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Microbial Cell Factories Dec 2021The characterization of colonization and dynamic changes related to gut microorganisms might be vital, as it presents an opportunity to quantify the co-variation between...
BACKGROUND
The characterization of colonization and dynamic changes related to gut microorganisms might be vital, as it presents an opportunity to quantify the co-variation between stocking densities and gut microbiome of dynamic distribution. The objective of this study was to determine the stocking density on physiological performance and dynamic distribution of gut microbiome (including bacterial and fungal communities) of Langya laying hens in the two development stages.
METHODS
A randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial controls consisting of two development stages (24, 43 weeks-old) with three different stocking densities was performed. Three different stocking densities were allocated to a total of 300 11-week-old Langya laying hens (450 cm/bird, 675 cm/bird, 900 cm/bird). Three housing densities were accomplished by raising different chickens per cage with the same floor size. The dependent variables of stocking densities at each sampling point were; growth performance, organs index, egg quality and the changes of dynamic gut bacterial and fungal communities in the cecum.
RESULTS
Results showed that the stocking density didn't affect liver index, eggshell thickness, breaking shell strength and egg shape index. Hens from the highest stocking density had the lowest body weight, fallopian tube index, egg weight and yolk colour score. Except for the yolk colour score, the measurement changes caused by age followed the opposite pattern as stocking density. We observed a substantial rise in taxa linked with health threats when stocking density was increased, including Talaromyces, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, Oscillospira, and Dielma. The opposite was observed with Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lachnoclostridium, Eisenbergiella, and Kurtzmaniella. Also, most taxa were linked to polymicrobial infection in clinical cases, especially species whose percentage declined as the hens aged, such as Terrisporobacter, Faecalicoccus, Dialister, Cylindrocarpon etc. Whereas Sellimonas, Mitsuokella, Eurotium, Wardomyces and Cephalotheca had the opposite trend.
CONCLUSION
We speculated that excessive high density drove the abundance of bacteria and fungi connected with health problems. Where the gut microecology gradually reach a mature and balance status with age. Overall, this study demonstrates gut microbiome ecological processes in Langya layers at various stocking densities and finds possible connections between stocking density, microbiome and production performance. Our study will contribute to new insights associating suitable density patterns and production performance in laying hens by harnessing such a relative microbiome.
Topics: Age Factors; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Bacteria; Chickens; Female; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Housing, Animal; Mycobiome
PubMed: 34863176
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01707-y -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021A biphasic feeding regimen exerts an improvement effect on feed efficiency of pigs. While gut microbiome and metabolome are known to affect the host phenotype, so far...
A biphasic feeding regimen exerts an improvement effect on feed efficiency of pigs. While gut microbiome and metabolome are known to affect the host phenotype, so far the effects of reduced feeding frequency on fecal microbiota and their metabolism in pigs remain unclear. Here, the combination of 16S rRNA sequencing technique as well as untargeted and targeted metabolome analyses was adopted to investigate the fecal microbiome and metabolome of growing-finishing pigs in response to a biphasic feeding [two meals per day (M2)] pattern. Sixty crossbred barrows were randomly assigned into two groups with 10 replicates (three pigs/pen), namely, the free-access feeding group (FA) and the M2 group. Pigs in the FA group were fed free access while those in the M2 group were fed twice daily for 1 h at 8:00 and 18:00. Results showed that pigs fed biphasically exhibited increased feed efficiency compared to FA pigs. The Shannon and Simpson indexes were significantly increased by reducing the feeding frequency. In the biphasic-fed pigs, the relative abundances of , , , and were significantly increased while the relative abundances of , , , , , and were significantly decreased compared to FA pigs. Partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) analysis revealed an obvious variation between the FA and M2 groups; the differential features were mainly involved in arginine, proline, glycine, serine, threonine, and tryptophan metabolism as well as primary bile acid (BA) biosynthesis. In addition, the changes in the microbial genera were correlated with the differential fecal metabolites. A biphasic feeding regimen significantly increased the abundances of primary BAs and secondary BAs in feces of pigs, and the differentially enriched BAs were positively correlated with some specific genera. Taken together, these results suggest that the improvement effect of a reduced feeding frequency on feed efficiency of pigs might be associated with the altered fecal microbial composition and fecal metabolite profile in particular the enlarged stool BA pool.
PubMed: 34712219
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.761210 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Feb 2022It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated...
OBJECTIVES
It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated the composition of the salivary and tongue bacterial communities of smokers and nonsmokers in periodontally healthy adults.
METHODS
The study population included 50 healthy adults. The bacterial composition of resting saliva and the tongue coating was identified through barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The Brinkman index (BI) was used to calculate lifetime exposure to smoking. The richness and diversity of the microbiome were evaluated using the t-test. Differences in the proportions of bacterial genera between smokers and nonsmokers were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The quantitative relationship between the proportions of genera and the BI was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.
RESULTS
The richness and diversity of the oral microbiome differed significantly between saliva and the tongue but not between smokers and nonsmokers. The saliva samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Treponema and Selenomonas. The tongue samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Dialister and Atopobium. The genus Cardiobacterium in saliva, and the genus Granulicatella on the tongue, were negatively correlated with BI values. On the other hand, the genera Treponema, Oribacterium, Dialister, Filifactor, Veillonella, and Selenomonas in saliva and Dialister, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Cryptobacterium on the tongue were positively correlated with BI values.
CONCLUSIONS
The saliva and tongue microbial profiles of smokers and nonsmokers differed in periodontally healthy adults. The genera associated with periodontitis and oral malodor accounted for high proportions in saliva and on the tongue of smokers without periodontitis and were positively correlated with lifetime exposure to smoking. The tongue might be a reservoir of pathogens associated with oral disease in smokers.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cigarette Smoking; Humans; Microbiota; Periodontitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tongue
PubMed: 34505401
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.489 -
Animal Bioscience Feb 2022The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic (MSP) product containing of Bifidobacterium animalis,...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with a multi-strain probiotic (MSP) product containing of Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cerevisiae on growth, health, and fecal bacterial composition of dairy calves during the first month of life.
METHODS
Forty Holstein calves (24 female and 16 male) at 2 d of age were grouped by sex and date of birth then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: milk replacer supplementation with 0 g (0MSP), 2 g (2MSP), 4 g (4MSP), and 6 g (6MSP) MSP per calf per day.
RESULTS
Supplementation of MSP did not result in any significant differences in parameters of body measurements of calves during the 30 d period. As the dosage of MSP increased, the average daily gain (p = 0.025) and total dry matter intake (p = 0.020) of calves showed a linear increase. The fecal consistency index of the 2MSP, 4MSP, and 6MSP group calves were lower than that of the 0MSP group calves (p = 0.003). As the dosage of MSP increased, the concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.068) and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.081) in serum tended to decrease, whereas the concentration of total cholesterol increased quadratically (p = 0.021). The relative abundance of Dorea in feces was lower (p = 0.011) in the 2MSP, 4MSP, and 6MSP group calves than that in the 0MSP group calves. The relative abundance of Dorea (p = 0.001), Faecalibacterium (p = 0.050), and Mitsuokella (p = 0.030) decreased linearly, whereas the relative abundance of Prevotella tended to increase linearly as the dosage of MSP increased (p = 0.058).
CONCLUSION
The MSP product can be used to reduce the diarrhea, improve the performance, and alter the composition of the fecal bacteria in neonatal dairy calves under the commercial conditions.
PubMed: 34445849
DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0084 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases, affecting approximately half of children worldwide. The microbial composition of dental caries may...
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases, affecting approximately half of children worldwide. The microbial composition of dental caries may depend on age, oral health, diet, and geography, yet the effect of geography on these microbiomes is largely underexplored. Here, we profiled and compared saliva microbiota from 130 individuals aged 6 to 8 years old, representing both healthy children (H group) and children with caries-affected (C group) from two geographical regions of China: a northern city (Qingdao group) and a southern city (Guangzhou group). First, the saliva microbiota exhibited profound differences in diversity and composition between the C and H groups. The caries microbiota featured a lower alpha diversity and more variable community structure than the healthy microbiota. Furthermore, the relative abundance of several genera (e.g., , and ) was significantly higher in the C group than in the H group (<0.05). Next, geography dominated over disease status in shaping salivary microbiota, and a wide array of salivary bacteria was highly predictive of the individuals' city of origin. Finally, we built a universal diagnostic model based on 14 bacterial species, which can diagnose caries with 87% (AUC=86.00%) and 85% (AUC=91.02%) accuracy within each city and 83% accuracy across cities (AUC=92.17%). Although the detection rate of in populations is not very high, it could be regarded as a single biomarker to diagnose caries with decent accuracy. These findings demonstrated that despite the large effect size of geography, a universal model based on salivary microbiota has the potential to diagnose caries across the Chinese child population.
Topics: Child; China; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentition, Mixed; Humans; Microbiota; Saliva
PubMed: 34222048
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680288 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2021In our previous studies, we revealed the effect of lactose inclusion in calf starters on the growth performance and gut development of calves. We conducted the present...
In our previous studies, we revealed the effect of lactose inclusion in calf starters on the growth performance and gut development of calves. We conducted the present study as a follow-up study to identify the shift in rumen microbiota and its relation to rumen fermentation when calves are fed a lactose-containing starter. Thirty Holstein bull calves were divided into 2 calf starter treatment groups: texturized calf starter (i.e., control; n = 15) or calf starter in which starch was replaced with lactose at 10% (i.e., LAC10; n = 15) on a dry matter basis. All calves were fed their respective treatment calf starter ad libitum from d 7, and kleingrass hay from d 35. Rumen digesta were collected on d 80 (i.e., 3 wk after weaning) and used to analyze rumen microbiota and fermentation products. There was no apparent effect of lactose feeding on the α-diversity and overall composition of rumen microbiota. Amplicon sequencing and real-time PCR quantification of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (i.e., Butyrivibrio group and Megasphaera elsdenii) did not differ between the control and LAC10 groups. Conversely, the relative abundance of Mitsuokella spp., which produce lactate, succinate, and acetate, was significantly higher in the rumen of calves that were fed lactose, whereas the lactate concentration did not differ between the control and LAC10 groups. These findings suggest that the lactate production can be elevated by an increase of Mitsuokella spp. and then converted into butyrate, not propionate, since the proportion of propionate was lower in lactose-fed calves. In addition, we observed a higher abundance of Coriobacteriaceae and Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium in the LAC10 group. Both these bacterial taxa include acetate-producing bacteria, and a positive correlation between the acetate-to-propionate ratio and the abundance of Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium was observed. Therefore, the higher abundance of Coriobacteriaceae, Mitsuokella spp., and Pseudoramibacter-Eubacterium in the rumen of lactose-fed calves partially explains the increase in the proportion of rumen acetate that was observed in our previous study.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Fermentation; Follow-Up Studies; Lactose; Male; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rumen; Weaning
PubMed: 34218911
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20225 -
PloS One 2021Weaning is a critical period for piglets, in which unbalanced gut microbiota and/or pathogen colonisation can contribute to diseases that interfere with animal...
Weaning is a critical period for piglets, in which unbalanced gut microbiota and/or pathogen colonisation can contribute to diseases that interfere with animal performance. Tannins are natural compounds that could be used as functional ingredients to improve gut health in pig farming thanks to their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiarrhoeal properties. In this study, a mixture of quebracho and chestnut tannins (1.25%) was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the negative weaning effects on piglet growth. Microbiota composition was assessed by Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing of DNA extracted from stools at the end of the trial. Sequence analysis revealed an increase in the genera Shuttleworthia, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Peptococcus, Anaerostipes, and Solobacterium in the tannin-supplemented group. Conversely, this dietary intervention reduced the abundance of the genera Syntrophococcus, Atopobium, Mitsuokella, Sharpea, and Prevotella. The populations of butyrate-producing bacteria were modulated by tannin, and higher butyrate concentrations in stools were detected in the tannin-fed pigs. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the families Veillonellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Coriobacteriaceae occupied the central part of the network in both the control and the tannin-fed animals. Instead, in the tannin group, the OTUs belonging to the families Acidaminococcaceae, Alcaligenaceae, and Spirochaetaceae characterised its network, whereas Family XIII Incertae Sedis occupied a more central position than in the control group. Conversely, the presence of Desulfovibrionaceae characterised the network of the control group, and this family was not present in the network of the tannin group. Moreover, the prediction of metabolic pathways revealed that the gut microbiome of the tannin group possessed an enhanced potential for carbohydrate transport and metabolism, as well as a lower abundance of pathways related to cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis and inorganic ion transport. In conclusion, the tested tannins seem to modulate the gut microbiota, favouring groups of butyrate-producing bacteria.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Butyrates; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Male; Nuts; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Swine; Tannins; Weaning
PubMed: 33914832
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250874 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Weaning plays an important role in many animal processes, including the development of the rumen microbiota in ruminants. Attaining a better understanding of the...
Weaning plays an important role in many animal processes, including the development of the rumen microbiota in ruminants. Attaining a better understanding of the development of the rumen microbial community at different weaning stages can aid the identification of the optimal weaning age. We investigated the effects of weaning age on ruminal bacterial and archaeal communities in Hu lambs. Thirty male Hu lambs were randomly assigned to two weaning-age groups: a group weaned at 30 days of age (W30) and a group weaned at 45 days of age (W45), with each group having five replicate pens. On the weaning day (day 30 for W30 and day 45 for W45) and at 5 days postweaning [day 35 for W30 (PW30) and day 50 for W45 (PW45)], one lamb from each replicate was randomly selected and sacrificed. Rumen contents were collected to examine the ruminal microbiota. Compared to W30, PW30 had a decreased relative abundance of . At genus level, the extended milk replacer feeding (W45 vs. W30) increased the relative abundance of while decreased that of and . Compared to W30, PW30 exhibited decreased relative abundances of , and but an increased unclassified . No significant difference was noted in the detected archaeal taxa among the animals. The function "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites" was less predominant in PW30 than in W30, whereas the opposite held true for "metabolism of cofactors and vitamins." Some bacterial genera were significantly correlated with rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration or other animal measures, including negative correlations between ruminal VFA concentration and unclassified and unclassified ; positive correlations of ruminal papillae length with and , but negative correlations with and ; and negative correlations between plasma D-lactate concentration and , unclassified , and . Our results revealed that the ruminal bacterial community underwent larger changes over time in lambs weaned at 30 days of age than in lambs weaned half a month later. Thus, extending milk replacer feeding to 45 days weaning was recommended from the perspective of the rumen microbial community in the Hu lamb industry.
PubMed: 33833741
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636865 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021The pH drop in the hindgut of the horse is caused by lactic acid-producing bacteria which are abundant when a horse's feeding regime is excessively carbohydrate rich....
The pH drop in the hindgut of the horse is caused by lactic acid-producing bacteria which are abundant when a horse's feeding regime is excessively carbohydrate rich. This drop in pH below six causes hindgut acidosis and may lead to laminitis. Lactic acid-producing bacteria and have been found to produce high amounts of L-lactate and D-lactate, respectively. Early detection of increased levels of these bacteria could allow the horse owner to tailor the horse's diet to avoid hindgut acidosis and subsequent laminitis. Therefore, 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequences were identified and modified to obtain target single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from these bacteria. Complementary single stranded DNAs were designed from the modified target sequences to form capture probes. Binding between capture probe and target single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) in solution has been studied by gel electrophoresis. Among pairs of different capture probes and target single stranded DNA, hybridization of capture probe 1 (SECP1) and target 1 (SET1) was portrayed as gel electrophoresis. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry was utilized to study the binding of thiol modified SECP1 over gold on glass substrates and these studies showed a consistent binding signal of thiol modified SECP1 and their hybridization with SET1 over the gold working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to examine the binding of thiol modified SECP1 on the gold working electrode and hybridization of thiol modified SECP1 with the target single stranded DNA. Both demonstrated the gold working electrode surface was modified with a capture probe layer and hybridization of the thiol bound ssDNA probe with target DNA was indicated. Therefore, the proposed electrochemical biosensor has the potential to be used for the detection of the non-synthetic bacterial DNA target responsible for equine hindgut acidosis.
Topics: Acidosis; Animals; Biosensing Techniques; DNA; DNA Probes; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Firmicutes; Gold; Horses; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Streptococcus bovis
PubMed: 33810389
DOI: 10.3390/s21072319 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2021Tryptophan (Trp) plays an important role in piglet growth. However, the effect of dietary Trp on microbial flora is still poorly understood. A total of 40 28-d weaned...
Tryptophan (Trp) plays an important role in piglet growth. However, the effect of dietary Trp on microbial flora is still poorly understood. A total of 40 28-d weaned piglets were allocated to four groups with 10 barrows per group and one pig per replicate. Piglets were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet with 0.14%, 0.21%, 0.28%, or 0.35% Trp for four weeks. Five piglets from each diet group were euthanized, and blood and tissue samples were collected. The average daily body weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, spleen index, pancreas index, longissimus dorsi muscle index, plasma insulin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, kynurenine, and Trp concentrations of weaned piglets increased in a dose-dependent manner ( < 0.05). Compared with the 0.14% Trp diet, the adequate-Trp diets (0.21%, 0.28%, or 0.35%) down-regulated the relative abundances of 12 genera including , and ( < 0.05); up-regulated the abundances of , and in the colon ( < 0.05); and augmented the mRNA level and concentration of porcine β-defensin 2 in the small intestinal mucosa ( < 0.05). Moreover, Trp-adequate diets increased the abundances of Trp hydroxylase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, porcine β-defensin 2, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, and phosphorylated protein kinase B in the small intestinal mucosa ( < 0.05). We noted that a corn and soybean meal-based diet with 0.35% Trp may be a nutritional strategy to improve growth performance, intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, and intestinal microbial ecology in weaned piglets.
PubMed: 33799457
DOI: 10.3390/ani11030817