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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Photosensitizers cause oxidative damages in various biological systems under light. In this study, the method for analyzing photosensitizing activity of various dietary...
Photosensitizers cause oxidative damages in various biological systems under light. In this study, the method for analyzing photosensitizing activity of various dietary and medicinal sources was developed using 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (thiazolyl blue formazan; MTT-F) as a probe. Significant and quantitative decolorization of MTT-F was observed in the presence of photosensitizers used in this study under light but not under dark conditions. The decolorization of MTT-F occurred irradiation time-, light intensity-, and photosensitizer concentration-dependently. The decolorized MTT-F was reversibly reduced by living cells; the LC-MS/MS results indicated the formation of oxidized products with -1 / of base peak from MTT-F, suggesting that MTT-F decolorized by photosensitizers was its corresponding tetrazolium. The present results indicate that MTT-F is a reliable probe for the quantitative analysis of photosensitizing activities, and the MTT-F-based method can be an useful tool for screening and evaluating photosensitizing properties of various compounds used in many industrial purposes.
Topics: Photosensitizing Agents; Humans; Tetrazolium Salts; Formazans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Thiazoles; Light; Chromatography, Liquid; Coloring Agents
PubMed: 38893346
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112471 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Advanced oxidation processes, including photocatalysis, have been proven effective at organic dye degradation. Tailored porous materials with regulated pore size, shape,...
Advanced oxidation processes, including photocatalysis, have been proven effective at organic dye degradation. Tailored porous materials with regulated pore size, shape, and morphology offer a sustainable solution to the water pollution problem by acting as support materials to grafted photocatalytic nanoparticles (NPs). This research investigated the influence of pore and particle sizes of photocatalytic MICROSCAFS on the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solution (10 mg/L). Photocatalytic MICROSCAFS are made of binder-less supported P25 TiO NPs within MICROSCAFS, which are silica-titania microspheres with a controlled size and interconnected macroporosity, synthesized by an adapted sol-gel method that involves a polymerization-induced phase separation process. Photocatalytic experiments were performed both in batch and flow reactors, with this latter one targeting a proof of concept for continuous transformation processes and real-life conditions. Photocatalytic degradation of 87% in 2 h (batch) was achieved, using a calibrated solar light simulator (1 sun) and a photocatalyst/pollutant mass ratio of 23. This study introduces a novel flow kinetic model which provides the modeling and simulation of the photocatalytic MICROSCAFS performance. A scavenger study was performed, enabling an in-depth mechanistic understanding. Finally, the transformation products resulting from the MO photocatalytic degradation were elucidated by high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments and subjected to an in silico toxicity assessment.
Topics: Catalysis; Water Purification; Titanium; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Porosity; Sunlight; Azo Compounds; Microspheres; Silicon Dioxide; Photolysis; Kinetics; Photochemical Processes
PubMed: 38892146
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115958 -
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of -Benzyl-2-[4-(aryl)-1-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]ethan-1-imine Oxides.International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity of four novel -benzyl-2-[4-(aryl)-1-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]ethan-1-imine oxides - are reported herein....
The synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity of four novel -benzyl-2-[4-(aryl)-1-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]ethan-1-imine oxides - are reported herein. The nitrones - were tested for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit soybean lipoxygenase (LOX). Four diverse antioxidant tests were used for in vitro antioxidant assays, namely, interaction with the stable free radical DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) as well as with the water-soluble azo compound AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride), competition with DMSO for hydroxyl radicals, and the scavenging of cationic radical ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation). Nitrones , and , having the 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl motif, respectively, exhibited high interaction with DPPH (64.5-81% after 20 min; 79-96% after 60 min), whereas nitrone with unfunctionalized phenyl group showed the lowest inhibitory potency (57% after 20 min, 78% after 60 min). Nitrones and , decorated with phenyl and 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl motif, respectively, appeared the most potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained from radical cation ABTS were not significant, since all tested compounds - showed negligible activity (8-46%), much lower than Trolox (91%). Nitrone , bearing the 2,4-difluorophenyl motif, was found to be the most potent LOX inhibitor (IC = 10 μM).
Topics: Antioxidants; Lipoxygenase; Glycine max; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Triazoles; Imines; Biphenyl Compounds; Picrates; Nitrogen Oxides; Free Radical Scavengers
PubMed: 38892102
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115908 -
Journal of Flow Chemistry 2024Azo compounds find use in many areas of science, displaying crucial properties for important applications as photoconductive organic pigments, fluorescent quenchers,... (Review)
Review
Azo compounds find use in many areas of science, displaying crucial properties for important applications as photoconductive organic pigments, fluorescent quenchers, paints, cosmetics, inks, and in the large and valuable dye industry. Due to the unstable intermediates, and the exothermic and fast reactions used in their synthesis, high value azo compounds are excellent candidates for continuous flow manufacturing. This comprehensive review covers the progress made to date on developing continuous flow systems for azo synthesis and reflects on the main challenges still to be addressed, including scale up, conversion, product purity, and environmental impact. The further development of integrated continuous flow processes has the potential to help tackle these challenges and deliver improved methods for azo compound generation.
PubMed: 38882391
DOI: 10.1007/s41981-024-00307-2 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jun 2024The selection of oleaginous bacteria, potentially applicable to biotechnological approaches, is usually carried out by different expensive and time-consuming techniques....
The selection of oleaginous bacteria, potentially applicable to biotechnological approaches, is usually carried out by different expensive and time-consuming techniques. In this study, we used Oil Red O (ORO) as an useful dye for staining of neutral lipids (triacylglycerols and wax esters) on thin-layer chromatography plates. ORO could detect minimal quantities of both compounds (detection limit, 0.0025 mg of tripalmitin or 0.005 mg of cetylpalmitate). In addition, we developed a specific, rapid, and inexpensive screening methodology to detect triacylglycerol-accumulating microorganisms grown on the agar plate. This staining methodology detected 9/13 strains with a triacylglycerol content higher than 20% by cellular dry weight. ORO did not stain polyhydroxyalkanoates-producing bacteria. The four oleaginous strains not detected by this screening methodology exhibited a mucoid morphology of their colonies. Apparently, an extracellular polymeric substance produced by these strains hampered the entry of the lipophilic dye into cells. The utilization of the developed screening methodology would allow selecting of oleaginous bacteria in a simpler and faster way than techniques usually used nowadays, based on unspecific staining protocols and spectrophotometric or chromatographic methods. Furthermore, the use of ORO as a staining reagent would easily characterize the neutral lipids accumulated by microorganisms as reserve compounds. KEY POINTS: • Oil Red O staining is specific for triacylglycerols • Oil Red O staining is useful to detect oleaginous bacteria • Fast and inexpensive staining to isolate oleaginous bacteria from the environment.
Topics: Chromatography, Thin Layer; Staining and Labeling; Bacteria; Azo Compounds; Triglycerides; Bacteriological Techniques
PubMed: 38878165
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13177-4 -
BMC Microbiology Jun 2024Efficiently mitigating and managing environmental pollution caused by the improper disposal of dyes and effluents from the textile industry is of great importance. This...
Efficiently mitigating and managing environmental pollution caused by the improper disposal of dyes and effluents from the textile industry is of great importance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Streptomyces albidoflavus 3MGH in decolorizing and degrading three different azo dyes, namely Reactive Orange 122 (RO 122), Direct Blue 15 (DB 15), and Direct Black 38 (DB 38). Various analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the degraded byproducts of the dyes. S. albidoflavus 3MGH demonstrated a strong capability to decolorize RO 122, DB 15, and DB 38, achieving up to 60.74%, 61.38%, and 53.43% decolorization within 5 days at a concentration of 0.3 g/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for the maximum decolorization of these azo dyes were found to be a temperature of 35 °C, a pH of 6, sucrose as a carbon source, and beef extract as a nitrogen source. Additionally, after optimization of the decolorization process, treatment with S. albidoflavus 3MGH resulted in significant reductions of 94.4%, 86.3%, and 68.2% in the total organic carbon of RO 122, DB 15, and DB 38, respectively. After the treatment process, we found the specific activity of the laccase enzyme, one of the mediating enzymes of the degradation mechanism, to be 5.96 U/mg. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis of the degraded metabolites showed specific changes and shifts in peaks compared to the control samples. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of metabolites such as benzene, biphenyl, and naphthalene derivatives. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of S. albidoflavus 3MGH for the effective decolorization and degradation of different azo dyes. The findings were validated through various analytical techniques, shedding light on the biodegradation mechanism employed by this strain.
Topics: Streptomyces; Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Biodegradation, Environmental; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Textiles; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Temperature; Textile Industry; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Carbon
PubMed: 38877404
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03347-9 -
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipid droplets in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes using oil red O.STAR Protocols Jun 2024By differentiating into mature adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells can be utilized as a model cell line to investigate (pre)adipocyte function in vitro. Here, we present a...
By differentiating into mature adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells can be utilized as a model cell line to investigate (pre)adipocyte function in vitro. Here, we present a protocol for combining qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipid droplets in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes using oil red O. We describe steps to differentiate 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes and give detailed procedures to determine total lipid amount as well as lipid droplet size and number using microscopic devices and an ImageJ macro. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kaczmarek et al..
Topics: Animals; Mice; 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Lipid Droplets; Azo Compounds; Cell Differentiation; Staining and Labeling; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 38875117
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102977 -
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Jun 2024Dyes, considered as toxic and persistent pollutants, must be removed from organic wastes prior to their composting and application in sustainable agriculture. Azo dyes,...
Dyes, considered as toxic and persistent pollutants, must be removed from organic wastes prior to their composting and application in sustainable agriculture. Azo dyes, capable of altering the physicochemical properties of soil, are difficult to expel by conventional wastewater treatments. C.I. Acid Black 1 (AB 1), a sulfonated azo dye, inhibits nitrification and ammonification in the soil, lessens the nitrogen use efficacy in crop production and passes substantially unaltered through an activated sludge process. The retention of C.I. Acid Black 1 by raw and expanded perlite was investigated in order to examine the potential effectiveness of this aluminosilicate material toward organic waste cleanup. Dye adsorption proved spontaneous and endothermic in nature, increasing with temperature for both perlites. Expanded perlite having a more open structure exhibited a better performance compared to the raw material. Several of the most widely recognized two-parameter theoretical models, i.e., Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Harkins-Jura, Halsey, Henderson, and Smith, were applied to reveal physicochemical features characterizing the adsorption. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, BET, Henderson, and Smith equations best fitted experimental data indicating that the adsorption of anionic dye on perlites is controlled by their surface, i.e., non-uniformity in structure and charge. This heterogeneity of surface is considered responsible for promoting specific dye adsorption areas creating dye "islands" with local dye supersaturations.
Topics: Aluminum Oxide; Adsorption; Silicon Dioxide; Coloring Agents; Naphthalenesulfonates; Waste Management; Azo Compounds; Anthraquinones
PubMed: 38849572
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02013-3 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024This study reports the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MgFeO) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The...
This study reports the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (MgFeO) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The photocatalytic degradation of Carbol Fuchsin (CF) dye (a class of dyestuffs that are resistant to biodegradation) under the influence of UV-light irradiation is also studied. The crystalline magnesium ferrite (MgFeO) nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The morphology of the resulting nanocomposite was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed for further characterization of particle morphology and size. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to analyze the crystalline structure, chemical composition, and surface area, respectively. Optical properties were evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-assisted photocatalytic performance of MgFeO nanoparticles was assessed by studying the decolorization of Carbol fuchsin (CF) azo dye. The crystallite size of the MgFeO nanoparticles at the (311) plane, the most prominent peak, was determined to be 28.5 nm. The photocatalytic degradation of 10 ppm CF using 15 mg of MgFeO nanoparticles resulted in a significant 96% reduction after 135 min at ambient temperature (25 °C) and a pH value of 9. Additionally, MgFeO nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in a dose dependent manner with maximum utilized concentration of 30 µg/ml. Specifically, MgFeO nanoparticles demonstrated substantial antibacterial activity via disk diffusion and microbroth dilution tests with zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli (26.0 mm, 1.25 µg/ml) and S. aureus (23.0 mm, 2.5 µg/ml), respectively. Moreover, 10.0 µg/ml of MgFeO nanoparticles elicited marked percent reduction in biofilm formation by E. coli (89%) followed by S. aureus (78.5%) after treatment. In conclusion, MgFeO nanoparticles demonstrated efficient dye removal capabilities along with significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains suggesting their potential as promising antimicrobial and detoxifying agents.
Topics: Biofilms; Ferric Compounds; Catalysis; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Escherichia coli; Ultraviolet Rays; Staphylococcus aureus; Magnesium; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 38834648
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62868-5 -
Archives of Razi Institute Dec 2023Colors have been added to food naturally and artificially for centuries to make them look more appetizing. According to the Food and Drug Organization, eight artificial...
Colors have been added to food naturally and artificially for centuries to make them look more appetizing. According to the Food and Drug Organization, eight artificial colors were registered for the nutrition application, one of them, is tartrazine, which is widely used in foods and cosmetics. Food colors significantly decrease weight and increase proteins, liver enzymes, thyroid hormones, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. Onion, as an antioxidant, can reduce the harmful effects of artificial food colors on weight gain, antioxidant activity, and blood biochemical factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the onion's antioxidant properties on serum biochemical factors and antioxidants in Wistar rats after consuming tartrazine. Eighty Rats were divided into four groups, 20 mice in each. The first group received water without additives and was considered the control, the second group received tartrazine, the third group received tartrazine with onion juice, and the fourth group received only onion juice through gastric gavage. This experiment was performed for 60 days, and then the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the biochemical parameters of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured. Tartrazine decreased the antioxidant activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and the biochemical parameters of HDL and LDL. The results showed that the consumption of tartrazine causes the production of free radicals, which is the reason for the significant reduction of antioxidant activities and serum biochemical factors. Onion, as an antioxidant in this study, reduces the effects of tartrazine on antioxidant activities and serum biochemical factors.
Topics: Animals; Onions; Antioxidants; Tartrazine; Rats, Wistar; Rats; Male; Food Coloring Agents; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 38828161
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.6.1836