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Journal of Oral Science 2024To investigate the surface topography and nickel content of nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires exposed to either routine oral hygiene or a prophylactic regimen with casein... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Influence of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on the surface topography and composition of nickel-titanium archwires during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
PURPOSE
To investigate the surface topography and nickel content of nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires exposed to either routine oral hygiene or a prophylactic regimen with casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) during orthodontic treatment.
METHODS
This in vivo study involved 40 orthodontic patients with fixed appliances, who were randomly assigned to either a routine oral hygiene group or a CPP-ACP supplementary regimen group. Twenty new NiTi archwires served as controls. All archwires underwent scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to evaluate their surface topography and elemental composition. The nickel content was quantified as a percentage of total weight and the Ni/Ti ratio, and statistical comparisons were made using pairwise tests.
RESULTS
Wires exposed to fluoride toothpaste showed signs of pitting corrosion, deep grooves, and corrosion debris. In contrast, wires exposed to supplementary CPP-ACP exhibited smooth surface areas interspersed with microdefects and deposits. Statistically significant differences in nickel content were found between the new and retrieved archwires, as well as between wires exposed to routine oral hygiene and CPP-ACP (P < 0.001). The archwires exposed to CPP-ACP had the lowest nickel content (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The use of CPP-ACP holds promise for application as a safe anticariogenic agent with possible protective properties during orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Humans; Phosphopeptides; Caseins; Nickel; Titanium; Dental Alloys; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Surface Properties; Materials Testing; Calcium Phosphates
PubMed: 38233156
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.23-0276 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2024Periodontitis has recently been defined as a dysbiotic disease caused by an imbalanced oral microbiota. The transition from commensal microbial communities to...
Periodontitis has recently been defined as a dysbiotic disease caused by an imbalanced oral microbiota. The transition from commensal microbial communities to periodontitis-associated ones requires colonization by specific pathogens, including . We previously reported an antagonistic relationship between and . To determine the role of in altering the interactions of with other oral bacteria in a complex context, we collected dental plaque samples from patients with periodontitis and assigned them to two groups based on the ratios of and . We then characterized the microbial profiles of the dental plaque samples using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and compared the oral microbial composition and functional capabilities of the group with high ratios with the low ratio group. Taxonomic annotation revealed significant differences in the microbial composition at both the genus and species levels between the low and high ratio groups. Notably, a higher microbial diversity was observed in the samples with low ratios. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance gene profiles of the two groups were also distinct, with a significantly increased abundance of the genes in the dental plaque samples with low ratios. It, therefore, indicates that the ratios influenced the virulence potential of the oral microbiome. Our work shows that enhancing the ratio in oral microbial communities can be an attractive approach for revising the dysbiotic oral microbiome.IMPORTANCEPeriodontitis, one of the most common chronic diseases, is linked to several systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Although is a keystone pathogen that causes periodontitis, its levels, interactions with accessory bacteria and pathobionts in the oral microbiome, and its association with the pathogenic potential of the microbial communities are still not well understood. In this study, we revealed the role of and the ratios of and in modulating the oral microbiome to facilitate a deeper understanding of periodontitis and its progression. The study has important clinical implications as it laid a foundation for developing novel non-antibiotic therapies against and improving the efficiency of periodontal treatments.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Dental Plaque; Periodontitis; Microbiota; Streptococcus
PubMed: 38230927
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03482-23 -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2024Plaque-induced gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by complete reversibility of tissue damage once the periodontal biofilm has been... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Use of over-the-counter mouthwashes as an additional measure in individual oral prophylaxis on adults with plaque-induced gingivitis: a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Plaque-induced gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by complete reversibility of tissue damage once the periodontal biofilm has been disorganised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available mouthwashes (MWs) versus a chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% MW in reducing gingival bleeding (GB) in adults with plaque-induced gingivitis.
METHODS
The present study was a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial involving 6492 gingival sites (i.e. 39 subjects × 28 teeth × 6 sites/tooth) aged 18-75 years. During a 2-week period, subjects were randomized to receive MWs: a control CHX 0.12% MW (group C, 1818 sites); a MW test containing CHX 0.09% + Citrox®/P complex (group CX, 2628 sites); a MW test based on natural compounds (group P, 2016 sites). GB was assessed at the inclusion visit (T) and after 2 weeks of MW use (T). Analyses of GB were compared between groups and then restricted to subjects with bleeding sites between 10 and 30% (moderate gingivitis) or ≥ 30% (severe gingivitis) at T. Pairwise comparisons were made between groups and logistic regression was used to identify correlates of GB (T).
RESULTS
For total bleeding site analysis, GB reduction between T and T ranged from 23% (C), 26% (CX) and 36% (P), respectively (all p < 0.05). Multiple comparison between groups showed that group C was significantly less effective (p < 0.05) than groups CX and P. Splitting the analysis, in patients with severe gingivitis (≥ 30% bleeding sites at T), all MWs had a positive effect on GB with a reduction at T of 36% (C), 33% (CX) and 42% (P), respectively. While GB reduction between T and T, was significant for all groups, the comparison among groups showed no significant difference between group C and CX, whereas the improvement was significant for group P. On the other hand, in adults with moderate gingivitis (< 30% bleeding sites at T), only CX and P had a positive effect on GB reduction at T(9% in CX and 2% in P, respectively), although the differences between the three groups were not significant.
CONCLUSION
The daily use of MWs with natural components (groups P and CX) for 2 weeks should be considered positively as an adjunct to individual oral prophylaxis to reduce GB compared to the control MW containing CHX 0.12% (group C) in healthy adults with plaque-induced gingivitis. For subjects with severe gingivitis, it is advisable to first use natural MW (P) and then MW based on CHX 0.09% with natural components (CX), compared to MW with CHX 0.12% (C). For adults with moderate gingivitis, P and CX can be advisable, even if no definitive recommendations can be drawn.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ACTRN12622000215729, 07/02/2022.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mouthwashes; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque; Gingival Hemorrhage; Double-Blind Method; Dental Plaque Index
PubMed: 38229032
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03779-1 -
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering Feb 2024Ultratrace elemental detections from a limited volume of samples can offer significant benefits in biomedical fields. However, it can be challenging to concentrate the...
Fabrication of a Low Cost Superhydrophobic Substrate for Surface Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Its Utility through Identification of Electrolyte Variation for Oral Cancer Detection.
Ultratrace elemental detections from a limited volume of samples can offer significant benefits in biomedical fields. However, it can be challenging to concentrate the particles being analyzed in a small area to improve the accuracy of detection. Ring-like deposits on the edges of colloidal droplets are a vexing problem in many applications. Herein, we report ultratrace elemental detection using a superhydrophobic surface-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SELIBS) substrate fabricated by laser ablation followed by a soft lithography technique. In this work, the SELIBS spectra on a superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate replicated from a laser-patterned master Teflon substrate are investigated. This work highlights the application of this newly created superhydrophobic substrate for detecting trace elements in body fluids using SELIBS. The developed PDMS substrate was successfully adopted to investigate the electrolyte variation in serum samples of oral cancer patients and normal volunteers. Principal component analysis (PCA) and match-no-match analysis were used to distinguish the elemental variation in cancer and control groups.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Electrolytes; Spectrum Analysis; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Dimethylpolysiloxanes
PubMed: 38227930
DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01275 -
European Endodontic Journal Aug 2023Mechanical instrumentation of the root canal system generates a smear layer on the canal walls which are removed most commonly with the help of chelators such as...
OBJECTIVE
Mechanical instrumentation of the root canal system generates a smear layer on the canal walls which are removed most commonly with the help of chelators such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) but can potentially cause severe dentinal erosion. Considerable research has been conducted to find an al- ternative to EDTA which removes the smear layer without causing dentinal erosion. The current study aimed at evaluating the ability of sodium gluconate compared with that of 17% EDTA in smear layer removal along with its effect on dentine decalcification when used as a final irrigant.
METHODS
Twenty single-rooted mandibular premolars were collected and prepared based on the pre-set criteria. Following preparation, the specimens were exposed to the test solutions as a final irrigant. Then the specimens were subjected to (Scanning electron microscope) SEM analysis at 1000x for evaluating the smear layer and 5000x for evaluating the dentinal erosion, and a Vickers microhardness tester was used for evaluat- ing the reduction in dentine microhardness post-treatment. The values obtained were analysed using SPSS software for a statistically significant difference with Mann-Whitney U test for evaluating of smear layer remov- al and dentinal erosion and using one-way (Analysis of variance) ANOVA test for microhardness evaluation.
RESULTS
The smear layer removal capability of sodium gluconate was as effective as EDTA on the contrary so- dium gluconate did not cause any dentinal erosion compared to EDTA with a statistically significant difference (p=0.002 in middle third and p=0.001 in apical third of the canal). Microhardness reduction caused by sodium gluconate was less compared to EDTA, however, no statistically significant difference (p=0.113) was noted.
CONCLUSION
Sodium gluconate, therefore, can produce a balance between smear layer removal and dentinal decalcification and can be considered a potential alternative to EDTA. (EEJ-2023-01-017).
Topics: Humans; Edetic Acid; Root Canal Preparation; Smear Layer; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Root Canal Irrigants; Dentin; Sodium Hypochlorite; Gluconates
PubMed: 38219034
DOI: 10.14744/eej.2023.93063 -
European Endodontic Journal Mar 2024This in vitro study aimed to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation solutions, including Triton, 0.5% Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP), and 17%...
OBJECTIVE
This in vitro study aimed to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of different irrigation solutions, including Triton, 0.5% Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP), and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), on the smear layer removal of the root canal walls.
METHODS
Forty extracted sound mandibular premolars were examined; the samples were decoronated to obtain a root length of 14 mm. Each sample was instrumented using ProTaper Next rotary file X4 (40/0.06). The samples were longitudinally sectioned and examined under a scanning electron microscope at 3000x magnification in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds using a four-level scoring system.
RESULTS
Triton demonstrated the lowest mean smear layer removal (p>0.05) compared to the other irrigation solutions at all the levels of the root canal. No significant differences were observed (p>0.05) at the coronal and middle levels of the root canal between the CNP and EDTA groups. CNP demonstrated significantly more smear layer removal at the apical level compared to EDTA.
CONCLUSION
Smear layer removal was least effective with Triton at all the levels of the root canal compared to the other irrigation solutions tested in this study. CNP demonstrated superior smear layer removal at the apical level compared to the other irrigation solutions.
Topics: Humans; Edetic Acid; Root Canal Preparation; Smear Layer; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Root Canal Irrigants; Chitosan
PubMed: 38219031
DOI: 10.14744/eej.2023.58070 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jan 2024To support the daily oral hygiene of patients experiencing gum inflammation, a new mouthwash was developed containing an amine + zinc lactate + fluoride system.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To support the daily oral hygiene of patients experiencing gum inflammation, a new mouthwash was developed containing an amine + zinc lactate + fluoride system. In vitro and clinical efficacy was assessed using traditional methods as well as using novel site-specific and subject-specific analyses of the clinical data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This mouthwash was evaluated in a 12-h biofilm regrowth assay against a negative control mouthwash and in a 6-month plaque and gingivitis clinical study as compared to a negative control mouthwash. Analyses of healthy versus inflamed sites, visible plaque versus non-visible plaque sites, as well as subject-level evaluations bring new perspectives to the overall performance of this mouthwash and its significance from a patient outcome perspective.
RESULTS
Studies demonstrated that this new mouthwash provided long-term (12-h) antibacterial activity after single application in vitro and reduced clinically all plaque and gingivitis parameters after 3 months and 6 months of use when compared to the negative control mouthwash. Examination of site-level and subject-level data determined that this mouthwash significantly increased the number of healthy sites in the oral cavity and significantly improved the gum health of subjects in the study, as compared to the negative control mouthwash.
CONCLUSIONS
In vitro and clinical research has demonstrated the antibacterial and clinical benefits of this mouthwash containing an amine compound + zinc lactate + fluoride system.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Our subject-specific and site-specific analyses provide the dental practitioner with tools that can be used to guide patients who suffer from gingivitis toward optimal product selection and use.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (reference no. NCT05821712).
Topics: Humans; Mouthwashes; Fluorides; Lactic Acid; Dentists; Professional Role; Dental Plaque; Treatment Outcome; Gingivitis; Double-Blind Method; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Zinc; Dental Plaque Index; Zinc Compounds
PubMed: 38217757
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05487-0 -
Brazilian Oral Research 2024This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and extent of bleeding on probing and calculus in 12-year-old schoolchildren of Quito, Ecuador, and evaluate the associated...
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and extent of bleeding on probing and calculus in 12-year-old schoolchildren of Quito, Ecuador, and evaluate the associated factors. We conducted an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of 1,100 12-year-old schoolchildren from public schools in the urban area of Quito, Ecuador. We assessed the periodontal health using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The prevalence and extent of the periodontal condition was based on the presence of at least one site with bleeding on probing (BOP), and the presence of dental calculus was also evaluated. We used univariate and multiple multilevel Poisson regression analyses to verify the association between the independent variables and the number of sextants with BOP and calculus. The prevalence of BOP and calculus was 92% and 69.9%, respectively. The adjusted mean of the affected sextants was 4.3 and 2.2 for BOP and calculus, respectively. The mother's schooling and malocclusion were associated with the number of sextants with bleeding. The mother's schooling and dental caries experience were associated with calculus. Gingival bleeding and the presence of dental calculus are highly prevalent in 12-year-old schoolchildren from Quito. Gingival bleeding is associated with maternal education and malocclusion, and dental calculus is associated with maternal education and dental caries.
Topics: Humans; Child; Ecuador; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Gingival Hemorrhage; Malocclusion
PubMed: 38198302
DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0002 -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2024The effects of Easydo Activator (EA), a new sonic irrigation system, on sealer penetration at the root apex were compared to needle irrigation (NI) and passive... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The effects of Easydo Activator (EA), a new sonic irrigation system, on sealer penetration at the root apex were compared to needle irrigation (NI) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) in this study. Forty-two single-rooted teeth were prepared and randomly divided into three groups (n = 14): group 1: NI; group 2: PUI; and group 3: EA. A solution of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was used for irrigation. Nine teeth in each group were filled with AH Plus sealer mixed with CY5 fluorescent dye and a single gutta-percha cone. The sealer penetration area, maximum penetration depth and percentage of sealer penetration at 5 mm and 1 mm from the apex were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The remaining 5 teeth in each group were subjected to test smear layer scores by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CLSM evaluation showed that increases in the area, depth and percentage of sealer penetration were detected at 1 and 5 mm from the root apex in the PUI group compared with the NI group, and greater increases were observed in the EA group (P < 0.05). The SEM experiment showed that the lowest scores for the smear layer and debris removal were achieved by the EA group when compared with the PUI and NI groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, EA was superior to PUI and NI regarding sealer penetration at the root apex during endodontic treatment, and it could provide a new technical idea for clinical root canal therapy.
Topics: Humans; Dental Care; Gutta-Percha; Microscopy, Confocal; Smear Layer; Ultrasonics
PubMed: 38195412
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03833-y -
International Journal of Oral Science Jan 2024The reduction of nitrate to nitrite by the oral microbiota has been proposed to be important for oral health and results in nitric oxide formation that can improve...
The reduction of nitrate to nitrite by the oral microbiota has been proposed to be important for oral health and results in nitric oxide formation that can improve cardiometabolic conditions. Studies of bacterial composition in subgingival plaque suggest that nitrate-reducing bacteria are associated with periodontal health, but the impact of periodontitis on nitrate-reducing capacity (NRC) and, therefore, nitric oxide availability has not been evaluated. The current study aimed to evaluate how periodontitis affects the NRC of the oral microbiota. First, 16S rRNA sequencing data from five different countries were analyzed, revealing that nitrate-reducing bacteria were significantly lower in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.05 in all five datasets with n = 20-82 samples per dataset). Secondly, subgingival plaque, saliva, and plasma samples were obtained from 42 periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment. The oral NRC was determined in vitro by incubating saliva with 8 mmol/L nitrate (a concentration found in saliva after nitrate-rich vegetable intake) and compared with the NRC of 15 healthy individuals. Salivary NRC was found to be diminished in periodontal patients before treatment (P < 0.05) but recovered to healthy levels 90 days post-treatment. Additionally, the subgingival levels of nitrate-reducing bacteria increased after treatment and correlated negatively with periodontitis-associated bacteria (P < 0.01). No significant effect of periodontal treatment on the baseline saliva and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels was found, indicating that differences in the NRC may only be revealed after nitrate intake. Our results suggest that an impaired NRC in periodontitis could limit dietary nitrate-derived nitric oxide levels, and the effect on systemic health should be explored in future studies.
Topics: Humans; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitrites; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Periodontitis; Bacteria; Dental Plaque; Saliva; Microbiota
PubMed: 38177101
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00266-9