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Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Apr 2021To determine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with schizophrenia in a sample from South Africa and compare the clinical and demographic...
PURPOSE
To determine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with schizophrenia in a sample from South Africa and compare the clinical and demographic correlates in those with and without co-occurring SUDs.
METHODS
Patients with schizophrenia were interviewed using the Xhosa version SCID-I for DSM-IV. We used logistic regression to determine the predictors of SUDs.
RESULTS
In the total sample of 1420 participants, SUDs occurred in 47.8%, with the most prevalent SUD being cannabis use disorders (39.6%), followed by alcohol (20.5%), methaqualone (6.2%), methamphetamine (4.8%) and other SUDs (cocaine, ecstasy, opioids, 0.6%). Polydrug use occurred in 40%, abuse occurred in 13.5%, and 39.6% had at least one substance dependence diagnosis. Significant predictors of any SUD were younger age (41-55 vs. 21-30: OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.5-0.9), male sex (OR = 8.6, 95% CI = 5.1-14.6), inpatient status (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3-2.1), post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.6-13.3), legal (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 2.0-5.5) and economic problems (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0-2.0). Methamphetamine use disorders occurred significantly less often in the Eastern compared to the Western Cape provinces. Inpatient status and higher levels of prior admissions were significantly associated with cannabis and methamphetamine use disorders. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were significantly associated with alcohol use disorders. Anxiety disorders were associated with other SUDs.
CONCLUSION
SUDs occurred in almost half of the sample. It is important for clinicians to identify the presence of SUDs as their presence is associated with characteristics, such as male sex, younger age, inpatient status, more prior hospitalisations, legal and economic problems, PTSD symptoms and anxiety.
Topics: Alcoholism; Comorbidity; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Schizophrenia; South Africa; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 32797244
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01942-5 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020Sensitive real-time detection of vapors produced by the precursors, reagents and solvents used in the illegal drugs manufacture represents a priority nowadays. Acetic...
Sensitive real-time detection of vapors produced by the precursors, reagents and solvents used in the illegal drugs manufacture represents a priority nowadays. Acetic anhydride (AA) is the key chemical used as acetylation agent in producing the illegal drugs heroin and methaqualone. This study was directed towards quick detection and quantification of AA in air, using two fast and very sensitive analytical techniques: photoionization detection (PID) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Results obtained indicated that both PID and IMS can sense AA at ultra-trace levels in air, but while PID produces a non-selective response, IMS offers richer information. Ion mobility spectrometric response in the positive ion mode presented one product ion, at reduced ion mobility K of 1.89 cm V s (almost overlapped with positive reactant ion peak), while in the negative ion mode two well separated product ions, with K of 1.90 and 1.71 cm V s, were noticed. Our study showed that by using a portable, commercial IMS system (model Mini IMS, I.U.T. GmbH Berlin) AA can be easily measured at concentrations of 0.05 ppm (0.2 mg m) in negative ion mode. Best selectivity and sensitivity of the IMS response were therefore achieved in the negative operation mode.
Topics: Acetic Anhydrides; Biosensing Techniques; Illicit Drugs; Ion Mobility Spectrometry; Reproducibility of Results; Trace Elements
PubMed: 32316669
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081852 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2020is a medicinal herb of Leguminosae family. It is distributed in the tropical and humid regions. The plant is traditionally used in the treatment of typhoid, diabetes,... (Review)
Review
is a medicinal herb of Leguminosae family. It is distributed in the tropical and humid regions. The plant is traditionally used in the treatment of typhoid, diabetes, malaria, asthma, ringworms, tinea infections, scabies, blotch, herpes, and eczema. The review is aimed at unveiling the ethnobotanical description and pharmacological activities of Different parts of the plant are reported in folk medicine as therapeutic substances for remediation of diverse diseases and infections. The extracts and isolated compounds displayed pronounced pharmacological activities. Display of antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, dermatophytic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antilipogenic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimalarial, anthelmintic, and antiviral activities could be due to the array of secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, anthraquinone, saponins, phenolics, cannabinoid alkaloids, 1,8-cineole, caryophyllene, limonene, -selinene, -caryophyllene, germacrene D, cinnamic acid, pyrazol-5-ol, methaqualone, isoquinoline, quinones, reducing sugars, steroids, and volatile oils present in different parts of the plant. The review divulges the ethnobotanical and pharmacological activities of the plant and also justifies the ethnomedical claims. The significant medicinal value of this plant necessitates a scientific adventure into the bioactive metabolites which constitute various extracts.
PubMed: 32148534
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2580259