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Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2021Despite the global use of rotavirus vaccines, vaccine breakthrough cases remain a pediatric health problem. In this study, we investigated suspected rotavirus vaccine...
Despite the global use of rotavirus vaccines, vaccine breakthrough cases remain a pediatric health problem. In this study, we investigated suspected rotavirus vaccine breakthrough cases using next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based viral metagenomics ( = 102) and a panel of semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) ( = 92) targeting known enteric pathogens. Overall, we identified coinfections in 80% of the cases. Enteropathogens such as adenovirus (32%), enterovirus (15%), diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (1 to 14%), astrovirus (10%), spp. (10%), parechovirus (9%), norovirus (9%), Clostridioides (formerly ) difficile (9%), Dientamoeba fragilis (9%), sapovirus (8%), Campylobacter jejuni (4%), and Giardia lamblia (4%) were detected. Except for a few reassortant rotavirus strains, unusual genotypes or genotype combinations were not present. However, in addition to well-known enteric viruses, divergent variants of enteroviruses and nonclassic astroviruses were identified using NGS. We estimated that in 31.5% of the patients, rotavirus was likely not the cause of gastroenteritis, and in 14.1% of the patients, it contributed together with another pathogen(s) to disease. The remaining 54.4% of the patients likely had a true vaccine breakthrough infection. The high prevalence of alternative enteropathogens in the suspected rotavirus vaccine breakthrough cases suggests that gastroenteritis is often the result of a coinfection and that rotavirus vaccine effectiveness might be underestimated in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Topics: Child; Feces; Humans; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rotavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 34586890
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01236-21 -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Sep 2021While the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) has been most commonly studied in African and Asian populations, less is known about the prevalence rates... (Review)
Review
While the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPI) has been most commonly studied in African and Asian populations, less is known about the prevalence rates of IPI in European children, as well as the potential risk factors that favor the spread of parasites. We aimed to review published evidence on the prevalence rates of IPI in children residing in Europe, and to quantitatively synthesize the results of published studies. We searched Medline from 1 January 2015 to 1 April 2021 to address the most recently published prevalence patterns of IPI in European children. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed by type of IPI infection, age group and sex, depending on data availability. Of the 967 potentially relevant articles, eight eligible cross-sectional studies were included in this analysis, yielding a sample of 3376 children (0-19 years). The overall prevalence rate was 5.9% for any IPI in children residing in European countries. was the most commonly detected parasite yielding a prevalence rate of 10.7%. Other parasites included and . Studies focusing on specific types of parasites showed prevalence rates ranging from 1.3% for to 68.3% for . Despite the scarce literature, the present review showed relatively low prevalence rates of IPI in Europe. Future studies accounting for proper diagnostic methods used for the detection of parasites and including information on potential sociodemographic factors, such as travelling history and history of immigration, are needed to guide clinicians about which children to test, as well as when and how to test children for IPI.
PubMed: 34564544
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030160 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2021Food handlers regardless of whether preparing or serving food, play key roles in the transmission of food-borne infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Food handlers regardless of whether preparing or serving food, play key roles in the transmission of food-borne infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in food handlers in Iran. In the present study, a comprehensive literature search was carried out in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), Iran Medex and Iran Doc, to identify all the published studies from 2000 to 31st April 2019. A total of 25 articles from different regions of Iran were identified and fulfilled our eligibility criteria. Totally, 140,447 cases were examined and 1163 cases were infected with intestinal parasites. Of all cases, 19,516 were male and 5901 were female with 1163 and 652 infected cases, respectively. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was evaluated 14.0% [95% CI: 11.0-17.0%]. It is revealed that protozoan, such as Giardia lamblia, with prevalence of 41.0% [95% CI: 25.0-59.0%], Blastosystis hominis with 28.0% [95% CI: 15.0-44.0%] and Entamoeba coli with 22.0% [95% CI: 16.0-29.0%] had the highest prevalence while, Dientamoeba fragilis 5.0% [95% CI: 4.0-7.0%], Iodamoeba bütschlii 5.0% [95% CI: 2.0-8.0%], Chilomastix mesnili 5.0% [95% CI: 2.0-9.0%] and Endolimax nana with 3.0% [95% CI: 1.0-7.0%], were less prevalent. Infection with Ascaris lumbricoides7.0% [95% CI: 0.0-29.0%] was more prevalent helminth followed with Enterobius vermicularis 3.0% [95% CI: 1.0-5.0%], Hymenolepis nana 2.0% [95% CI: 1.0-3.0%], Taenia spp. 2.0% [95% CI: 0.0-7.0%] and Trichuris trichiura 1.0% [95% CI: 0.0-1.0%]. The high prevalence of commensal parasites, such as Entamoeba coli, which does not need cure is indicating the importance of personal hygiene in food handlers. Our results revealed the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in food handlers in Iran. Monitoring programs to prevent and controlling of transmission to individuals are needed.
Topics: Animals; Feces; Female; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Iran; Male; Prevalence
PubMed: 34358411
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.590 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Aug 2021() is a flagellated protozoan with an amoeba-like morphology, located in the gastrointestinal tract. The hypothesis was that the parasite was transported by () eggs....
OBJECTIVE
() is a flagellated protozoan with an amoeba-like morphology, located in the gastrointestinal tract. The hypothesis was that the parasite was transported by () eggs. This study aimed to determine the association of and with the genotypes of the identified strain of . Results of trichrome staining were compared with those of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is widely used in the diagnosis of .
METHODS
A total of 391 samples were obtained. The stool and cellophane slide samples were sent together to the Parasitology Department Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, between 1 October 2017 and 1 October 2018. Stool samples of all patients with (n=74) and without (n=74) infection were used. All samples were examined for the presence of by trichrome staining and PCR. The 18S ribosomal RNA region of isolates was sequenced. Demographic characteristics and clinical findings of the patients were evaluated.
RESULTS
was detected in 42 (28.37%) of 148 samples; 28 (66.6%) of them were detected in patients with infection. The coexistence of two parasites was significant (p<0.05). All isolates sequenced were genotype 1. No significant relationship was found between the presence of parasites and clinical findings, living area and gender (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION
is frequently associated with , so the presence of should be also considered in affected patients. The use of high-sensitivity molecular methods such as PCR is important in preventing false results.
AMAÇ
(), amip benzeri morfolojiye sahip, gastrointestinal yerleşimli, kamçılı bir protozoondur. Parazitin () yumurtalarıyla taşındığı hipotezi kabul görmektedir. Çalışmamızda ve birlikteliğini incelemek, bulunan ’lerin genotiplerini belirlemek ve tanısında yaygın olarak kullanılan trikrom boyama ile polimeraz zincir reaksiyon (PZR) yöntemlerini karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır.
YÖNTEMLER
Çalışmamızda Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Laboratuvarı’na 1 Ekim 2017-1 Ekim 2018 tarihleri arasında dışkı ve selofan lam örneği birlikte gönderilmiş toplam 391 olgu örneği incelenmiştir. Selofanlı lam örneklerinde saptanan tüm gönüllü olguların (74 olgu) dışkı örneği ile negatif 74 olgunun dışkı örneği çalışılmıştır. Tüm dışkılar trikrom boyama ve PZR yöntemleri ile varlığı açısından incelenmiştir. Saptanan izolatlarının 18S ribozomal RNA bölgesi sekanslanmıştır. Olguların demografik özellikleri ve kliniği değerlendirilmiştir.
BULGULAR
Toplam 148 olgunun 42’sinde (%28,37) saptanmıştır. pozitif olan 42 olgunun %66,6’sını pozitif olgular oluşturmuş ve iki parazitin birlikteliği anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Sekanslanan tüm izolatlar genotip 1 olarak saptanmıştır. Klinik bulgular, yaşanılan bölge ve cinsiyet ile parazit varlığı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanamamıştır (p>0,05).
SONUÇ
Araştırmamızda ’in sıklıkla ile birliktelik gösterdiği ve bu olgularda varlığına ayrıca dikkat edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Yanlış sonuçları engellemede, yüksek duyarlılığa sahip PZR gibi yöntemlerin önemi bir kez daha görülmüştür.
Topics: Animals; Dientamoeba; Dientamoebiasis; Enterobiasis; Enterobius; Feces; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 34346875
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2021.7257 -
Microorganisms May 2021Several parasite species are shared between humans and pigs. We explored the application of next-generation sequencing-based metabarcoding supplemented with real-time...
Several parasite species are shared between humans and pigs. We explored the application of next-generation sequencing-based metabarcoding supplemented with real-time PCR to fecal DNAs from 259 samples from 116 pigs in Denmark to detect and differentiate single-celled intestinal parasites of zoonotic relevance. , , and were observed in 34/37 (92%), 148/259 (57%), and 86/259 (33%) samples, respectively. ST1, ST3, and were detected in 104/259 (40%), 161/259 (62%), and 8/259 (3%) samples, respectively. Metabarcoding and real-time PCR detected in 90/259 (35%) and 239/259 (92%) of the samples, respectively, with and observed in nearly equal proportions. subtypes 1, 3, 5, and 15 were found in 72 (28%), 6 (2%), 176 (68%), and 36 (14%) of 259 samples, respectively. was identified in 1/259 samples (<1%), while none of 37 tested samples was positive for . Our results illustrate how metabarcoding exemplifies a 'one-fits-many' approach to detecting intestinal single-celled parasites in feces supplemented with real-time PCR for selected parasites. Using metabarcoding with pathogen-specific assays may help detect emerging and previously underdetected pathogens and further elucidate the role of micro-eukaryotic parasites in human and animal health and disease.
PubMed: 34073014
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061189 -
Revista Do Instituto de Medicina... 2021In order to provide additional data on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Dientamoeba fragilis in human populations, we conducted a study in children from...
In order to provide additional data on the prevalence and genetic diversity of Dientamoeba fragilis in human populations, we conducted a study in children from low-income communities in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Fecal samples from daycare center attendees up to 6 years old (n=156) and staff members (n=18) were submitted to PCR and sequencing of D. fragilis as well as to microscopic examination for the presence of other intestinal parasites. All children assessed were asymptomatic and 10.3% (16/156) were positive for D. fragilis. No worker was found to be positive. An association between Dientamoeba and coinfection with other intestinal parasites was observed. Concerning the genetic diversity, 14 and only two isolates were genotype 1 and genotype 2, respectively. Our findings outline interesting aspects: (1) asymptomatic children as carriers of Dientamoeba in communities in which environmental conditions ensure parasite transmission and, (2) association between Dientamoeba infection in young children and coinfection with other enteric parasites, reinforcing its transmission via the fecal-oral route.
Topics: Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Dientamoeba; Dientamoebiasis; Feces; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Prevalence
PubMed: 33978095
DOI: 10.1590/S1678-9946202163039 -
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 2021
Comparison of five commercial real-time PCRs for in-vitro diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Dientamoeba fragilis in human stool samples.
Topics: Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Cyclospora; Dientamoeba; Entamoeba histolytica; Feces; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 33812018
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102042 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021, the brown or Norway rat, is the most abundant mammal after humans in urban areas, where they live in close proximity to people. Among rodent-borne diseases, the...
, the brown or Norway rat, is the most abundant mammal after humans in urban areas, where they live in close proximity to people. Among rodent-borne diseases, the reservoir role of Norway rats of zoonotic parasites in cities has practically been ignored. Considering the parasitic diseases in the One Health approach, we intended to identify and quantify the zoonotic intestinal protozoans (ZIP) in an urban population of in the city of Barcelona, Spain. We studied the presence of ZIP in 100 rats trapped in parks ( = 15) as well as in the city's sewage system ( = 85) in the winter of 2016/17. The protozoans were molecularly identified by means of a multiplex PCR (Allplex Gastrointestinal Panel-Parasite Assay). We also investigated the presence of co-infections among the species found. Four ZIP were identified, presenting significant prevalences in sewers, specifically (83.5%) (37.7%), spp. (34.1%), and (14.1%). Several co-infections among the detected ZIP were also detected. The reservoir role of ZIP that Norway rats play in cities as well as the role rats may play as sentinels of zoonotic parasites affecting humans in urban areas are strongly backed up by our findings. The increasing worldwide urbanization, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic are factors that are producing an increase in human-rat interactions. Our results should be considered a warning to the authorities to intensify rat control and surveillance in public health interventions.
PubMed: 33799948
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030311 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Mar 2021Immunocompromised patients are at a greater risk of developing intestinal parasite infections. In this study, we examined the presence of and other intestinal protozoa...
OBJECTIVE
Immunocompromised patients are at a greater risk of developing intestinal parasite infections. In this study, we examined the presence of and other intestinal protozoa in stool samples of immunosuppressed patients.
METHODS
A total of 100 stool samples were obtained from patients receiving chemotherapy because of solid organ tumour with haematological malignancies and those receiving immunosuppressive treatment because of rheumatic diseases, organ transplant patients and patients receiving treatment for HIV-related infections. Stool samples were examined by using the native-lugol method in which the stool concentration, modified Kinyoun acid-fast and trichrome staining methods and parasite presence were analysed. The stool samples were also examined for the presence of and using an indirect fluorescent antibody method.
RESULTS
Intestinal parasites were detected in 12% of all patients. The distribution of intestinal parasites in patients were 7% spp., 2% spp. + , 1% spp. + , 1% spp. + and 1% spp. were detected in 4% of all patients by the IFAT method and in 8% of all patients by calcoflour staining method.
CONCLUSION
In our study, the most prevalent parasite detected in the immunosuppressed patients was spp. The pathogenesis of spp. remains to be controversial, and their role in immunocompromised patients continues to remain unknown. Although these rates detected in our study are similar to the prevalence in the normal population, it is important to study these microorganisms in immunocompromised patients in terms of the associated decreasing morbidity and mortality rates.
Topics: Blastocystis; Dientamoeba; Entamoeba; Feces; Giardia; Hospitals, University; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Microsporidia; Prevalence
PubMed: 33685067
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.6819 -
Journal of Microbiological Methods Dec 2020Microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in many countries, including Cuba, although molecular approaches often have higher...
Microscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of intestinal parasitic diseases in many countries, including Cuba, although molecular approaches often have higher sensitivity as well as other advantages. Fecal samples from 133 patients were analyzed by light microscopy and also real-time multiplex qPCR targeting Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba histolytica, and, separately, Dientamoeba fragilis. Microscopy revealed G. duodenalis occurred most commonly (17 patients), followed by Blastocystis spp. (12 patients). In a few patients, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora cayetanensis were identified. Molecular analysis identified 4 more G. duodenalis infections and 2 more Cryptosporidium spp. infections; concordance between microscopy and PCR showed almost perfect agreement for G. duodenalis (κ = 0.88) and substantial agreement for Cryptosporidium (κ = 0.74). PCR indicated that E. dispar, rather than E. histolytica, had been identified by microscopy. Additionally, 16 D. fragilis infections were detected using molecular methods. Although both microscopy and molecular techniques have a place in parasitology diagnostics, for parasites such as D. fragilis, where microscopy can underestimate occurrence, molecular techniques may be preferable, and also essential for distinguishing between morphologically similar microorganisms such as E. histolytica and E. dispar. Although in resource-constrained countries such as Cuba, microscopy is extremely important as a diagnostic tool for intestinal parasites, inclusion of molecular techniques could be invaluable for selected protozoa.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Cuba; Dientamoeba; Dientamoebiasis; Entamoeba histolytica; Entamoebiasis; Feces; Female; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 33188802
DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106102