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Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024An 8-year-old male neutered Miniature Schnauzer was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus based on fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria after a 2-week history of polydipsia...
An 8-year-old male neutered Miniature Schnauzer was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus based on fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria after a 2-week history of polydipsia and periuria, in line with the Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology consensus definition. Treatment of insulin and dietary management was initiated. The insulin dose was gradually reduced and eventually discontinued over the next year based on spot blood glucose concentrations that revealed euglycemia or hypoglycemia. After discontinuation, the dog remained free of clinical signs for 1 year until it was again presented for polyuria/polydipsia with fasting hyperglycemia and glucosuria. Insulin therapy was resumed and continued for the remainder of the dog's life. Although diabetic remission often occurs in cats and humans, the presumed etiopathogenesis of pancreatic beta cell loss makes remission rare in dogs, except for cases occurring with diestrus or pregnancy. This case demonstrates that diabetic remission is possible in dogs, even in cases without an identifiable reversible trigger.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Female; Male; Dogs; Cats; Animals; Remission, Spontaneous; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Insulin; Hyperglycemia; Recurrence; Polydipsia; Cat Diseases; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 38240130
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16991 -
Archives of Razi Institute Aug 2023Ginseng is known as the king of all herbs in terms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and recently has become more involved in the treatment of neurological...
Ginseng is known as the king of all herbs in terms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and recently has become more involved in the treatment of neurological diseases. In this regard, this study aimed to determine the effects of on pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy during the estrus cycle. For this purpose, 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups, namely control (saline), valproic acid (VPA, 75 mg/kg), (50 mg/kg), (100 mg/kg), and (150 mg/kg) with four subgroups (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus). Subsequently, the initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), initiation time of tonic-clonic seizures (ITTS), and seizure duration (SD) were determined. According to the results, ITMS and ITTS significantly increased in the VPA-treated group (<0.05). (100 and 150 mg/kg) administration significantly increased ITMS and ITTS (<0.05). Moreover, the ITMS and ITTS in -treated rats were significantly higher in luteal phases, compared to the follicular phase (<0.05). In addition, pretreatment with VPA significantly decreased SD, compared to the control group (<0.05). A significant decrease in SD was observed in the rats pretreated with (100 and 150 mg/kg) (<0.05). Seizure duration significantly decreased in animals that received in luteal phases, compared to the follicular phase (<0.05). These results suggested that have anticonvulsant effects that are more prominent during the luteal phase than the follicular phase.
Topics: Animals; Female; Rats; Anticonvulsants; Estrus; Ginsenosides; Pentylenetetrazole; Seizures; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 38226383
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1359 -
Physiological Research Dec 2023Agomelatine is a pharmaceutical compound that functions as an agonist for melatonin receptors, with a particular affinity for the MT1 and MT2 receptor subtypes. Its mode...
Modulation of Melatonin Receptors Regulates Reproductive Physiology: The Impact of Agomelatine on the Estrus Cycle, Gestation, Offspring, and Uterine Contractions in Rats.
Agomelatine is a pharmaceutical compound that functions as an agonist for melatonin receptors, with a particular affinity for the MT1 and MT2 receptor subtypes. Its mode of action is integral to the regulation of diverse physiological processes, encompassing the orchestration of circadian rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, and mood modulation. In the present study, we delve into the intricate interplay between agomelatine and the modulation of estrus cycles, gestation periods, offspring numbers, and uterine contractions, shedding light on their collective impact on reproductive physiology. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed. Wistar Albino rats, divided into four groups: two non-pregnant groups (D1 and D2) and two pregnant groups (G1 and G2). The D1 and G1 groups served as control groups, while the D2 and G2 groups received chronic agomelatine administration (10 mg/kg). Uterine contractions were assessed in vitro using myometrial strips. Luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist, was employed to investigate the pathway mediating agomelatine's effects on uterine contractions. In in vivo studies, chronic agomelatine administration extended the diestrus phase (p<0.05) in non-pregnant rats, prolonged the gestational period (p<0.01), and increased the fetal count (p<0.01) in pregnant rats. Additionally, agomelatine reduced plasma oxytocin and prostoglandin-E levels (p<0.01) during pregnancy. In vitro experiments showed that agomelatine dose-dependently inhibited spontaneous and oxytocin-induced myometrial contractions. Luzindole (2 µM) reverse the agomelatine-induced inhibition of myometrial contractions. These findings suggest that agomelatine holds the potential to modulate diverse reproductive parameters during the gestational period, influencing estrus cycling, gestational progression, offspring development, and the orchestration of uterine contractions.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Rats; Animals; Receptors, Melatonin; Rats, Wistar; Uterine Contraction; Oxytocin; Melatonin; Tryptamines
PubMed: 38215065
DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935064 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2024This study aimed to investigate the microbial characteristics of yak uteri collected using intrauterine cotton swabs (CS) during different reproductive stages and the...
INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to investigate the microbial characteristics of yak uteri collected using intrauterine cotton swabs (CS) during different reproductive stages and the correlation of these microbial characteristics with reproductive status.
METHODS
We used a macrogenomic approach to analyze the functional aspects of different microorganisms in samples collected during the pre-estrus, estrus, late estrus, and diestrus stages.
RESULTS
The results revealed the presence of 1293 microbial genera and 3401 microbial species in the uteri of yaks at different reproductive stages. The dominant bacterial species varied across the different periods, with Micrococcus and Proteus being dominant during pre-estrus; Pseudomonas, Clostridium, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus during estrus; Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Proteus during late estrus; and Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Proteus during diestrus.
DISCUSSION
The primary functions of these bacteria are enriched in various metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, intracellular transport and secretion, post-translational protein modification, and drug resistance. These findings suggest that the microbial diversity in the uterus of yaks plays a crucial role in reproductive regulation and can help prevent reproductive tract-related diseases.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Uterus; Estrus; Reproduction
PubMed: 38172906
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03845-4 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Neuroendocrine alterations in the mid-life hypothalamus coupled with reproductive decline herald the initiation of menopausal transition. The certain feature and...
BACKGROUND
Neuroendocrine alterations in the mid-life hypothalamus coupled with reproductive decline herald the initiation of menopausal transition. The certain feature and contribution of gut microflora and metabolites to neuroendocrine changes in the menopausal transition remain largely unknown.
METHODS
Fecal samples of rats experiencing different reproductive stages were collected and processed for 16S rRNA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry sequencing. The differences of gut microbiota and metabolites between young and middle-aged rats during proestrus and diestrus were analyzed, and their relationships to neuroendocrine aging were then examined.
RESULTS
At the genus level, were abundant at proestrus, while were enriched in the diestrus of middle-aged rats. were found abundant during proestrus instead, while were enriched at the diestrus of young female individuals. Discriminatory metabolites were identified involving 90 metabolic pathways among the animal sets, which were enriched for steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic metabolism, primary bile acid synthesis, and ovarian steroidogenesis. A total of 21 metabolites lacking in hormone-associated changes in middle-aged female individuals presented positive or negative correlations with the circulating luteinizing hormone, bile acid, fibroblast growth factor 19, and gut hormones. Moreover, close correlations were detected between the intestinal bacteria and their metabolites.
CONCLUSION
This study documents specific gut microbial composition changes and concomitant shifting trends of metabolites during menopausal transition, which may initiate the gut-brain dysfunction in neuroendocrine aging.
Topics: Rats; Female; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Luteinizing Hormone; Aging; Menopause; Estrus; Bile Acids and Salts
PubMed: 38161977
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1282694 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Several variables influence the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in dogs, including breed, age, drugs, and concurrent diseases. However, data regarding the...
BACKGROUND
Several variables influence the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in dogs, including breed, age, drugs, and concurrent diseases. However, data regarding the interaction between thyroid function and the estrous stage of female dogs are limited.
HYPOTHESIS
Estrous stage may influence thyroid function in German Shepherd dogs.
METHODS
Longitudinal, observational, non-randomized cohort study. The dogs were monitored during the complete estrous cycle, and different stages were determined by vaginal cytology. Two blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each stage to analyze the following: total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), canine thyrotropin (cTSH), progesterone, 17-β-estradiol, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study period.
ANIMALS
Seventeen German Shepherds were included, of which 7 were bred during the study period. One dog was excluded for estrus interruption and another for suspected hypothyroidism.
RESULTS
Serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and fT3 were negatively correlated with age. Total thyroxine demonstrated significant changes in serum concentrations between estrous stages, with higher concentrations in estrus and diestrus. Total thyroxine concentrations were positively correlated with progesterone concentrations and negatively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. Free thyroxine did not show significant variations but was positively correlated with progesterone concentrations. Canine TSH concentrations were positively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. No significant differences in thyroid hormones and cTSH concentrations were observed between diestrus during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS
Different stages of estrus can influence the measurement of TT4 in female dogs.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Dogs; Animals; Female; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine; Thyroid Gland; Cohort Studies; Progesterone; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Estradiol
PubMed: 38093496
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16959 -
PloS One 2023Sex hormones exert a wide influence on several systems of the human body, especially in women, who undergo intense changes in the trans and postmenopausal periods....
Sex hormones exert a wide influence on several systems of the human body, especially in women, who undergo intense changes in the trans and postmenopausal periods. Different experimental models are used to mimic these conditions; however, the impact on hormonal profile may be different. This study aimed to analyze and compare vaginal cytology of different post-estropausal mice models, along with their microscopical ovarian features. Forty-six C57BL/6J female mice with the ages of 4, 6 and 18 months at the beginning of the experiment, weighing about 25-28 grams, constituted five groups: NC-(negative control) animals with no treatment, OVX-SHAM-sham ovariectomized, OVX-ovariectomized, VCD-medicated with 160 mg/kg/day of 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide via IP for 20 consecutive days, and Aged-senescent mice under physiological estropause. Euthanasia was performed at different periods for the removal of the ovaries, and after diestrus was confirmed by vaginal cytology for 10 consecutive days. For daily vaginal cytology, morphological and histomorphometric microscopic analyzes were performed. Aged mice presented significant increased neutrophils when compared to VCD group, as well as increased cornified epithelial cells when compared to OVX mice, and also increased nucleated epithelial cells when compared to VCD and OVX. NC and OVX-SHAM ovaries presented innumerous follicles at different stages of development, while VCD showed marked follicular atresia, depleted of primordial or developing follicles and a predominance of interstitial cells. The ovaries of aged mice were predominantly constituted by corpus luteum degenerated into corpus albicans, with rare antral follicles. All analyzed models led to different permanent diestrus profiles caused by each model, as indicated by ovarian features. This should be carefully considered when choosing a post-estropausal experimental model, in order to better correlate this challenging phase of female's life with physiological/pathological conditions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Mice; Animals; Aged; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Cyclohexanes; Diestrus; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Follicular Atresia; Cyclohexenes; Disease Models, Animal; Menopause, Premature; Vinyl Compounds
PubMed: 38064437
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284887 -
Behavioural Brain Research Feb 2024This study investigated the antinociceptive potential of cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female Wistar rats. The assessment and analysis included tail withdrawal to...
This study investigated the antinociceptive potential of cannabidiol (CBD) in male and female Wistar rats. The assessment and analysis included tail withdrawal to thermal stimulation (tail flick test) and mechanical allodynia induced by plantar incision injury (von Frey test). CBD reduced acute thermal sensitivity in uninjured animals and post-operative mechanical allodynia in males and females. In the tail flick test, CBD 30 mg/kg i.p. was required to induce antinociception in males. During the proestrus phase, females did not show a statistically significant antinociceptive response to CBD treatment despite a noticeable trend. In contrast, in a separate group of rats tested during the late diestrus phase, antinociception varied with CBD dosage and time. In the post-operative pain model, CBD at 3 mg/kg decreased mechanical allodynia in males. Similarly, this dose reduced allodynia in females during proestrus. However, in females during late diestrus, the lower dose of CBD (0.3 mg/kg) reduced mechanical allodynia, although the latency to onset of the effect was slower (90 min). The effectiveness of a 10-fold lower dose of CBD during the late diestrus stage in females suggests that ovarian hormones can influence the action of CBD. While CBD has potential for alleviating pain in humans, personalized dosing regimens may need to be developed to treat pain in women.
Topics: Rats; Female; Male; Humans; Animals; Cannabidiol; Hyperalgesia; Rats, Wistar; Pain, Postoperative; Analgesics
PubMed: 38048909
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114793 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jun 2023Because of the mutual relationship between neural inflammation and seizure, this study aimed to determine the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the...
Because of the mutual relationship between neural inflammation and seizure, this study aimed to determine the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures during the estrous cycle in rats. A total of 105 adult female Wistar rats were selected and divided into seven groups, including the control (saline), ketorolac tris salt (7.5, 15, and 30 µg), and methylprednisolone acetate (0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 µg), each with four subgroups (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) and three replicates (n=5). After a week of acclimatization, the estrous phase determination and synchronization were performed. Acute epilepsy was inspired by the intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg of PTZ 30 min after the ICV injection of ketorolac and methylprednisolone acetate. The initiation time of myoclonic seizures (ITMS), the initiation time of tonic-clonic seizures (ITTS), seizure duration (SD), and mortality rate (MR) were measured for 30 min. Data were shown as mean±SD and analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post hoc test (<0.05). According to the results, ketorolac (15 and 30 µg) and methylprednisolone acetate (0.3 and 0.6 µg) significantly increased the ITTS and ITMS but decreased SD during the estrous cycle, compared to the control (<0.05). Moreover, MR and SD were significantly decreased by ketorolac (7.5, 15, and 30 µg) and methylprednisolone (0.3 and 0.6 µg), compared to the control during the estrous cycle (<0.05). Therefore, it seems that both ketorolac and methylprednisolone possess dose-dependent anticonvulsant effects that may decrease neural inflammation.
Topics: Rats; Female; Animals; Rats, Wistar; Ketorolac; Methylprednisolone Acetate; Estrous Cycle; Seizures; Inflammation; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38028823
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.360115.2553 -
Heliyon Nov 2023Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is characterized by multiple ovarian cysts, irregular menstrual...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women of reproductive age and is characterized by multiple ovarian cysts, irregular menstrual cycles, and excessive androgen hormone production. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin in alleviating PCOS-induced alterations in female Wistar rats. PCOS was induced in female albino rats by administering letrozole at a dose of 1 mg/kg for 21 days. A total of 24 rats were randomly selected and divided into four groups: group I (normal control), group II (melatonin treatment), group III (letrozole treatment), and group IV (melatonin therapy for PCOS rats). Physical parameters (body and uterus weight), hormone profile (LH and FSH), and steroidogenic enzyme activities and an oral glucose test were assessed using standard methods. Histological analysis was performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results demonstrated that exogenous melatonin administration significantly improved PCOS symptoms in rats, including reduced body weight gain, changes in organ weight/body weight index, blood glucose level, percentage diestrus phase, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and LH/FSH ratio, as well as 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD enzyme activity. Histopathological findings revealed well-developed follicles, decreased cystic follicles, and increased antral follicles, Graafian follicles, and corpus luteum in PCOS rats treated with melatonin. These positive outcomes suggest that exogenous melatonin may hold promise as a valuable remedy for PCOS conditions in female rats. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications of melatonin in the context of PCOS.
PubMed: 38027664
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21237