-
Vaccines Jun 2024Mongolia experienced a nationwide measles outbreak during 1 March 2015-31 December 2016, with 49,077 cases reported to the WHO; many were among vaccinated young adults,...
Mongolia experienced a nationwide measles outbreak during 1 March 2015-31 December 2016, with 49,077 cases reported to the WHO; many were among vaccinated young adults, suggesting a possible role of vaccine failure. Advanced laboratory methods, coupled with detailed epidemiological investigations, can help classify cases as vaccine failure, failure to vaccinate, or both. In this report, we conducted a study of cases to identify risk factors for breakthrough infection for a subset of laboratory-confirmed measles cases. Of the 193 cases analyzed, only 19 (9.8%) reported measles vaccination history, and 170 (88%) were uncertain. Measles-specific IgG avidity testing classified 120 (62%) cases as low IgG avidity, indicating no prior exposure to measles. Ten of these cases with low IgG avidity had a history of measles vaccination, indicating primary vaccine failure. Overall, sixty cases (31%) had high IgG avidity, indicating breakthrough infection after prior exposure to measles antigen through vaccination or natural infection, but the IgG avidity results were highly age-dependent. This study found that among young children aged 9 months-5 years, breakthrough infection was rare (4/82, 5%); however, among young adults aged 15-25 years, breakthrough infection due to secondary vaccine failure (SVF) occurred on a large scale during this outbreak, accounting for the majority of cases (42/69 cases, 61%). The study found that large-scale secondary vaccine failure occurred in Mongolia, which highlights the potential for sustained outbreaks in post-elimination settings due to "hidden" cohorts of young adults who may have experienced waning immunity. This phenomenon may have implications for the sustainability of measles elimination in countries that remain vulnerable to the importation of the virus from areas where it is still endemic. Until global measles elimination is achieved, enhanced surveillance and preparedness for future outbreaks in post- or peri-elimination countries may be required.
PubMed: 38932425
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060695 -
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Jun 2024This Phase III, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) combined vaccine, JVC-001, as a...
Phase III, open-label, single-arm study of a new MMR vaccine (JVC-001); measles AIK-C, mumps RIT 4385, rubella Takahashi, as a second vaccine dose in healthy Japanese children aged 5-6 years.
PURPOSE
This Phase III, multicenter, open-label, single-arm study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) combined vaccine, JVC-001, as a second MMR vaccination.
METHODS
Healthy Japanese children aged 5-6 years received a single dose of JVC-001 following a first measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (measles-rubella bivalent and mumps monovalent vaccine [Hoshino or Torii strain] or JVC-001) or the MMR vaccine received between ages 1 to <4 years. Immunogenicity was evaluated using antibody titers before and after vaccination (Day 1/Day 43). The primary endpoint was the seroprotection rate of antibody titers against each virus; geometric mean titer (GMT) was also evaluated. Adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were monitored.
RESULTS
One-hundred participants completed the study. The seroprotection rate of antibody titers against measles, rubella, and mumps virus (genotype D) were 100.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96.4%, 100.0%), 100.0% (95% CI 96.4%, 100.0%), and 100.0% (95% CI 96.3%, 100.0%), respectively. GMT (fold) increases (Day 1 to Day 43) were 16.0 to 55.7 for measles virus, 35.5 to 99.0 for rubella virus, and 25.7 to 89.5 for mumps virus (genotype D). Solicited ADRs occurred in 40.0% of participants (injection site, 34.0%; systemic, 13.0%).
CONCLUSIONS
The second MMR vaccination with JVC-001 demonstrated sufficient antibody coverage against all three viruses; the safety profile was tolerable.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
jRCT2080225022.
PubMed: 38906375
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.06.011 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2024[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S386560.].
Formulation for the Targeted Delivery of a Vaccine Strain of Oncolytic Measles Virus (OMV) in Hyaluronic Acid Coated Thiolated Chitosan as a Green Nanoformulation for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Viro-Immunotherapeutic Approach [Retraction].
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S386560.].
PubMed: 38895151
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S482137 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jun 2024Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) are phylogenetically related alphaviruses in the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) antigenic complex of the Togaviridae...
BACKGROUND
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and O'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) are phylogenetically related alphaviruses in the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) antigenic complex of the Togaviridae family. There are limited data on the circulation of these two viruses in Burkina Faso. The aim of our study was to assess their circulation in the country by determining seroprevalence to each of the viruses in blood donor samples and by retrospective molecular and serological testing of samples collected as part of national measles and rubella surveillance.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
All blood donor samples were analyzed on the Luminex platform using CHIKV and ONNV E2 antigens. Patient samples collected during national measles-rubella surveillance were screened by an initial ELISA for CHIKV IgM (CHIKjj Detect IgM ELISA) at the national laboratory. The positive samples were then analyzed by a second ELISA test for CHIKV IgM (CDC MAC-ELISA) at the reference laboratory. Finally, samples that had IgM positive results for both ELISA tests and had sufficient residual volume were tested by plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT) for CHIKV and ONNV. These same patient samples were also analyzed by rRT-PCR for CHIKV. Among the blood donor specimens, 55.49% of the samples were positive for alphaviruses including both CHIKV and ONNV positive samples. Among patient samples collected as part of national measles and rubella surveillance, 3.09% were IgM positive for CHIKV, including 2.5% confirmed by PRNT. PRNT failed to demonstrate any ONNV infections in these samples. No samples tested by RT-qPCR. had detectable CHIKV RNA.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results suggest that CHIKV and ONNV have been circulating in the population of Burkina Faso and may have been confused with malaria, dengue fever or other febrile diseases such as measles or rubella. Our study underscores the necessity to enhance arbovirus surveillance systems in Burkina Faso.
Topics: Humans; Burkina Faso; Chikungunya virus; Antibodies, Viral; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Female; Adult; O'nyong-nyong Virus; Alphavirus Infections; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Young Adult; Adolescent; Retrospective Studies; Chikungunya Fever; Middle Aged; Blood Donors; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection
PubMed: 38870214
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011712 -
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Jun 2024How viral infections develop can change based on the number of viruses initially entering the body. The understanding of the impacts of infection doses remains...
How viral infections develop can change based on the number of viruses initially entering the body. The understanding of the impacts of infection doses remains incomplete, in part due to challenging constraints, and a lack of research. Gaining more insights is crucial regarding the measles virus (MV). The higher the MV infection dose, the earlier the peak of acute viremia, but the magnitude of the peak viremia remains almost constant. Measles is highly contagious, causes immunosuppression such as lymphopenia, and contributes substantially to childhood morbidity and mortality. This work investigated mechanisms underlying the observed wild-type measles infection dose responses in cynomolgus monkeys. We fitted longitudinal data on viremia using maximum likelihood estimation, and used the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate relevant biological hypotheses and their respective model parameterizations. The lowest AIC indicates a linear relationship between the infection dose, the initial viral load, and the initial number of activated MV-specific T cells. Early peak viremia is associated with high initial number of activated MV-specific T cells. Thus, when MV infection dose increases, the initial viremia and associated immune cell stimulation increase, and reduce the time it takes for T cell killing to be sufficient, thereby allowing dose-independent peaks for viremia, MV-specific T cells, and lymphocyte depletion. Together, these results suggest that the development of measles depends on virus-host interactions at the start and the efficiency of viral control by cellular immunity. These relationships are additional motivations for prevention, vaccination, and early treatment for measles.
Topics: Measles; Animals; Viremia; Measles virus; Mathematical Concepts; Viral Load; Macaca fascicularis; Likelihood Functions; Humans; Models, Immunological; Models, Biological; T-Lymphocytes; Lymphocyte Activation
PubMed: 38853189
DOI: 10.1007/s11538-024-01305-0 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... May 2024A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37...
A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37 (72.5%) subsequent cases were previously vaccinated individuals. Epidemiological investigations showed that vaccinated measles cases were symptomatic and infectious. In a highly vaccinated population, it is important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to suspect and test for measles virus when an outbreak is declared, irrespective of the vaccination status of the patients.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Switzerland; Disease Outbreaks; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Male; Female; Adult; Adolescent; Child; Measles virus; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Infant
PubMed: 38818746
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.22.2400275 -
New Microbes and New Infections 2024The measles virus is an RNA virus belonging to the family. It leads to an acute communicable illness that primarily involves the respiratory tract. Vaccination has... (Review)
Review
The measles virus is an RNA virus belonging to the family. It leads to an acute communicable illness that primarily involves the respiratory tract. Vaccination has significantly reduced the overall incidence and mortality worldwide; however, outbreaks still occur globally each year due to several factors. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a major hurdle since 2020. Despite the World Health Organization's goal to eradicate measles by 2023, there has been an increase in measles incidence in India, with 61,562 cases in 2022. Vaccination is a crucial preventive measure, and coverage needs to be increased through education, advocacy, and outreach to isolated communities.
PubMed: 38818247
DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101433 -
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2024Pretransplant vaccination is generally recommended to solid organ transplant recipients. In infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS), the immune response is...
BACKGROUND
Pretransplant vaccination is generally recommended to solid organ transplant recipients. In infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS), the immune response is hypothetically inferior to other patients due to young age and urinary loss of immunoglobulins, but data on the immunization response in severely nephrotic children remain scarce. If effective, however, early immunization of infants with CNS would clinically be advantageous.
METHODS
We investigated serological vaccine responses in seven children with CNS who were immunized during nephrosis. Antibody responses to measles-mumps-rubella -vaccine (MMR), a pentavalent DTaP-IPV-Hib -vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, type b), varicella vaccine, combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) were measured after nephrectomy either before or after kidney transplantation.
RESULTS
Immunizations were started at a median age of 7 months [interquartile range (IQR) 7-8], with a concurrent median proteinuria of 36,500 mg/L (IQR 30,900-64,250). Bilateral nephrectomy was performed at a median age of 20 months (IQR 14-25), and kidney transplantation 10-88 days after the nephrectomy. Antibody levels were measured at median 18 months (IQR 6-23) after immunization. Protective antibody levels were detected in all examined children for hepatitis B (5/5), (7/7), rubella virus (2/2), and mumps virus (1/1); in 5/6 children for varicella; in 4/6 for poliovirus and vaccine-type pneumococcal serotypes; in 4/7 for type B and ; in 1/2 for measles virus; and in 2/5 for hepatitis A. None of the seven children had protective IgG levels against .
CONCLUSION
Immunization during severe congenital proteinuria resulted in variable serological responses, with both vaccine- and patient-related differences. Nephrosis appears not to be a barrier to successful immunization.
PubMed: 38756974
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1392873 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... May 2024Measles, a highly contagious respiratory virus with the potential to cause severe complications, hospitalization, and death, was declared eliminated from the United...
Measles, a highly contagious respiratory virus with the potential to cause severe complications, hospitalization, and death, was declared eliminated from the United States in 2000; however, with ongoing global transmission, infections in the United States still occur. On March 7, 2024, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) confirmed a case of measles in a male aged 1 year residing in a temporary shelter for migrants in Chicago. Given the congregate nature of the setting, high transmissibility of measles, and low measles vaccination coverage among shelter residents, measles virus had the potential to spread rapidly among approximately 2,100 presumed exposed shelter residents. CDPH immediately instituted outbreak investigation and response activities in collaboration with state and local health departments, health care facilities, city agencies, and shelters. On March 8, CDPH implemented active case-finding and coordinated a mass vaccination campaign at the affected shelter (shelter A), including vaccinating 882 residents and verifying previous vaccination for 784 residents over 3 days. These activities resulted in 93% measles vaccination coverage (defined as receipt of ≥1 recorded measles vaccine dose) by March 11. By May 13, a total of 57 confirmed measles cases associated with residing in or having contact with persons from shelter A had been reported. Most cases (41; 72%) were among persons who did not have documentation of measles vaccination and were considered unvaccinated. In addition, 16 cases of measles occurred among persons who had received ≥1 measles vaccine dose ≥21 days before first known exposure. This outbreak underscores the need to ensure high vaccination coverage among communities residing in congregate settings.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Disease Outbreaks; Chicago; Male; Infant; Adult; Young Adult; Child, Preschool; Adolescent; Child; Measles Vaccine; Transients and Migrants; Female; Middle Aged; Mass Vaccination
PubMed: 38753539
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7319a1 -
Vaccine: X Jun 2024Information regarding the detection perioid of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human nasopharyngeal samples and measles-specific antibodies following...
Information regarding the detection perioid of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human nasopharyngeal samples and measles-specific antibodies following measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination is limited. During contact tracing for a measles outbreak at a hospital in Republic of Korea, 4 out of 206 children vaccinated with MMR underwent real-time RT-PCR assay for measles and measles-specific antibodies test. Measles virus RNA was detected in 2 children, all of which was vaccine virus strain RNA (genotype A). In a healthy 27-month-old boy, MeVV RNA was detected 448 days after MMR vaccination. Measles-specific IgM was positive 1097 days following vaccination in a 4-year-old girl. MeVV RNA and measles-specific IgM were detected for a considerable period following primary MMR vaccination. Physicians should exercise caution when interpreting positive RT-PCR results for MeVV or measles-specific IgM from a child with measles-associated symptoms who has been recently vaccinated against measles.
PubMed: 38746062
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100491