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Anales de Pediatria Jun 2024The flu is a constant threat that can sometimes cause severe forms of disease. The highest incidence rates by age group occur in children under 15 years of age,...
Vaccination against seasonal flu in childhood and adolescence. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Vaccines and Immunizations of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (CAV-AEP) for the 2024-2025 season.
The flu is a constant threat that can sometimes cause severe forms of disease. The highest incidence rates by age group occur in children under 15 years of age, especially in those under 5 years, in whom the rate of hospitalization is also similar to the population aged 65 years and older. In addition, children are the main transmitters of the infection. In Spain, 5 influenza vaccines are authorized for the paediatric age group: three inactivated tetravalent vaccines harvested from fertilised eggs, one tetravalent inactivated vaccine obtained from cell cultures and one attenuated tetravalent vaccine for intranasal administration, which will become trivalent in the 2024-2025 season by excluding the B Yamagata lineage as recommended by the WHO. The CAV-AEP recommends systematic vaccination in children aged 6-59 months, children and adolescents belonging to risk groups, people who can transmit the flu to groups at risk of complicated flu, and household contacts or close family of infants under 6 months. From 2 years of age, the intranasal attenuated vaccine is preferred due to its greater acceptability and thus contribution to greater vaccination coverage. The CAV-AEP also considers that vaccination against influenza of healthy children and adolescents aged 5-18 years is advisable, as it provides individual protection and promotes protection at the family and community levels. It is especially important to vaccinate all health care professionals against influenza as well as pregnant women at any time during pregnancy.
Topics: Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Child; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Spain; Infant; Vaccination; Seasons; Female
PubMed: 38851979
DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.04.016 -
EBioMedicine Jun 2024Maternal pertussis vaccination with Tdap vaccine is recommended to protect newborns from severe postnatal infection. HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants have a higher... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Maternal pertussis vaccination with Tdap vaccine is recommended to protect newborns from severe postnatal infection. HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants have a higher incidence of pertussis infection and may particularly benefit from maternal immunization. The impact of HIV infection on the quality of IgG and memory B cell (MBC) responses to Tdap vaccination in pregnant women (PW) living with HIV (PWH) is unknown.
METHODS
In this observational study, humoral immune responses to Tdap vaccination, including IgG levels, Fc-dependent effector functions, and MBC frequencies, were measured before and after vaccination in 40 PWH and 42 HIV-uninfected PW. Placental transfer of IgG and avidity were assessed in cord blood (CB). Soluble and cellular immune activation markers were quantified at baseline.
FINDINGS
One month after vaccination, PWH had lower frequencies of MBC compared with HIV-uninfected PW. At delivery, PWH had attenuated pertussis-specific IgG levels and Fc-dependent effector functions. Reduced levels of maternal vaccine polyfunctional IgG and IgG avidity were transferred to HEU as compared to HIV-unexposed newborns. After adjustment with ethnicity, maternal antibody levels and gestational age at vaccination, HIV infection was independently associated with decreased levels of PT specific-IgG in CB. Both maternal and neonatal pertussis-specific IgG responses as well as PT-specific IgG avidity were inversely correlated with maternal sCD14 levels before vaccination among PWH.
INTERPRETATION
Maternal HIV infection is associated with attenuated humoral immune responses to Tdap vaccination that correlate with sCD14. Suboptimal transfer of maternal immunity may further increase the risk of severe pertussis infection in HEU infants.
FUNDING
This work was supported by IRIS Fund managed by the Foundation Roi Baudouin [2017J1820690206902], Association Vésale pour la Recherche Médicale and the Medical Council of CHU Saint-Pierre and has been funded in part with Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, under Award No. U19AI145825. N.D. is a clinical researcher and A.M. is Research Director at the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S.-FNRS), Belgium. M.E.A. was partially supported by NIHNIAID1U19AI14825. This article is published with the support of the Fondation Universitaire of Belgium.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; HIV Infections; Immunoglobulin G; Adult; Memory B Cells; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Antibodies, Bacterial; Infant, Newborn; Vaccination; Whooping Cough; Antibody Affinity
PubMed: 38848615
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105179 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024serovar Gallinarum () is an important host-specific pathogen that causes fowl typhoid, a severe systemic, septicemic, and fatal infection, in chickens. causes high...
serovar Gallinarum () is an important host-specific pathogen that causes fowl typhoid, a severe systemic, septicemic, and fatal infection, in chickens. causes high morbidity and mortality in chickens and poses a significant burden and economic losses to the poultry industry in many developing countries. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms of -induced systemic infection in chickens remain poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a pathogenicity island-14 (SPI-14) mutant strain (mSPI-14) of and evaluated the pathogenicity of mSPI-14 in the chicken systemic infection model. The mSPI-14 exhibited the same level of bacterial growth and morphological characteristics but significantly reduced resistance to bile acids compared with the wild-type (WT) strain . The virulence of mSPI-14 was significantly attenuated in the chicken oral infection model . Chickens infected with WT showed typical clinical symptoms of fowl typhoid, with all birds succumbing to the infection within 6 to 9 days post-inoculation, and substantial increases in bacterial counts and significant pathological changes in the liver and spleen were observed. In contrast, all mSPI-14-infected chickens survived, the bacterial counts in the organs were significantly lower, and no significant pathological changes were observed in the liver and spleen. The expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12, CXCLi1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ in the liver of mSPI-14-infected chickens were significantly lower than those in the WT-infected chickens. These results indicate that SPI-14 is a crucial virulence factor in systemic infection of chickens, and avirulent mSPI-14 could be used to develop a new attenuated live vaccine to prevent infection in chickens.
PubMed: 38846788
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1401392 -
Health Science Reports Jun 2024In context, the dengue virus causes dengue fever, which is spread by mosquito bites. About 22,000 people every year lose their lives as a direct result of it. Dengue...
BACKGROUND
In context, the dengue virus causes dengue fever, which is spread by mosquito bites. About 22,000 people every year lose their lives as a direct result of it. Dengue fever has been on the rise recently, and its spread has alarmed health officials throughout the world.
DISCUSSION
Vaccination is essential for the prevention and management of dengue cases because there is currently no particular cure against dengue virus. The current dengue epidemic calls for urgent action in the form of immunization. However, there are serious drawbacks to using existing vaccines like Dengvaxia. Besides, the Qdenga vaccine has not yet been approved by the FDA in the United States. On the other hand, positive results from a phase II randomized and controlled clinical study of the TV005 tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine were recently reported in Bangladesh. Only an effective vaccination can drastically lower dengue infection and mortality rates.
CONCLUSION
The development of safe and effective vaccination, as well as their correct dissemination, is an essential requirement for the people of Bangladesh and the rest of the globe, and we concentrated on this critical problem in this article.
PubMed: 38845788
DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2170 -
Pathogens and Disease Feb 2024Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the critical need for effective preventive measures. Although many studies have... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the critical need for effective preventive measures. Although many studies have tried to develop new attenuated vaccines, there is no effective TB vaccine. In this study, we report a novel attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) strain, CHVAC-25, cultured continuously for 25 years in the laboratory. CHVAC-25 exhibited significantly reduced virulence compared to both the virulent H37Rv strain in C57BL/6J and severe combined immunodeficiency disease mice. The comparative genomic analysis identified 93 potential absent genomic segments and 65 single nucleotide polymorphic sites across 47 coding genes. Notably, the deletion mutation of ppsC (Rv2933) involved in phthiocerol dimycocerosate synthesis likely contributes to CHVAC-25 virulence attenuation. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of immune responses between H37Rv- and CHVAC-25-infected macrophages showed that CHVAC-25 triggered a robust upregulation of 173 genes, particularly cytokines crucial for combating M. tb infection. Additionally, the survival of CHVAC-25 was significantly reduced compared to H37Rv in macrophages. These findings reiterate the possibility of obtaining attenuated M. tb strains through prolonged laboratory cultivation, echoing the initial conception of H37Ra nearly a century ago. Additionally, the similarity of CHVAC-25 to genotypes associated with attenuated M. tb vaccine positions it as a promising candidate for TB vaccine development.
Topics: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Animals; Tuberculosis Vaccines; Mice; Macrophages; Virulence; Vaccines, Attenuated; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cytokines; Tuberculosis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38845379
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftae014 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Intestinal bacteria metabolize dietary substances to produce bioactive postbiotics, among which some are recognized for their role in promoting host health. We here...
Intestinal bacteria metabolize dietary substances to produce bioactive postbiotics, among which some are recognized for their role in promoting host health. We here explored the postbiotic potential of two omega-3 α-linolenic acid-derived metabolites: -10--15-octadecadienoic acid (t10,c15-18:2) and -9--15-octadecadienoic acid (c9,c15-18:2). Dietary intake of lipids rich in omega-3 α-linolenic acid elevated levels of t10,c15-18:2 and c9,c15-18:2 in the serum and feces of mice, an effect dependent on the presence of intestinal bacteria. Notably, t10,c15-18:2 mitigated skin inflammation in mice that became hypersensitive after exposure to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, an experimental model for allergic contact dermatitis. In particular, t10,c15-18:2-but not c9,c15-18:2-attenuated ear swelling and edema, characteristic symptoms of contact hypersensitivity. The anti-inflammatory effects of t10,c15-18:2 were due to its ability to suppress the release of vascular endothelial growth factor A from keratinocytes, thereby mitigating the enhanced vascular permeability induced by hapten stimulation. Our study identified retinoid X receptor as a functional receptor that mediates the downregulation of skin inflammation upon treatment with t10,c15-18:2. Our results suggest that t10,c15-18:2 holds promise as an omega-3 fatty acid-derived postbiotic with potential therapeutic implications for alleviating the skin edema seen in allergic contact dermatitis-induced inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Down-Regulation; Disease Models, Animal; Dermatitis, Contact; Dinitrofluorobenzene; Skin; Keratinocytes; Female; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Feces
PubMed: 38841110
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1355679 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Avian coccidiosis, a parasitic disease prevalent in poultry, is caused by species and leads to significant economic losses. The use of attenuated live oocyst vaccines...
Avian coccidiosis, a parasitic disease prevalent in poultry, is caused by species and leads to significant economic losses. The use of attenuated live oocyst vaccines has been adopted as an alternative to the use of anticoccidial drugs. However, the accurate detection and differentiation of vaccine strains from virulent ones remain challenging. Therefore, this study presents a novel TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method that offers enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility compared with traditional PCR techniques. Through whole-genome resequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we identified a molecular marker gene, Em_marker6, with a unique 21-base pair deletion specific to the attenuated vaccine strain. Optimized primers and probes targeting this marker enabled rapid quantification cycle value achievement and high fluorescence intensity. The standard curve's slope of -3.540 and correlation coefficient of 0.9971 confirmed precise quantification capabilities. The TaqMan PCR method detected as few as 30 plasmid DNA copies and 50 oocysts per reaction, outperforming traditional PCR techniques by an order of magnitude. No cross-reactivity was observed with other wide-type strains or common intestinal pathogens, ensuring the exclusive detection of the EMPY vaccine strain. Weekly testing over 3 weeks demonstrated minimal variability, indicating robust consistency in the method's application. Testing on 61 clinical samples revealed a 57.38% positivity rate for species and 13.11% for the vaccine strain. The Em_marker6 gene exhibited genetic stability across multiple generations, confirming the detection method's robust stability for the attenuated vaccine strain. This study significantly advances the field of avian coccidiosis research and control by providing a valuable tool for monitoring vaccine purity and preventing inadvertent infections in vaccinated flocks, aligning with global efforts to curb antibiotic use in animal feed.
PubMed: 38840634
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1397166 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jun 2024Vacuum foam drying (VFD) has been shown to improve the thermostability and long-term shelf life of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). This study optimized the VFD process to...
Vacuum foam drying (VFD) has been shown to improve the thermostability and long-term shelf life of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). This study optimized the VFD process to improve the shelf life of NDV at laboratory-scale and then tested the optimized conditions at pilot-scale. The optimal NDV to T5 formulation ratio was determined to be 1:1 or 3:2. Using the 1:1 virus to formulation ratio, the optimal filling volumes were determined to be 13-17% of the vial capacity. The optimized VFD process conditions were determined to be at a shelf temperature of 25℃ with a minimum overall drying time of 44 h. The vaccine samples prepared using these optimized conditions at laboratory-scale exhibited virus titer losses of ≤ 1.0 log with residual moisture content (RMC) below 3%. Furthermore, these samples were transported for 97 days around China at ambient temperature without significant titer loss, thus demonstrating the thermostability of the NDV-VFD vaccine. Pilot-scale testing of the NDV-VFD vaccine at optimized conditions showed promising results for up-scaling the process as the RMC was below 3%. However, the virus titer loss was slightly above 1.0 log (approximately 1.1 log). Therefore, the NDV-VFD process requires further optimization at pilot scale to obtain a titer loss of ≤ 1.0 log. Results from this study provide important guidance for possible industrialization of NDV-VFD vaccine in the future. KEY POINTS: • The process optimization and scale-up test of thermostable NDV vaccine prepared through VFD is reported for the first time in this study. • The live attenuated NDV-VFD vaccine maintained thermostability for 97 days during long distance transportation in summer without cold chain conditions. • The optimized NDV-VFD vaccine preparations evaluated at pilot-scale maintained acceptable levels of infectivity after preservation at 37℃ for 90 days, which demonstrated the feasibility of the vaccine for industrialization.
Topics: Newcastle disease virus; Pilot Projects; Newcastle Disease; Viral Vaccines; Vacuum; Animals; Temperature; Chickens; Desiccation; China; Drug Stability; Viral Load
PubMed: 38836885
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13174-7 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024This study aimed to determine the persistent duration of maternal immunity against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in dairy calves born from vaccinated cows using a...
Persistence of passive immunity in calves receiving colostrum from cows vaccinated with a live attenuated lumpy skin disease vaccine and the performance of serological tests.
This study aimed to determine the persistent duration of maternal immunity against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in dairy calves born from vaccinated cows using a virus neutralization test (VNT). The performance of the VNT and an in-house-ELISA test was also determined. Thirty-seven pregnant cows from 12 LSD-free dairy farms in Lamphun province, Thailand were immunized with a homologous Neethling strain-based attenuated vaccine and calved from December 2021 to April 2022. Blood samples from dam-calve pairs were collected within the first week after calving. Subsequently, blood samples were taken from the calves at monthly intervals over a period of 4 months and tested for the humoral immune response using a VNT. The calf sera were also tested with an in-house ELISA test to estimate the accuracy of both tests using a Bayesian approach. For the results, antibodies against LSDV can persist in cows for 4-9 months post-vaccination. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies and LSDV-specific antibodies against LSDV were detected in the majority of calves (75.68%) during the first week after colostrum intake. However, the percentage of seropositive calves declined to zero by day 120, with seropositivity dropping below 50% after day 60. Only a small number of seropositive calves (approximately 13.51%) were observed on day 90. These findings indicated that passive immunity against LSDV can last up to 3 months. The median of posterior estimates for sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the VNT were 87.3% [95% posterior probability interval (PPI) = 81.1-92.2%] and 94.5% (95% PPI = 87.7-98.3%), respectively. The estimated Se and Sp for the ELISA test were 83.1% (95% PPI = 73.6-92.6%) and 94.7% (95% PPI = 88.4-98.5%), respectively. In conclusion, this study illustrates the transfer and persistence of maternal passive immunity against LSDV to calves under field conditions. This highlights a potential three-month vaccination gap in calves born from vaccinated cows, while an in-house ELISA test can be used as an ancillary test for LSDV immune response detection. However, further research is required to assess the vaccination protocols for calves as young as 2 months old to precisely determine the duration of maternal immunity.
PubMed: 38835894
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1303424 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024is the etiological agent of plague, which can manifest as bubonic, septicemic, and/or pneumonic disease. Plague is a severe and rapidly progressing illness that can...
BACKGROUND
is the etiological agent of plague, which can manifest as bubonic, septicemic, and/or pneumonic disease. Plague is a severe and rapidly progressing illness that can only be successfully treated with antibiotics initiated early after infection. There are no FDA-approved vaccines for plague, and some vaccine candidates may be less effective against pneumonic plague than bubonic plague. is not known to impact males and females differently in mechanisms of pathogenesis or severity of infection. However, one previous study reported sex-biased vaccine effectiveness after intranasal challenge. As part of developing a safe and effective vaccine, it is essential that potential sex differences are characterized.
METHODS
In this study we evaluated novel vaccines in male and female BALB/c mice using a heterologous prime-boost approach and monitored survival, bacterial load in organs, and immunological correlates. Our vaccine strategy consisted of two subcutaneous immunizations, followed by challenge with aerosolized virulent nonencapsulated . Mice were immunized with a combination of live pPstΔ, live pPstΔ/Δ, or recombinant F1-V (rF1-V) combined with adjuvants.
RESULTS
The most effective vaccine regimen was initial priming with rF1-V, followed by boost with either of the live attenuated strains. However, this and other strategies were more protective in female mice. Males had higher bacterial burden and differing patterns of cytokine expression and serum antibody titers. Male mice did not demonstrate synergy between vaccination and antibiotic treatment as repeatedly observed in female mice.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides new knowledge about heterologous vaccine strategies, sex differences in plague-vaccine efficacy, and the immunological factors that differ between male and female mice.
Topics: Animals; Female; Plague; Male; Yersinia pestis; Plague Vaccine; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Antibodies, Bacterial; Sex Characteristics; Sex Factors; Disease Models, Animal; Vaccine Efficacy
PubMed: 38835755
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397579