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PeerJ 2024The burgeoning issue of landfill leachate, exacerbated by urbanization, necessitates evaluating its biological impact, traditionally overshadowed by physical and...
The burgeoning issue of landfill leachate, exacerbated by urbanization, necessitates evaluating its biological impact, traditionally overshadowed by physical and chemical assessments. This study harnesses , a model organism, to elucidate the physiological toxicity of landfill leachate subjected to different treatment processes: nanofiltration reverse osmosis tail water (NFRO), membrane bioreactor (MBR), and raw leachate (RAW). Our investigation focuses on the modulation of sugar metabolism, particularly trehalose-a disaccharide serving dual functions as an energy source and an anti-adversity molecule in invertebrates. Upon exposure, showcased a 60-70% reduction in glucose and glycogen levels alongside a significant trehalose increase, highlighting an adaptive response to environmental stress by augmenting trehalose synthesis. Notably, trehalose-related genes in the NFRO group were up-regulated, contrasting with the MBR and RAW groups, where trehalose synthesis genes outpaced decomposition genes by 20-30 times. These findings suggest that predominantly counters landfill leachate-induced stress through trehalose accumulation. This research not only provides insights into the differential impact of leachate treatment methods on but also proposes a molecular framework for assessing the environmental repercussions of landfill leachate, contributing to the development of novel strategies for pollution mitigation and environmental preservation.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Trehalose; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 38799059
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17332 -
Veterinary World Apr 2024Stingless bees are generally found in tropical countries, including Indonesia. In West Sumatra, stingless bees are known as , consist of several species with different...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Stingless bees are generally found in tropical countries, including Indonesia. In West Sumatra, stingless bees are known as , consist of several species with different characteristics; however, the properties of honey produced by stingless bees have not yet been explored. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities as well as the microbiota profile of stingless bee honey from the bee species , , , and that are intensively developed in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Honey produced by the stingless bee species , . , , and originating in West Sumatra was examined in the present study. The physicochemical properties (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl technique), total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu method), antimicrobial activity (Agar-Well diffusion test), total lactic acid bacteria, and microbiota diversity were measured in stingless bee honey samples.
RESULTS
Stingless bee species significantly affected the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and total lactic acid bacteria (p = 0.05), except for the crude fiber content. The carbohydrate profiles of honey produced by and were dominated by monosaccharides, whereas those of honey from and were dominated by disaccharides. In terms of antioxidant activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC] value), there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between honey from , , and , but there were significant differences (p > 0.05) between honey from . The honey of and had the highest total phenolic content (65.65 ± 14.00 and 69.78 ± 8.06, respectively). In addition, honey from the four stingless bee species showed antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic bacteria , , , and . From the principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) results, it can be concluded that the microbiota profiles of the four stingless bee honey samples differed.
CONCLUSION
The results showed that honey from , , , and has different physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and microbiota diversity. By knowing the content of this stingless bee honey, the results of this study can be used as information that this stingless bee honey has the potential as a functional food that is beneficial for health.
PubMed: 38798299
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.785-795 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024Trehalose serves as a crucial osmolyte and plays a significant role in stress tolerance. The influence of exogenously added trehalose (1 and 5 mM) in alleviating the...
Alleviating chromium-induced oxidative stress in Vigna radiata through exogenous trehalose application: insights into growth, photosynthetic efficiency, mineral nutrient uptake, and reactive oxygen species scavenging enzyme activity enhancement.
Trehalose serves as a crucial osmolyte and plays a significant role in stress tolerance. The influence of exogenously added trehalose (1 and 5 mM) in alleviating the chromium (Cr; 0.5 mM) stress-induced decline in growth, photosynthesis, mineral uptake, antioxidant system and nitrate reductase activity in Vigna radiata was studied. Chromium (Cr) significantly declined shoot height (39.33%), shoot fresh weight (35.54%), shoot dry weight (36.79%), total chlorophylls (50.70%), carotenoids (29.96%), photosynthesis (33.97%), net intercellular CO (26.86%), transpiration rate (36.77%), the content of N (35.04%), P (35.77%), K (31.33%), S (23.91%), Mg (32.74%), and Ca (29.67%). However, the application of trehalose considerably alleviated the decline. Application of trehalose at both concentrations significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage, which were increased due to Cr stress. Application of trehalose significantly mitigated the Cr-induced oxidative damage by up-regulating the activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (182.03%), catalase (125.40%), ascorbate peroxidase (72.86%), and glutathione reductase (68.39%). Besides this, applied trehalose proved effective in enhancing ascorbate (24.29%) and reducing glutathione content (34.40%). In addition, also alleviated the decline in ascorbate by Cr stress to significant levels. The activity of nitrate reductase enhanced significantly (28.52%) due to trehalose activity and declined due to Cr stress (34.15%). Exogenous application of trehalose significantly improved the content of osmolytes, including proline, glycine betaine, sugars and total phenols under normal and Cr stress conditions. Furthermore, Trehalose significantly increased the content of key mineral elements and alleviated the decline induced by Cr to considerable levels.
Topics: Trehalose; Oxidative Stress; Photosynthesis; Chromium; Reactive Oxygen Species; Vigna; Minerals; Lipid Peroxidation; Chlorophyll; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38797833
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05152-y -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Epilactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and mannose, and it is currently considered an "under development" prebiotic. In this study, we described the...
Epilactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and mannose, and it is currently considered an "under development" prebiotic. In this study, we described the prebiotic potential of epilactose by in vitro fermentation using human fecal inocula from individuals following a Mediterranean diet (DM) or a Vegan diet (DV). The prebiotic effect of epilactose was also compared with lactulose and raffinose, and interesting correlations were established between metabolites and microbiota modulation. The production of several metabolites (lactate, short-chain fatty acids, and gases) confirmed the prebiotic properties of epilactose. For both donors, the microbiota analysis showed that epilactose significantly stimulated the butyrate-producing bacteria, suggesting that its prebiotic effect could be independent of the donor diet. Butyrate is one of the current golden metabolites due to its benefits for the gut and systemic health. In the presence of epilactose, the production of butyrate was 70- and 63-fold higher for the DM donor, when compared to lactulose and raffinose, respectively. For the DV donor, an increase of 29- and 89-fold in the butyrate production was obtained when compared to lactulose and raffinose, respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that epilactose holds potential functional properties for human health, especially towards the modulation of butyrate-producing strains.
PubMed: 38792663
DOI: 10.3390/life14050643 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an...
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infect host plants and obtain nutrients such as sugars for their own development. Therefore, inhibiting the nutrient supply to RKNs may be an effective method for alleviating root-knot nematode disease. At present, the pathway by which sucrose is unloaded from the phloem cells to giant cells (GCs) in root galls and which genes related to sugar metabolism and transport play key roles in this process are unclear. In this study, we found that sugars could be unloaded into GCs only from neighboring phloem cells through the apoplastic pathway. With the development of galls, the contents of sucrose, fructose and glucose in the galls and adjacent tissue increased gradually. SUT1, SUT2, SWEET7a, STP10, SUS3 and SPS1 may provide sugar sources for GCs, while STP1, STP2 and STP12 may transport more sugar to phloem parenchyma cells. At the early stage of Meloidogyne incognita infestation, the sucrose content in tomato roots and leaves increased, while the glucose and fructose contents decreased. SWEET7a, SPS1, INV-INH1, INV-INH2, SUS1 and SUS3 likely play key roles in root sugar delivery. These results elucidated the pathway of sugar unloading in tomato galls and provided an important theoretical reference for eliminating the sugar source of RKNs and preventing root-knot nematode disease.
Topics: Tylenchoidea; Animals; Solanum lycopersicum; Plant Roots; Plant Tumors; Plant Diseases; Sucrose; Sugars; Carbohydrate Metabolism
PubMed: 38789940
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05157-7 -
Marine Drugs Apr 2024Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are valuable bioactive polysaccharides with promising biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we analyzed GAGs using...
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are valuable bioactive polysaccharides with promising biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we analyzed GAGs using HPLC-MS/MS from the bone (B), muscle (M), skin (S), and viscera (V) of (SM), (P), (LF), (G), (PB), (PC), and (CH). Unsaturated disaccharide products were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the GAGs and subjected to compositional analysis of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparin sulfate (HS), and hyaluronic acid (HA), including the sulfation degree of CS and HS, as well as the content of each GAG. The contents of GAGs in the tissues and the sulfation degree differed significantly among the fish. The bone of contained more than 12 μg of CS per mg of dry tissue. Although the fish typically contained high levels of CSA (CS-4S), some fish bone tissue exhibited elevated levels of CSC (CS-6S). The HS content was found to range from 10-150 ug/g, primarily distributed in viscera, with a predominant non-sulfated structure (HS-0S). The structure of HA is well-defined without sulfation modification. These analytical results are independent of biological classification. We provide a high-throughput rapid detection method for tissue samples using HPLC-MS/MS to rapidly screen ideal sources of GAG. On this basis, four kinds of CS were prepared and purified from flounder bone, and their molecular weight was determined to be 23-28 kDa by HPGPC-MALLS, and the disaccharide component unit was dominated by CS-6S, which is a potential substitute for CSC derived from shark cartilage.
Topics: Animals; Chondroitin Sulfates; Glycosaminoglycans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Flounder; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Bone and Bones; Skin; Hyaluronic Acid; Muscles
PubMed: 38786589
DOI: 10.3390/md22050198 -
Physiological Reports May 2024Strenuous exercise can result in disruption of intestinal barrier function and occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this exploratory study was to...
Strenuous exercise can result in disruption of intestinal barrier function and occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this exploratory study was to elucidate systemic effects of increased intestinal permeability after high-intensity exercise. Forty-one endurance-trained subjects performed a 60-min treadmill run at 80% VOmax. Small intestinal permeability was measured as urinary excretion ratio of lactulose/rhamnose (L/R). Blood, saliva and feces were analyzed for gut barrier and immune-related biomarkers. The exercise challenge increased several markers of intestinal barrier disruption, immune function and oxidative stress. We found a negative correlation between L/R ratio and uric acid (r = -0.480), as well as a positive correlation between the L/R ratio and fecal chromogranin A in male participants (r = 0.555). No significant correlations were found between any of the markers and gastrointestinal symptoms, however, perceived exertion correlated with the combination of IL-6, IL-10 and salivary cortisol (r = 0.492). The lack of correlation between intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal symptoms could be due to minor symptoms experienced in lab settings compared to real-life competitions. The correlation between L/R ratio and uric acid might imply a barrier-protective effect of uric acid, and inflammatory processes due to strenuous exercise seem to play an important role regarding physical exhaustion.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adult; Biomarkers; Exercise; Female; Intestinal Mucosa; Uric Acid; Permeability; Lactulose; Rhamnose; Young Adult; Oxidative Stress; Chromogranin A; Hydrocortisone; Saliva
PubMed: 38783385
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16087 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to survive a wide array of environmental stressors. In particular, tardigrades can curl in on themselves while losing a...
Tardigrades are renowned for their ability to survive a wide array of environmental stressors. In particular, tardigrades can curl in on themselves while losing a significant proportion of their internal water content to form a structure referred to as a tun. In surviving varying conditions, tardigrades undergo distinct morphological transformations that could indicate different mechanisms of stress sensing and tolerance specific to the stress condition. Methods to effectively distinguish between morphological transformations, including between tuns induced by different stress conditions, are lacking. Herein, an approach for discriminating between tardigrade morphological states is developed and utilized to compare sucrose- and CaCl-induced tuns, using the model species Hypsibius exemplaris. A novel approach of shadow imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy enabled production of three-dimensional renderings of Hys. exemplaris in various physiological states resulting in volume measurements. Combining these measurements with qualitative morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy revealed that sucrose- and CaCl-induced tuns have distinct morphologies, including differences in the amount of water expelled during tun formation. Further, varying the concentration of the applied stressor did not affect the amount of water lost, pointing towards water expulsion by Hys. exemplaris being a controlled process that is adapted to the specific stressors.
Topics: Sucrose; Animals; Calcium Chloride; Microscopy, Confocal; Stress, Physiological; Invertebrates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
PubMed: 38782941
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61374-y -
Nature Communications May 2024Macrophages (Mφ) autophagy is a pivotal contributor to inflammation-related diseases. However, the mechanistic details of its direct role in acute kidney injury (AKI)...
Macrophages (Mφ) autophagy is a pivotal contributor to inflammation-related diseases. However, the mechanistic details of its direct role in acute kidney injury (AKI) were unclear. Here, we show that Mφ promote AKI progression via crosstalk with tubular epithelial cells (TECs), and autophagy of Mφ was activated and then inhibited in cisplatin-induced AKI mice. Mφ-specific depletion of ATG7 (Atg7) aggravated kidney injury in AKI mice, which was associated with tubulointerstitial inflammation. Moreover, Mφ-derived exosomes from Atg7 mice impaired TEC mitochondria in vitro, which may be attributable to miR-195a-5p enrichment in exosomes and its interaction with SIRT3 in TECs. Consistently, either miR-195a-5p inhibition or SIRT3 overexpression improved mitochondrial bioenergetics and renal function in vivo. Finally, adoptive transfer of Mφ from AKI mice to Mφ-depleted mice promotes the kidney injury response to cisplatin, which is alleviated when Mφ autophagy is activated with trehalose. We conclude that exosomal miR-195a-5p mediate the communication between autophagy-deficient Mφ and TECs, leading to impaired mitochondrial biogenetic in TECs and subsequent exacerbation of kidney injury in AKI mice via miR-195a-5p-SIRT3 axis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Mice; Acute Kidney Injury; Autophagy; Autophagy-Related Protein 7; Cisplatin; Disease Models, Animal; Epithelial Cells; Exosomes; Kidney; Kidney Tubules; Macrophages; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Mitochondria; Sirtuin 3; Trehalose
PubMed: 38782909
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47842-z -
PloS One 2024Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the top public health concerns in the globe. Estimating the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR), MDR index (MDR-I) and...
BACKGROUND
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the top public health concerns in the globe. Estimating the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR), MDR index (MDR-I) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (LFE) is important in designing strategies to combat AMR. Thus, this study was designed to determine the status of MDR, MDR-I and ESBL-producing LFE isolated from the human-dairy interface in the northwestern part of Ethiopia, where such information is lacking.
METHODOLOGY
A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2023 by analyzing 362 samples consisting of raw pooled milk (58), milk container swabs (58), milker's hand swabs (58), farm sewage (57), milker's stool (47), and cow's feces (84). The samples were analyzed using standard bacteriological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and ESBL production ability of the LFE isolates were screened using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and candidate isolates passing the screening criteria were phenotypically confirmed by using cefotaxime (30 μg) and cefotaxime /clavulanic acid (30 μg/10 μg) combined-disk diffusion test. The isolates were further characterized genotypically using multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting the three ESBL-encoding- genes namely blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M.
RESULTS
A total of 375 bacterial isolates were identified and the proportion of MDR and ESBL-producing bacterial isolates were 70.7 and 21.3%, respectively. The MDR-I varied from 0.0 to 0.81 with an average of 0.30. The ESBL production was detected in all sample types. Genotypically, the majority of the isolates (97.5%), which were positive on the phenotypic test, were carrying one or more of the three genes.
CONCLUSION
A high proportion of the bacterial isolates were MDR; had high MDR-I and were positive for ESBL production. The findings provide evidence that the human-dairy interface is one of the important reservoirs of AMR traits. Therefore, the implementation of AMR mitigation strategies is highly needed in the area.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; beta-Lactamases; Enterobacteriaceae; Lactose; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Cross-Sectional Studies; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Animals; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Cattle; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Cefotaxime; Milk; Fermentation; Feces
PubMed: 38771780
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303872