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Journal of Food Protection Jun 2024Despite extensive Salmonella controls used at processing, 5.5% of salmonellosis cases are linked to turkey. This study had two objectives: i) to summarize USDA-FSIS...
Despite extensive Salmonella controls used at processing, 5.5% of salmonellosis cases are linked to turkey. This study had two objectives: i) to summarize USDA-FSIS turkey Salmonella verification program data and ii) to evaluate Salmonella through turkey production and processing of 22 flocks. In objective 1, USDA-FSIS data shows the average Salmonella prevalence in ground turkey from 2016-2022 was 15.9%, and that the leading serovar changes frequently. For objective 2, bootsocks (n=22) were collected on-farm right after load-out. At processing, pre-scald wingtips (n=6 composites of 10/flock), pre-chill wingtips (n=6 composites of 10/flock), mechanically separated turkey (MST; n=6 bins/flock) and ground turkey (n=6 bins/flock) were collected. Salmonella prevalence was determined by a commercial qPCR and culture confirmed. In 33.2% of PCR-positive samples, Salmonella was not confirmed by culture, highlighting a discrepancy between molecular and culture detection. On-farm, 8/22 flocks were Salmonella positive, compared to 21 flocks that were positive at one or more processing locations, including 18 flocks that were positive in at least one final product sample. A logistic regression showed higher Salmonella prevalence in pre-scald (53.8%) than in pre-chill (18.2%), MST (27.3%) or ground turkey (26.5%). CRISPR-SeroSeq analysis of 148 culture positive samples detected 18 Salmonella serovars and showed 35.1% of samples contained multiple serovars. In 16 flocks, one or more serovars detected in final products were absent from any upstream samples. Two thirds of final product samples containing serovar Typhimurium typed as a live-attenuated Typhimurium vaccine strain. Salmonella on-farm and at pre-scald did not reflect Salmonella observed in final product. This data underscores the complexity of serovar tracking in turkey production and highlights challenges to identify surveillance samples that accurately represent Salmonella in turkey products.
PubMed: 38908798
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100319 -
Vaccine Jun 2024African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can infect pigs of all breeds and ages. Most infected... (Review)
Review
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can infect pigs of all breeds and ages. Most infected pigs have poor prognosis, leading to substantial economic losses for the global pig industry. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a safe and efficient commercial vaccine against ASF. The development of ASF vaccine can be traced back to 1960. However, because of its large genome, numerous encoded proteins, and complex virus particle structure, currently, no effective commercial vaccine is available. Several strategies have been applied in vaccine design, some of which are potential candidates for vaccine development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the safety and effectiveness, suboptimal immunization effects at high doses, absence of standardized evaluation criteria, notable variations among strains of the same genotype, and the substantial impact of animal health on the protective efficacy against viral challenge. All the information will be helpful to the ASF vaccine development.
PubMed: 38906762
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.020 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024(), a zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range, presents a substantial threat to global public health safety. Vaccination stands as an effective strategy for the...
BACKGROUND
(), a zoonotic pathogen with a broad host range, presents a substantial threat to global public health safety. Vaccination stands as an effective strategy for the prevention and control of infection, highlighting an immediate clinical need for the creation of safe and efficient attenuated live vaccines.
METHODS
In this study, a peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein () gene deletion strain (Δ), was constructed. To assess its virulence, we conducted experiments on biofilm formation capability, motility, as well as cell and mouse infection. Subsequently, we evaluated the immune-protective effect of Δ.
RESULTS
It was discovered that deletion of the gene reduced the biofilm formation capability and motility of . Cell infection experiments revealed that the Δ strain exhibited significantly decreased abilities in invasion, adhesion, and intracellular survival, with downregulation of virulence gene expression, including , , , , , , , and . Mouse infection experiments showed that the LD of Δ increased by 10 times, and its colonization ability in mouse tissue organs was significantly reduced. The results indicated that the gene severely affected the virulence of . Further, immunogenicity evaluation of Δ showed a significant enhancement in the lymphocyte transformation proliferation capability of immunized mice, producing high titers of specific IgG and IgA, suggesting that Δ possesses good immunogenicity. Challenge protection tests demonstrated that the strain could provide 100% immune protection against wild-type strains in mice.
DISCUSSION
This study proves that the gene influences the virulence of , and Δ could serve as a candidate strain for attenuated live vaccines, laying the foundation for the development of attenuated live vaccines against .
PubMed: 38903796
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1422202 -
Cell Reports Jun 2024Protective immunity to dengue virus (DENV) requires antibody response to all four serotypes. Systems vaccinology identifies a multi-OMICs pre-vaccination signature and...
Protective immunity to dengue virus (DENV) requires antibody response to all four serotypes. Systems vaccinology identifies a multi-OMICs pre-vaccination signature and mechanisms predictive of broad antibody responses after immunization with a tetravalent live attenuated DENV vaccine candidate (Butantan-DV/TV003). Anti-inflammatory pathways, including TGF-β signaling expressed by CD68 monocytes, and the metabolites phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) positively correlate with broadly neutralizing antibody responses against DENV. In contrast, expression of pro-inflammatory pathways and cytokines (IFN and IL-1) in CD68 monocytes and primary and secondary bile acids negatively correlates with broad DENV-specific antibody responses. Induction of TGF-β and IFNs is done respectively by PC/PE and bile acids in CD68 and CD68 monocytes. The inhibition of viral sensing by PC/PE-induced TGF-β is confirmed in vitro. Our studies show that the balance between metabolites and the pro- or anti-inflammatory state of innate immune cells drives broad and protective B cell response to a live attenuated dengue vaccine.
PubMed: 38900640
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114370 -
NPJ Vaccines Jun 2024Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs) stimulate robust mucosal and cellular responses and have the potential to protect against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human...
Live-Attenuated Vaccines (LAVs) stimulate robust mucosal and cellular responses and have the potential to protect against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), the main etiologic agents of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. We inserted the RSV-F gene into an HMPV-based LAV (Metavac®) we previously validated for the protection of mice against HMPV challenge, and rescued a replicative recombinant virus (Metavac®-RSV), exposing both RSV- and HMPV-F proteins at the virion surface and expressing them in reconstructed human airway epithelium models. When administered to BALB/c mice by the intranasal route, bivalent Metavac®-RSV demonstrated its capacity to replicate with reduced lung inflammatory score and to protect against both RSV and lethal HMPV challenges in vaccinated mice while inducing strong IgG and broad RSV and HMPV neutralizing antibody responses. Altogether, our results showed the versatility of the Metavac® platform and suggested that Metavac®-RSV is a promising mucosal bivalent LAV candidate to prevent pneumovirus-induced diseases.
PubMed: 38898106
DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00899-9 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Modified mRNAs (modRNAs) are an emerging delivery method for gene therapy. The success of modRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has demonstrated that modRNA is a safe and...
Modified mRNAs (modRNAs) are an emerging delivery method for gene therapy. The success of modRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has demonstrated that modRNA is a safe and effective therapeutic tool. Moreover, modRNA has the potential to treat various human diseases, including cardiac dysfunction. Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cardiac disorder that currently lacks curative treatment options, and MI is commonly accompanied by fibrosis and impaired cardiac function. Our group previously demonstrated that the matricellular protein CCN5 inhibits cardiac fibrosis (CF) and mitigates cardiac dysfunction. However, it remains unclear whether early intervention of CF under stress conditions is beneficial or more detrimental due to potential adverse effects such as left ventricular (LV) rupture. We hypothesized that CCN5 would alleviate the adverse effects of myocardial infarction (MI) through its anti-fibrotic properties under stress conditions. To induce the rapid expression of CCN5, ModRNA- was synthesized and administrated directly into the myocardium in a mouse MI model. To evaluate CCN5 activity, we established two independent experimental schemes: (1) preventive intervention and (2) therapeutic intervention. Functional analyses, including echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with molecular assays, demonstrated that modRNA-mediated gene transfer significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function in both preventive and therapeutic models, without causing left ventricular rupture or any adverse cardiac remodeling. In conclusion, early intervention in CF by ModRNA- gene transfer is an efficient and safe therapeutic modality for treating MI-induced heart failure.
Topics: Animals; Fibrosis; Mice; Genetic Therapy; Myocardial Infarction; RNA, Messenger; CCN Intercellular Signaling Proteins; Myocardium; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Gene Transfer Techniques; Ventricular Remodeling; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Humans
PubMed: 38892449
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116262 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024GV1001, an anticancer vaccine, exhibits other biological functions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. It also suppresses the development of...
GV1001, an anticancer vaccine, exhibits other biological functions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. It also suppresses the development of ligature-induced periodontitis in mice. (), a major human oral bacterium implicated in the development of periodontitis, is associated with various systemic disorders, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to explore the protective effects of GV1001 against -induced periodontal disease, atherosclerosis, and AD-like conditions in ()-deficient mice. GV1001 effectively mitigated the development of -induced periodontal disease, atherosclerosis, and AD-like conditions by counteracting -induced local and systemic inflammation, partly by inhibiting the accumulation of DNA aggregates, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and gingipains in the gingival tissue, arterial wall, and brain. GV1001 attenuated the development of atherosclerosis by inhibiting vascular inflammation, lipid deposition in the arterial wall, endothelial to mesenchymal cell transition (EndMT), the expression of Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) from arterial smooth muscle cells, and the formation of foam cells in mice with -induced periodontal disease. GV1001 also suppressed the accumulation of AD biomarkers in the brains of mice with periodontal disease. Overall, these findings suggest that GV1001 holds promise as a preventive agent in the development of atherosclerosis and AD-like conditions associated with periodontal disease.
Topics: Animals; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Mice; Apolipoproteins E; Periodontal Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Telomerase; Peptide Fragments; Alzheimer Disease; Periodontitis; Bacteroidaceae Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Male; Humans
PubMed: 38892314
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116126 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Jun 2024We report the complete genome sequences of six S19 poliovirus reference strains for all three poliovirus serotypes, including three Sabin vaccine-derived and three...
We report the complete genome sequences of six S19 poliovirus reference strains for all three poliovirus serotypes, including three Sabin vaccine-derived and three wild-type-derived strains. The S19 strains are extensively attenuated and genetically stable when compared to the reference poliovirus strains, while maintaining the same antigenicity and immunogenicity.
PubMed: 38888364
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00080-24 -
Scientific Data Jun 2024Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a highly pathogenic bacterium that can cause listeriosis, a relatively rare food-borne infectious disease that affects farm, domestic,...
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a highly pathogenic bacterium that can cause listeriosis, a relatively rare food-borne infectious disease that affects farm, domestic, wild animals and humans as well. The infected livestock is the frequent sources of Lm. Vaccination is one of the methods of controlling listeriosis in target farm animals to prevent Lm-associated food contamination. Here we report the complete sequence of the Lm strain AUF attenuated from a fully-virulent Lm strain by ultraviolet irradiation, successfully used since the 1960s as a live whole-cell veterinary vaccine. The de novo assembled genome consists of a circular chromosome of 2,942,932 bp length, including more than 2,800 CDSs, 17 pseudogenes, 5 antibiotic resistance genes, and 56/92 virulence genes. Two wild Lm strains, the EGD and the 10403S that is also used in cancer Immunotherapy, were the closest homologs for the Lm strain AUF. Although all three strains belonged to different sequence types (ST), namely ST12, ST85, and ST1538, they were placed in the same genetic lineage II, CC7.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Genome, Bacterial; Listeria monocytogenes; Listeriosis; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 38886393
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03440-8 -
MedRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jun 2024Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants can inform public health risk assessments and decisions about vaccine composition....
Effectiveness of Updated 2023-2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86/JN.1 Lineage Hospitalization and a Comparison of Clinical Severity - IVY Network, 26 Hospitals, October 18, 2023-March 9, 2024.
BACKGROUND
Assessing COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and severity of SARS-CoV-2 variants can inform public health risk assessments and decisions about vaccine composition. BA.2.86 and its descendants, including JN.1 (referred to collectively as "JN lineages"), emerged in late 2023 and exhibited substantial genomic divergence from co-circulating XBB lineages.
METHODS
We analyzed patients hospitalized with COVID-19-like illness at 26 hospitals in 20 U.S. states admitted October 18, 2023-March 9, 2024. Using a test-negative, case-control design, we estimated the effectiveness of an updated 2023-2024 (Monovalent XBB.1.5) COVID-19 vaccine dose against sequence-confirmed XBB and JN lineage hospitalization using logistic regression. Odds of severe outcomes, including intensive care unit (ICU) admission and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or death, were compared for JN versus XBB lineage hospitalizations using logistic regression.
RESULTS
585 case-patients with XBB lineages, 397 case-patients with JN lineages, and 4,580 control-patients were included. VE in the first 7-89 days after receipt of an updated dose was 54.2% (95% CI = 36.1%-67.1%) against XBB lineage hospitalization and 32.7% (95% CI = 1.9%-53.8%) against JN lineage hospitalization. Odds of ICU admission (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.80; 95% CI = 0.46-1.38) and IMV or death (aOR 0.69; 95% CI = 0.34-1.40) were not significantly different among JN compared to XBB lineage hospitalizations.
CONCLUSIONS
Updated 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccination provided protection against both XBB and JN lineage hospitalization, but protection against the latter may be attenuated by immune escape. Clinical severity of JN lineage hospitalizations was not higher relative to XBB lineage hospitalizations.
PubMed: 38883802
DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.24308470