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International Journal of Molecular... May 2024This study aimed to assess the antioxidant capacity of lemon flavonoid extract Eriomin (LE) and its impact on cholesterol metabolism in the context of healthy aging. We...
This study aimed to assess the antioxidant capacity of lemon flavonoid extract Eriomin (LE) and its impact on cholesterol metabolism in the context of healthy aging. We orally treated 24-month-old male Wistar rats with an LE (40 mg/kg) suspended in 0.3 mL of sunflower oil. At the same time, control groups received an equal volume of sunflower oil (CON) or remained untreated (ICON) daily for 4 weeks. We examined LE's effects on superoxide dismutase and catalase- and glutathione-related enzyme activities, the concentration of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, total oxidant status (TOS) and antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) in the liver, jejunum, and ileum. We also measured total cholesterol, its biosynthetic precursors (lanosterol, lathosterol, desmosterol), its degradation products (bile acid precursors) in the serum, liver, jejunum, and ileum, and serum phytosterols (intestinal absorption markers). LE reduced TOS, TAS, and OSI ( < 0.05) compared with control values, indicating its consistent antioxidant action in all examined organs. LE lowered hepatic desmosterol ( < 0.05) while also reducing 7α- and 24-hydroxycholesterol levels in the liver and ileum ( < 0.01). Serum cholesterol, hepatic gene expression, and the immunostaining intensity of CYP7A1 were unchanged. In conclusion, LE exerted non-enzymatic antioxidant effects and reduced cholesterol degradation, reducing its biosynthesis products, thereby maintaining serum cholesterol levels.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Antioxidants; Male; Rats; Plant Extracts; Rats, Wistar; Flavonoids; Liver; Aging; Citrus; Oxidative Stress; Jejunum; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase
PubMed: 38791260
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105221 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Oxidative stress increases the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and impairs intestinal epithelial cell renewal, which further promotes intestinal barrier...
Oxidative stress increases the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and impairs intestinal epithelial cell renewal, which further promotes intestinal barrier dysfunction and even death. Extensive evidence supports that resveratrol and apigenin have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Here, we investigated the ability of these two compounds to alleviate diquat-induced jejunal oxidative stress and morphological injury, using the duck as a model, as well as the effects of apigenin on oxidative stress induced by HO in immortalized duck intestinal epithelial cells (IDECs). Ducks were randomly assigned to the following four groups, with five replicates: a control (CON) group, a diquat-challenged (DIQ) group, a resveratrol (500 mg/kg) + diquat (RES) group, and an apigenin (500 mg/kg) + diquat (API) group. We found that serum catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) markedly reduced in the RES and API groups as compared to the DIQ group ( < 0.05); moreover, serum S superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels increased significantly in the API group as compared to the DIQ group ( < 0.05). In jejunal mucosa, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the RES and API groups decreased more than that in the DIQ group ( < 0.05). In addition, the jejunal expression levels of the and genes in the RES and API groups increased notably compared with those in the DIQ group ( < 0.05); meanwhile, CAT activity in the RES and API groups was markedly elevated compared with that in the CON group ( < 0.05). In IDECs, apigenin significantly restrained the HO-mediated increase in MDA content and decrease in CAT levels ( < 0.05). Furthermore, apigenin increased the protein expression of p-NRF2, NRF2, p-AKT, and p-P38; downregulated that of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9; and reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in HO-treated IDECs ( < 0.05). In conclusion, resveratrol and apigenin can be used as natural feed additives to protect against jejunal oxidative stress in ducks.
PubMed: 38790716
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050611 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024This work aimed to elucidate how O pollution causes a loss of regulation in the immune response in both the brain and the intestine. In this work, we studied the effect...
This work aimed to elucidate how O pollution causes a loss of regulation in the immune response in both the brain and the intestine. In this work, we studied the effect of exposing rats to low doses of O based on the association between the antioxidant response of superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and the nuclear factor kappa light chains of activated B cells (NFκB) as markers of inflammation. Method: Seventy-two Wistar rats were used, divided into six groups that received the following treatments: Control and 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days of O. After treatment, tissues were extracted and processed using Western blotting, biochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques. The results indicated an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) and Cu/Zn-SOD and a decrease in Mn-SOD, and SOD activity in the substantia nigra, jejunum, and colon decreased. Furthermore, the translocation of NFκB to the nucleus increased in the different organs studied. In conclusion, repeated exposure to O alters the regulation of the antioxidant and inflammatory response in the substantia nigra and the intestine. This indicates that these factors are critical in the loss of regulation in the inflammatory response; they respond to ozone pollution, which can occur in chronic degenerative diseases.
PubMed: 38790641
DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050536 -
Scientific Reports May 2024This study investigated the effects of supplemental nucleotides, autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and sodium butyrate in diets for nursery pigs on growth...
This study investigated the effects of supplemental nucleotides, autolyzed yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and sodium butyrate in diets for nursery pigs on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, blood profile, intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, inflammatory markers, antioxidant profile, and tight junction proteins in the small intestine. One hundred eighty 21-day-old pigs (5.17 ± 0.57 kg) were assigned in a randomized block design to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: (1) CON: control, basal diet, (2) NUC: CON + nucleotides, (3) YSC: CON + lysed yeast S. cerevisiae, (4) ASB: CON + acidifier sodium butyrate. Pigs were fed for 24 days, phase 1 (21-32 days) and 2 (32-45 days). During phase 1, YSC and ASB improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) compared with CON. At the overall period, ASB improved ADG and YSC improved FC compared with CON. The NUC diet did not affect growth performance. The ASB increased ileal villus height compared to CON. The YSC and ASB reduced the number of Peyer's patches in the ileum compared with CON. The YSC increased mRNA expression of nutrient transporters (SMCT2, MCT1, and PepT1), tight junction proteins (OCL and ZO-1), antioxidants (GPX), and IL1-β in the jejunum compared with CON. The ASB increased mRNA expression of nutrient transporters (SGLT1 and MCT1), tight junction proteins (OCL and ZO-1), and antioxidants (GPX and SOD) compared with CON. In conclusion, autolyzed yeast and sodium butyrate promoted growth performance by improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier, the mRNA expression of nutrient transporters, and antioxidant enzymes in the jejunum of nursery pigs whereas supplementation of nucleotides did not show such effects.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Butyric Acid; Dietary Supplements; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Weaning; Animal Feed; Tight Junction Proteins; Intestinal Mucosa; Antioxidants; Intestines
PubMed: 38789563
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62551-9 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024The exploration of novel biomarkers to assess poultry health is of paramount importance, not only to enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of zoonotic agents...
The exploration of novel biomarkers to assess poultry health is of paramount importance, not only to enhance our understanding of the pathogenicity of zoonotic agents but also to evaluate the efficacy of novel treatments as alternatives to antibiotics. The present study aimed to investigate potential gut health biomarkers in broiler chicks challenged by and subjected to a continuous water disinfection program. A total of 144 one-day-old hatched broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with four replicates each, according to the following experimental design: Group A received untreated drinking water; Group B received drinking water treated with 0.01-0.05% / Cid 2000™ (hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and paracetic acid); Group C was challenged by and received untreated drinking water; and Group D was challenged by and received drinking water treated with 0.01-0.05% / Cid 2000™. The use of Cid 2000™ started on day 1 and was applied in intervals until the end of the experiment at 36 days, while the challenge was applied on day 18. Potential biomarkers were investigated in serum, feces, intestinal tissue, intestinal content, and liver samples of broilers. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases ( < 0.001) in serum cortisol levels in -challenged broilers. Serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) increased significantly ( = 0.004) in broilers challenged by and treated with drinking water disinfectant, while fecal ovotransferrin concentration also increased significantly ( < 0.001) in broilers that received the drinking water disinfectant alone. The gene expression levels of ( = 0.003) and ( 0.001) were significantly upregulated in broilers challenged by , while mucin-2 significantly increased in birds that were challenged and received the drinking water disinfectant ( < 0.001). expression levels were significantly ( 0.013) decreased in both groups that received the drinking water disinfectant, compared to the negative control group. Finally, the challenge significantly increased ( 0.032) the crypt depth and decreased ( = 0.021) the villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio in the ileum of birds, while the tested disinfectant product increased ( = 0.033) the villus height in the jejunum of birds. Furthermore, the counts of in the ceca of birds ( = 0.01), as well as its translocation rate to the liver of broilers ( = 0.001), were significantly reduced by the addition of the water disinfectant. This research contributes to novel insights into the intricate interplay of water disinfection and/or challenge with potential intestinal biomarkers. In addition, it emphasizes the need for continued research to unveil the underlying mechanisms, expands our understanding of broiler responses to these challenges and identifies breakpoints for further investigations.
PubMed: 38787208
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050356 -
Toxins Apr 2024The aims of this study were (i) to determine the effect of an algoclay-based decontaminant on the oral availability of three mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol; DON, ochratoxin...
An Algoclay-Based Decontaminant Decreases Exposure to Aflatoxin B, Ochratoxin A, and Deoxynivalenol in a Toxicokinetic Model, as well as Supports Intestinal Morphology, and Decreases Liver Oxidative Stress in Broiler Chickens Fed a Diet Naturally Contaminated with Deoxynivalenol.
The aims of this study were (i) to determine the effect of an algoclay-based decontaminant on the oral availability of three mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol; DON, ochratoxin A; OTA, and aflatoxin B; AFB) using an oral bolus model and (ii) to determine the effect of this decontaminant on the performance, intestinal morphology, liver oxidative stress, and metabolism, in broiler chickens fed a diet naturally contaminated with DON. In experiment 1, sixteen 27-day-old male chickens (approximately 1.6 kg body weight; BW) were fasted for 12 h and then given a bolus containing either the mycotoxins (0.5 mg DON/kg BW, 0.25 mg OTA/kg BW, and 2.0 mg AFB/kg BW) alone ( = 8) or combined with the decontaminant (2.5 g decontaminant/kg feed; circa 240 mg/kg BW) ( = 8). Blood samples were taken between 0 h (before bolus administration) and 24 h post-administration for DON-3-sulphate, OTA, and AFB quantification in plasma. The algoclay decontaminant decreased the relative oral bioavailability of DON (39.9%), OTA (44.3%), and AFB (64.1%). In experiment 2, one-day-old male Ross broilers ( = 600) were divided into three treatments with ten replicates. Each replicate was a pen with 20 birds. The broiler chickens were fed a control diet with negligible levels of DON (0.19-0.25 mg/kg) or diets naturally contaminated with moderate levels of DON (2.60-2.91 mg/kg), either supplemented or not with an algoclay-based decontaminant (2 g/kg diet). Jejunum villus damage was observed on day 28, followed by villus shortening on d37 in broiler chickens fed the DON-contaminated diet. This negative effect was not observed when the DON-contaminated diet was supplemented with the algoclay-based decontaminant. On d37, the mRNA expression of glutathione synthetase was significantly increased in the liver of broiler chickens fed the DON-contaminated diet. However, its expression was similar to the control when the birds were fed the DON-contaminated diet supplemented with the algoclay-based decontaminant. In conclusion, the algoclay-based decontaminant reduced the systemic exposure of broiler chickens to DON, OTA, and AFB in a single oral bolus model. This can be attributed to the binding of the mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, dietary contamination with DON at levels between 2.69 and 2.91 mg/kg did not impair production performance but had a negative impact on broiler chicken intestinal morphology and the liver redox system. When the algoclay-based decontaminant was added to the diet, the harm caused by DON was no longer observed. This correlates with the results obtained in the toxicokinetic assay and can be attributed to a decreased absorption of DON.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Trichothecenes; Oxidative Stress; Male; Ochratoxins; Liver; Aflatoxin B1; Animal Feed; Food Contamination; Intestines; Toxicokinetics; Diet; Aluminum Silicates
PubMed: 38787059
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050207 -
Biology May 2024In this study, a commercial sodium butyrate protected by a new buffer salt solution (NSB) was tested to determine whether it can be used as an antibiotic alternative in...
The New Buffer Salt-Protected Sodium Butyrate Promotes Growth Performance by Improving Intestinal Histomorphology, Barrier Function, Antioxidative Capacity, and Microbiota Community of Broilers.
In this study, a commercial sodium butyrate protected by a new buffer salt solution (NSB) was tested to determine whether it can be used as an antibiotic alternative in broiler production. A total of 192 1-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments: soybean meal diet (CON), antibiotic diet (ANT, basal diet + 100 mg/kg aureomycin), and NSB (basal diet + 800 mg/kg NSB). The growth performance, serum anti-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, gut barrier function, antioxidative parameters, SCFAs' content, and cecal microbiota were analyzed. The result showed that NSB significantly improved ADFI and ADG ( < 0.01), and decreased FCR ( < 0.01). Serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was up-regulated ( < 0.01), and pro-inflammatory TNF-α was down-regulated ( < 0.05) by NSB supplementation. H&E results showed that VH and the VH/CD ratio significantly increased ( < 0.05) in the jejunum and ileum in the NSB group. Furthermore, ZO-1 ( < 0.01), claudin-1 ( < 0.01), and occludin ( < 0.05) in the jejunum and claudin-1 ( < 0.01) and mucin-2 ( < 0.05) in the ileum were significantly up-regulated in the NSB group. Additionally, SOD ( < 0.05) and the T-AOC/MDA ratio ( < 0.01) in the jejunum and SOD in the ileum were significantly increased ( < 0.05) in the NSB group. The MDA level also significantly increased ( < 0.01) in the ANT group in the jejunum. Propionic acid ( < 0.05) and butyric acid ( < 0.01) content significantly increased in the NSB group in the jejunum and ileum segments. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed no significant difference ( > 0.05) in alpha and beta diversity among the groups. LEFSe analysis also indicated that , , , , and , which promote SCFA production ( < 0.05), were identified as dominant taxon-enriched bacterial genera in the NSB group. The Spearman correlation analysis revealed that with ADFI, ADG, VH, claudin-1 ( < 0.05), and with ADFI, IL-10, and ZO-1 were positively correlated ( < 0.05). Furthermore, ADFI and ADG with IL-10, claudin-1, SOD, T-AOC, and butyric acid ( < 0.05), and similarly, ADG with VH ( < 0.05), showed a positive correlation. In conclusion, NSB enhanced the growth performance by improving jejunum and ileum morphology, and serum anti-inflammatory cytokines, and by regulating the intestinal barrier function and antioxidant capacity, SCFAs' content, and cecum microbiota, showing its potential use as an alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition.
PubMed: 38785799
DOI: 10.3390/biology13050317 -
Molecular Medicine Reports Jul 2024Although there are several types of radiation exposure, it is debated whether low‑dose‑rate (LDR) irradiation (IR) affects the body. Since the small intestine is a...
Although there are several types of radiation exposure, it is debated whether low‑dose‑rate (LDR) irradiation (IR) affects the body. Since the small intestine is a radiation‑sensitive organ, the present study aimed to evaluate how it changes when exposed to LDR IR and identify the genes sensitive to these doses. After undergoing LDR (6.0 mGy/h) γ radiation exposure, intestinal RNA from BALB/c mice was extracted 1 and 24 h later. Mouse whole genome microarrays were used to explore radiation‑induced transcriptional alterations. Reverse transcription‑quantitative (RT‑q) PCR was used to examine time‑ and dose‑dependent radiation responses. The histopathological status of the jejunum in the radiated mouse was not changed by 10 mGy of LDR IR; however, 23 genes were upregulated in response to LDR IR of the jejunum in mice after 1 and 24 h of exposure. Upregulated genes were selected to validate the results of the RNA sequencing analysis for RT‑qPCR detection and results showed that only Na/K transporting subunit α4, glucose‑6‑phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 (G6PC2), mucin 6 (MUC6) and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6 levels significantly increased after 24 h of LDR IR. Furthermore, G6PC2 and MUC6 were notable genes induced by LDR IR exposure according to protein expression via western blot analysis. The mRNA levels of G6PC2 and MUC6 were significantly elevated within 24 h under three conditions: i) Exposure to LDR IR, ii) repeated exposure to LDR IR and iii) exposure to LDR IR in the presence of inflammatory bowel disease. These results could contribute to an improved understanding of immediate radiation reactions and biomarker development to identify radiation‑susceptible individuals before histopathological changes become noticeable. However, further investigation into the specific mechanisms involving G6PC2 and MUC6 is required to accomplish this.
Topics: Animals; Male; Mice; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Gamma Rays; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Jejunum; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mucin-6
PubMed: 38785154
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13251 -
Poultry Science Jul 2024Carrier materials for oils in compound feeds may be used in animal nutrition to supply liquid feed additives. However, implications of such carriers for the...
Carrier materials for oils in compound feeds may be used in animal nutrition to supply liquid feed additives. However, implications of such carriers for the digestibility of the contained oil are unknown. This study investigated the potential of oil carriers in compound feed and their effect on performance, metabolizable energy, fatty acid (FA) retention, amino acid (AA) digestibility, and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Six experimental diets were formulated following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 20 g/kg or 40 g/kg of rapeseed oil supplied with no carrier or bound in a silica-based (SC) or lignocellulose-based (LC) carrier in a 1:1 mass ratio. The diets were assigned to 48 metabolism units with 15 animals each based on a randomized complete block design and fed from d 18 to 28 of the trial. Total excreta were collected from d 24 to 27 and used to determine total tract retention (TTR) of FA and MEn. On d 28, AA digestibility both by the distal half of the jejunum and the distal half of the ileum was determined, and microbiota of ileal and cecal digesta was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. There were significant interactions for ADG, ADFI, the gain:feed ratio (G:F), MEn, and the TTR of crude fat and most fatty acids (P ≤ 0.046) except for C18, C18:2, and C22:0. Addition of SC decreased ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.001), while LC at 40 g/kg oil inclusion increased G:F and MEn (P < 0.001) for both inclusion levels. The TTR of crude fat and the FA C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, and C22:0 was increased by the addition of SC (P ≤ 0.016), while LC increased the TTR of the FA C18:1 and C18:2 as well as the TTR of C18:3 at 20 g/kg oil inclusion (P ≤ 0.016). Adding SC and LC increased the digestibility of 7 and 2 AA by the distal half of the jejunum, respectively, and the digestibility of 8 and 13 AA by the distal half of the ileum, respectively (P ≤ 0.039). The β-diversity and abundance of some taxa were altered by addition of LC and SC in the ceca while no treatment effect on the ileal microbiota was found. The results give no indication of an incomplete release of the oil from the carriers because the TTR of most FA was increased upon addition of SC and LC. LC may be used to supply liposoluble feed additives without drawbacks for nutrient digestibility and growth while SC requires further examination.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Animal Feed; Digestion; Diet; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Male; Random Allocation; Rapeseed Oil; Lignin; Dietary Supplements; Nutrients
PubMed: 38781767
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103803 -
Veterinary Research May 2024The lasso peptide microcin Y (MccY) effectively inhibits various serotypes of Salmonella in vitro, but the antibacterial effect against S. Pullorum in poultry is still...
The lasso peptide microcin Y (MccY) effectively inhibits various serotypes of Salmonella in vitro, but the antibacterial effect against S. Pullorum in poultry is still unclear. This study was the first to evaluate the safety and anti-S. Pullorum infection of MccY in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. The safety test showed that the body weight, IgA and IgM levels of serum, and cecal microbiota structure of 3 groups of chicks orally administrated with different doses of MccY (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) for 14 days were not significantly different from those of the control group. Then, the chicks were randomized into 3 groups for the experiment of anti-S. Pullorum infection: (I) negative control group (NC), (II) S. Pullorum-challenged group (SP, 5 × 10 CFU/bird), (III) MccY-treated group (MccY, 20 mg/kg). The results indicated that compared to the SP group, treatment of MccY increased body weight and average daily gain (P < 0.05), reduced S. Pullorum burden in feces, liver, and cecum (P < 0.05), enhanced the thymus, and decreased the spleen and liver index (P < 0.05). Additionally, MccY increased the jejunal villus height, lowered the jejunal and ileal crypt depth (P < 0.05), and upregulated the expression of IL-4, IL-10, ZO-1 in the jejunum and ileum, as well as CLDN-1 in the jejunum (P < 0.05) compared to the SP group. Furthermore, MccY increased probiotic flora (Barnesiella, etc.), while decreasing (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of pathogenic flora (Escherichia and Salmonella, etc.) compared to the SP group.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Bacteriocins; Administration, Oral; Salmonella; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Animal Feed; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Random Allocation; Intestinal Barrier Function
PubMed: 38778424
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01321-x