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Journal of Epidemiology and Global... Jun 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Disease Outbreaks; Mediterranean Region; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Immunization Programs
PubMed: 38662132
DOI: 10.1007/s44197-024-00227-3 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024Measles remains a significant threat to children worldwide despite the availability of effective vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the situation by leading to...
Measles remains a significant threat to children worldwide despite the availability of effective vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the situation by leading to the postponement of supplementary measles immunization activities. Along with this postponement, measles surveillance also deteriorated, with the lowest number of submitted specimens in over a decade. In this study, we focus on measles as a challenging case study due to its high vaccination coverage, which leads to smaller outbreaks and potentially weaker signals on Google Trends. Our research aimed to explore the feasibility of using Google Trends for real-time monitoring of infectious disease outbreaks. We evaluated the correlation between Google Trends searches and clinical case data using the Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient across 30 European countries and Japan. The results revealed that Google Trends was most suitable for monitoring acute disease outbreaks at the regional level in high-income countries, even when there are only a few weekly cases. For example, from 2017 to 2019, the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.86 (p-value< 0.05) at the prefecture level for Okinawa, Japan, versus 0.33 (p-value< 0.05) at the national level for Japan. Furthermore, we found that the Pearson correlation coefficient may be more suitable than Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for evaluating the correlations between Google Trends search data and clinical case data. This study highlighted the potential of utilizing Google Trends as a valuable tool for timely public health interventions to respond to infectious disease outbreaks, even in the context of diseases with high vaccine coverage.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Disease Outbreaks; Japan; Search Engine; COVID-19; Europe; Internet; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 38658657
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60120-8 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Apr 2024Vaccination is effective in preventing viral respiratory infectious diseases through protective antibodies and the gut microbiome has been proven to regulate human...
Gut microbial features may influence antiviral IgG levels after vaccination against viral respiratory infectious diseases: the evidence from two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization.
BACKGROUND
Vaccination is effective in preventing viral respiratory infectious diseases through protective antibodies and the gut microbiome has been proven to regulate human immunity. This study explores the causal correlations between gut microbial features and serum-specific antiviral immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels.
METHODS
We conduct a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data to explore the causal relationships between 412 gut microbial features and four antiviral IgG (for influenza A, measles, rubella, and mumps) levels. To make the results more reliable, we used four robust methods and performed comprehensive sensitivity analyses.
RESULTS
The MR analyses revealed 26, 13, 20, and 18 causal associations of the gut microbial features influencing four IgG levels separately. Interestingly, ten microbial features, like genus Collinsella, species Bifidobacterium longum, and the biosynthesis of L-alanine have shown the capacity to regulate multiple IgG levels with consistent direction (rise or fall). The reverse MR analysis suggested several potential causal associations of IgG levels affecting microbial features.
CONCLUSIONS
The human immune response against viral respiratory infectious diseases could be modulated by changing the abundance of gut microbes, which provided new approaches for the intervention of viral respiratory infections.
Topics: Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Respiratory Tract Infections; Genome-Wide Association Study; Antibodies, Viral; Vaccination; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 38654203
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09189-0 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 38649173
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240415 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Measles; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Canada
PubMed: 38649166
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.240371 -
International Journal of Infectious... Jul 2024Vietnam continues to have measles and rubella outbreaks following supplementary immunization activities (SIA) and routine immunization despite both having high reported...
Age-specific prevalence of IgG against measles/rubella and the impact of routine and supplementary immunization activities: A multistage random cluster sampling study with mathematical modelling.
BACKGROUND
Vietnam continues to have measles and rubella outbreaks following supplementary immunization activities (SIA) and routine immunization despite both having high reported coverage. To evaluate immunization activities, age-specific immunity against measles and rubella, and the number of averted Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) cases, must be estimated.
METHODS
Dried blood spots were collected from 2091 randomly selected individuals aged 1-39 years. Measles and rubella virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results were considered positive at ≥120 mIU/mL for measles and ≥10 IU/mL for rubella. The number of CRS cases averted by immunization since 2014 were estimated using mathematical modelling.
RESULTS
Overall IgG seroprevalence was 99.7% (95%CI: 99.2-99.9) for measles and 83.6% (95%CI: 79.3-87.1) for rubella. Rubella IgG seroprevalence was higher among age groups targeted in the SIA than in non-targeted young adults (95.4% [95%CI: 92.9-97.0] vs 72.4% [95%CI: 63.1-80.1]; P < 0.001). The estimated number of CRS cases averted in 2019 by immunization activities since 2014 ranged from 126 (95%CI: 0-460) to 883 (95%CI: 0-2271) depending on the assumed postvaccination reduction in the force of infection.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest the SIA was effective, while young adults born before 1998 who remain unprotected for rubella require further vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Measles; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Child; Rubella; Adult; Male; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Female; Young Adult; Infant; Antibodies, Viral; Models, Theoretical; Rubella Vaccine; Rubella virus; Prevalence; Measles Vaccine; Age Factors; Vaccination; Immunization Programs; Rubella Syndrome, Congenital
PubMed: 38641317
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107053 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Apr 2024Since late 2023, the Metropolitan City of Milan and surrounding areas (northern Italy) have been experiencing a resurgence of measles, with most cases detected starting...
Since late 2023, the Metropolitan City of Milan and surrounding areas (northern Italy) have been experiencing a resurgence of measles, with most cases detected starting from January 2024. During this brief period, we observed measles in travellers from endemic areas, participants in international events, vaccinees and healthcare workers. Indigenous cases have also been identified. Even though we have not yet identified large and disruptive outbreaks, strengthening surveillance and vaccination activities is pivotal to help limit the impact of measles spread.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Measles; Disease Outbreaks; Vaccination; Italy; Measles Vaccine
PubMed: 38639092
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.16.2400201 -
Vaccine May 2024We explored the role of metabolic hormones and the B-cell repertoire in the association between nutritional status and vaccine responses. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
We explored the role of metabolic hormones and the B-cell repertoire in the association between nutritional status and vaccine responses.
METHODS
In this prospective cohort study, nested within a larger randomized open-label trial, 211 South African children received two doses of measles vaccine and two or three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Metabolic markers (leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin) and distribution of B-cell subsets (n = 106) were assessed at 18 months of age.
RESULTS
Children with a weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) ≤ -1 standard deviation (SD) at booster vaccination had a decreased mean serotype-specific PCV IgG response compared with those with WHZ > -1 and <+1 SD or WHZ ≥ +1 SD at 9 months post-booster (18 months of age). (Naive) pre-germinal center B-cells were associated with pneumococcal antibody decay between one to nine months post-booster. Predictive performance of elastic net models for the combined effect of B-cell subsets, metabolic hormones and nutritional status (in addition to age, sex, and randomization group) on measles and PCV vaccine response had an average area under the receiver operating curve of 0.9 and 0.7, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The combined effect of B-cell subsets, metabolic hormones and nutritional status correlated well with the vaccination response for measles and most PCV serotypes.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov registration of parent studies: NCT02943902 and NCT03330171.
Topics: Humans; South Africa; Male; Female; Nutritional Status; Prospective Studies; Infant; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Measles Vaccine; Antibodies, Bacterial; Leptin; B-Lymphocytes; Antibodies, Viral; Immunization, Secondary; Immunoglobulin G; Ghrelin; B-Lymphocyte Subsets; Vaccines, Conjugate; Vaccination
PubMed: 38637212
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.034 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Jun 2024Measles has been a significant public health concern in Pakistan, especially in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, where sporadic and silent epidemics continue to...
BACKGROUND
Measles has been a significant public health concern in Pakistan, especially in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, where sporadic and silent epidemics continue to challenge existing control measures. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and investigate the molecular epidemiology of the measles virus (MeV) in KPK and explore the vaccination status among the suspected individuals.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted between February and October 2021. A total of 336 suspected measles cases from the study population were analyzed for IgM antibodies using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Throat swabs were randomly collected from a subset of positive cases for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of MeV isolates was performed using the neighbor-joining method. The vaccination status of individuals was also recorded.
RESULTS
Among the suspected participants, 61.0% (205/336) were ELISA positive for IgM antibodies, with a higher prevalence in males (64.17%) compared to females (57.04%). The majority of cases (36.0%) were observed in infants and toddlers, consistent with previous reports. The majority of IgM-positive cases (71.7%) had not received any dose of measles vaccine, highlighting gaps in vaccine coverage and the need for improved immunization programs. Genetic analysis revealed that all MeV isolates belonged to the B3 genotype, with minor genetic variations from previously reported variants in the region.
CONCLUSION
This study provides valuable insights into the genetic epidemiology of the MeV in KPK, Pakistan. The high incidence of measles infection among unvaccinated individuals highlights the urgency of raising awareness about vaccine importance and strengthening routine immunization programs.
Topics: Humans; Measles virus; Measles; Female; Male; Pakistan; Cross-Sectional Studies; Infant; Child, Preschool; Antibodies, Viral; Phylogeny; Immunoglobulin M; Child; Genotype; Adolescent; Adult; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Measles Vaccine; Molecular Epidemiology; Young Adult; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38636313
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.028 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024B cell transcriptomic signatures hold promise for the early prediction of vaccine-induced humoral immunity and vaccine protective efficacy. We performed a longitudinal...
B cell transcriptomic signatures hold promise for the early prediction of vaccine-induced humoral immunity and vaccine protective efficacy. We performed a longitudinal study in 232 healthy adult participants before/after a 3 dose of MMR (MMR3) vaccine. We assessed baseline and early transcriptional patterns in purified B cells and their association with measles-specific humoral immunity after MMR vaccination using two analytical methods ("per gene" linear models and joint analysis). Our study identified distinct early transcriptional signatures/genes following MMR3 that were associated with measles-specific neutralizing antibody titer and/or binding antibody titer. The most significant genes included: the interleukin 20 receptor subunit beta/ gene (a subunit receptor for IL-24, a cytokine involved in the germinal center B cell maturation/response); the phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1/, the brain expressed X-linked 2/ gene and the B cell Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule/, involved in the selection of high-affinity B cell clones and apoptosis/regulation of apoptosis; as well as (encoding the B lymphocyte-derived IL-16 ligand of CD4), involved in the crosstalk between B cells, dendritic cells and helper T cells. Significantly enriched pathways included B cell signaling, apoptosis/regulation of apoptosis, metabolic pathways, cell cycle-related pathways, and pathways associated with viral infections, among others. In conclusion, our study identified genes/pathways linked to antigen-induced B cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and clonal selection, that are associated with, and impact measles virus-specific humoral immunity after MMR vaccination.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Immunity, Humoral; Longitudinal Studies; Antibodies, Viral; Measles; Gene Expression Profiling; Nerve Tissue Proteins
PubMed: 38633249
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358477