their effect on the release of cytokines by blood cells.
METHODS
Peripheral venous blood was collected from healthy subjects and treated with different doses of a histone mixture (range 0-200 μg/mL) to analyze MDW modifications up-to 3 h and digital microscopy of blood smears. Plasma obtained after 3 h of histone treatment were assayed to evaluate a panel of 24 inflammatory cytokines.
RESULTS
MDW values significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These findings are associated with the histone-induced modifications of cell volume, cytoplasmic granularity, vacuolization, and nuclear structure of monocytes, promoting their heterogeneity without affecting their count. After 3 h of treatment almost all cytokines significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The most relevant response was shown by the significantly increased G-CSF levels, and by the increase of IL-1β, IL-6, MIP-1β, and IL-8 at the histone doses of 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL. VEGF, IP-10, GM-CSF, TNF-α, Eotaxin, and IL-2 were also up-regulated, and a lower but significant increase was observed for IL-15, IL-5, IL-17, bFGF, IL-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and IL-9.
CONCLUSIONS
Circulating histones critically induce functional alterations of monocytes mirrored by MDW, monocyte anisocytosis, and hyperinflammation/cytokine storm in sepsis and COVID-19. MDW and circulating histones may be useful tools to predict higher risks of worst outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Histones; Monocytes; Cytokine Release Syndrome; COVID-19; Cytokines; Sepsis
PubMed: 36847604
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0093 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Liver disease is one of the leading public health problems faced by healthcare practitioners regularly. As such, there has been a search for an inexpensive, readily... (Review)
Review
Liver disease is one of the leading public health problems faced by healthcare practitioners regularly. As such, there has been a search for an inexpensive, readily available, non-invasive marker to aid in monitoring and prognosticating hepatic disorders. Recently, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be associated with various inflammatory conditions with implications for its use as a potential marker for assessing disease progression and prognosis in multiple conditions. Multiple factors effect red blood cell production whereby a dysfunction in any process can lead to anisocytosis. Furthermore, a chronic inflammatory state leads to increased oxidative stress and produces inflammatory cytokines causing dysregulation and increased intracellular uptake and use of both iron and vitamin B12, which leads to a reduction in erythropoiesis causing an increase in RDW. This literature review reviews in-depth pathophysiology that may lead to an increase in RDW and its potential correlation with chronic liver diseases, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In our review, we examine the use of RDW as a prognostic and predictive marker for hepatic injury and chronic liver disease.
Topics: Humans; Erythrocyte Indices; Prognosis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Hepatitis B; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 36834895
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043487 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Viral infections activate the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. They also alter oxidative stress markers, which potentially can have an...
Viral infections activate the innate immune response and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. They also alter oxidative stress markers, which potentially can have an involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of this research was to study the role of the oxidative stress process assessed through lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on the severity of COVID-19 measured by oxygen saturation (SaO) and the putative interaction with inflammation. The investigation enrolled 1808 patients (mean age of 68 and 60% male) with COVID-19 from the HM Hospitals database. To explore interactions, a regression model and mediation analyses were performed. The patients with lower SaO presented lymphopenia and higher values of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio and on the anisocytosis coefficient. The regression model showed an interaction between LDH and anisocytosis, suggesting that high levels of LDH (>544 U/L) and an anisocytosis coefficient higher than 10% can impact SaO in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, analysis revealed that LDH mediated 41% ( value = 0.001) of the effect of anisocytosis on SaO in this cohort. This investigation revealed that the oxidative stress marker LDH and the interaction with anisocytosis have an important role in the severity of COVID-19 infection and should be considered for the management and treatment of the oxidative phenomena concerning this within a precision medicine strategy.
PubMed: 36829793
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020234