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Metabolites Aug 2022Sulfur mustard (HD) poses a serious threat due to its relatively simple production process. Exposure to HD in the short-term causes an inflammatory response, while...
Sulfur mustard (HD) poses a serious threat due to its relatively simple production process. Exposure to HD in the short-term causes an inflammatory response, while long-term exposure results in DNA and RNA damage. Respiratory tract tissue models were exposed to relatively low concentrations of HD and collected at 3 and 24 h post exposure. Histology, cytokine ELISAs, and mass spectrometric-based analyses were performed. Histology and ELISA data confirmed previously seen lung damage and inflammatory markers from HD exposure. The multi-omic mass spectrometry data showed variation in proteins and metabolites associated with increased inflammation, as well as DNA and RNA damage. HD exposure causes DNA and RNA damage that results in variation of proteins and metabolites that are associated with transcription, translation and cellular energy.
PubMed: 36144218
DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090815 -
STAR Protocols Dec 2022Although porous organic polymer (POP) has been explored as a promising photosensitizer, its powdered form makes it unfavorable for practical applications. Here, we...
Although porous organic polymer (POP) has been explored as a promising photosensitizer, its powdered form makes it unfavorable for practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for fabricating imidazoline-based POP composites using fabric and sponge as substrates. This fabrication is limited to POPs with aldehyde containing organic building blocks. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kim et al. (2022).
Topics: Mustard Gas; Porosity; Aldehydes; Polymers
PubMed: 36125930
DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101690 -
ChemMedChem Oct 2022Although it is known that the first case of cancer was recorded in ancient Egypt around 1600 BC, it was not until 1917 during the First World War and the development of... (Review)
Review
Although it is known that the first case of cancer was recorded in ancient Egypt around 1600 BC, it was not until 1917 during the First World War and the development of mustard gas that chemotherapy against cancer became relevant; however, its properties were not recognised until 1946 to later be used in patients. In this sense, the use of metallopharmaceuticals in cancer therapy was extensively explored until the 1960s with the discovery of cisplatin and its anticancer activity. From that date to the present, the search for more effective, more selective metallodrugs with fewer side effects has been an area of continuous exploration. Efforts have led to considering a wide variety of metals from the periodic table, mainly from the d-block, as well as a wide variety of organic ligands, preferably with proven biological activity. In this sense, various research groups have found an ideal binder in Schiff bases, since their raw materials are easily accessible, their synthesis conditions are friendly and their denticity can be manipulated. Therefore, in this review, we have explored the anticancer and antitumor activity reported in the literature for coordination complexes of d-block metals coordinated with tridentate Schiff bases (O N O and O N N) derived from salicylaldehyde. For this work, we have used the main scientific databases CCDC® and SciFinder®.
Topics: Humans; Schiff Bases; Coordination Complexes; Cisplatin; Mustard Gas; Transition Elements; Metals; Ligands
PubMed: 36068174
DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200367 -
Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine 2022Mustard is one of the most destructive chemical gases used in chemical warfare. Several studies showed effectiveness of inhaled morphine as a secondary treatment for the...
BACKGROUND
Mustard is one of the most destructive chemical gases used in chemical warfare. Several studies showed effectiveness of inhaled morphine as a secondary treatment for the improvement of dyspnea. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the efficacy of low dose inhaled morphine for respiratory function improvement in patients who were exposed to the mustard gas.
METHODS
This study was designed as a cross-over double-blinded clinical trial. Patients exposed to mustard gas were randomly assigned into two groups: 1) received 0.4 mg of morphine by inhalation and 2) received 5 ml of normal saline serum as a placebo in the same manner. After a washout period of one week, the first group received the placebo and the second group received morphine for 5 days. Spirometric indices, expiratory flow peak, exercise test, severity of dyspnea, and quality of life were evaluated as respiratory function parameters. Data analysis was done using SPSS software Version 16.
RESULTS
The mean maximum expiratory flow was significantly higher among cases who used morphine in comparison with the placebo group (p<0.05). Moreover, the severity of dyspnea, quality of life, and the frequency of coughing during the day were significantly improved among the recipients of morphine (p<0.05) while the spirometric indices and exercise tolerance tests were similar between the two groups (p>0.05), but the mean peak expiratory flow (PEFR) was significantly higher among the patients receiving morphine than the placebo patients (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION
The use of inhaled morphine had a significant positive effect on the respiratory system of people exposed to mustard gas. We can use low doses of inhaled morphine to improve the respiratory function of these patients as a secondary therapy.
PubMed: 35974930
DOI: 10.22088/cjim.13.3.575 -
Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine 2022Amongst the chemical warfare agents, blistering (vesicant) agents can be significant materials. The most important agent in this group is sulfur mustard (mustard gas)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Amongst the chemical warfare agents, blistering (vesicant) agents can be significant materials. The most important agent in this group is sulfur mustard (mustard gas) which is known as "King of chemical warfare (CW) agents ". Exposure to this agent, seriously causes damages in several organs, such as the eyes. This article reviews the ophthalmological aspects of sulfur mustard with reference of its management.
METHODS
A wide-ranging search in PubMed databases, Thomson Reuters and Scopus was done and different aspects of chemical properties of sulfur mustard, its mechanism of action and effects on eyes, clinical finding, diagnostic evaluation, initiate actions, pharmaceutical and surgical interventions was reported.
RESULTS
Sulfur mustard can alkylate DNA and RNA strands and break down structures of protein and lipid of cell membrane. This may impair cell energy production, and leads to cell death. Exposure to sulfur mustard, therefore, causes such problems for organs, including irreversible damage to the eyes.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the mechanism of the sulfur mustard effect and the early training in prevention injuries will cause fewer complications and damage to organs, including the eyes. Washing the eyes with tap water or eyewash solutions, using mydriatic drops, anti- inflammatory drugs, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and antibiotics may help to the management of poisoning. Surgical interventions including tarsorrhaphy, amniotic membrane transplantation, stem cell transplantation and corneal transplantation could reduce the harm to the victims.
PubMed: 35974928
DOI: 10.22088/cjim.13.3.458 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis.... (Review)
Review
On-site detection and initial identification of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain difficult despite the many available devices designed for this type of analysis. Devices using well-established analytical techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, or flame photometry, in addition to unquestionable advantages, also have some limitations (complexity, high unit cost, lack of selectivity). One of the emerging techniques of CWA detection is based on acoustic wave sensors, among which surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are of particular importance. These devices allow for the construction of undemanding and affordable gas sensors whose selectivity, sensitivity, and other metrological parameters can be tailored by application of particular coating material. This review article presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of SAW and QCM-based gas sensors used for the detection of blister agents as well as simulants of these substances. The scope of the review covers the detection of blister agents and their simulants only, as in the available literature no similar paper was found, in contrast to the detection of nerve agents. The article includes description of the principles of operation of acoustic wave sensors, a critical review of individual studies and solutions, and discusses development prospects of this analytical technique in the field of blister agent detection.
Topics: Blister; Chemical Warfare Agents; Humans; Nerve Agents; Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques; Sound
PubMed: 35957163
DOI: 10.3390/s22155607 -
Proteome Science Aug 2022Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ocular injured induced by mustard gas can help better identify complications and...
Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ocular injured induced by mustard gas can help better identify complications and discover appropriate therapies. This study aimed to analyze the proteomics of tears of chemical warfare victims with mustard gas ocular injuries and compare it with healthy individuals. In this case-control research, 10 mustard gas victims with long-term ocular difficulties (Chronic) were included in the patient group, while 10 healthy persons who were age and sex matched to the patients were included in the control group. Schirmer strips were used to collect the tears of the participants. Proteomics experiments were performed using the high-efficiency TMT10X method to evaluate the tear protein profile, and statistical bioinformatics methods were used to identify the differently expressed proteins. 24 proteins had different expressions between the two groups. Among these 24 proteins, 8 proteins had increased expression in veterans' tears, while the remaining 16 proteins had decreased expression. Reactome pathways were used to look at proteins with various expressions, and 13 proteins were found to be engaged in the immune system, 9 of which were effective in the innate immune system, and 5 proteins were effective in the complement cascade. Ocular mustard gas exposure may cause a compromised immune system on the eye's surface, exposing the cornea to external and endogenous infections, and eventually causing corneal opacity and reduced vision.
PubMed: 35948930
DOI: 10.1186/s12953-022-00195-1 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Apr 2022This study aims to explore the healthcare utilization (HCU) and expenditures from complementary health insurance among Iranian people who survived sulfur mustard (SM)...
BACKGROUND
This study aims to explore the healthcare utilization (HCU) and expenditures from complementary health insurance among Iranian people who survived sulfur mustard (SM) exposure during the Iran-Iraq war.
METHODS
This study was conducted between March 21, 2018 and March 21, 2019 using secondary data. Data on the HCU and expenditure of war survivors after their exposure to SM were obtained from the Iran Veterans and Martyr Affair Foundation (VMAF) database and the national complementary insurance organization that covers their medical expenses. Multiple linear and zero-inflated poison regression (ZIP) models were used to estimate the costs and HCU. Analyses were performed in R software version 3.6.3.
RESULTS
Among 58880 survivors who were included in study, 36383 (61.7%) used at least one service during a year. The total frequency of HCU was 15.6 services per person per year. The annual mean medical cost of each survivor was US$807.6 (±2901.2). The highest number of utilizations was related to medicine and physician visits. The highest median cost was related to rehabilitation (US$151.7), medical equipment (US$84.5), medicine (US$83.3) and inpatient services (US$ 48.8). With increasing age, disability, weight, severity of injury in lung or eye injuries, the rate of health service utilization rose significantly.
CONCLUSION
Over 30 years after the Iran-Iraq war, Iranian people who were exposed to SM and survived still suffer from injuries and pose a significant drain on healthcare resources.
Topics: Chemical Warfare; Chemical Warfare Agents; Health Expenditures; Humans; Iran; Mustard Gas; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Survivors
PubMed: 35942996
DOI: 10.34172/aim.2022.40 -
BMC Medical Genomics Aug 2022Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating and forming chemical that was widely used by Iraqi forces during the Iran-Iraq wars. One of the target organs of SM is the skin....
Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating and forming chemical that was widely used by Iraqi forces during the Iran-Iraq wars. One of the target organs of SM is the skin. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SM may help better identify complications and find appropriate treatments. The current study collected ten SM-exposed patients with long-term skin complications and ten healthy individuals. Proteomics experiments were performed using the high-efficiency TMT10X method to evaluate the skin protein profile, and statistical bioinformatics methods were used to identify the differentially expressed proteins. One hundred twenty-nine proteins had different expressions between the two groups. Of these 129 proteins, 94 proteins had increased expression in veterans' skins, while the remaining 35 had decreased expression. The hub genes included RPS15, ACTN1, FLNA, HP, SDHC, and RPL29, and three modules were extracted from the PPI network analysis. Skin SM exposure can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation.
Topics: Chemical Warfare Agents; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Mustard Gas; Proteomics; Skin; Veterans
PubMed: 35933451
DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01328-3 -
RSC Advances Jul 2022By combining the anionic salt meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) and the Keggin polyoxometalate cation cluster [AlO(OH)(HO)] a simple ion-exchange method, a...
Enhancing the quantum yield of singlet oxygen: photocatalytic degradation of mustard gas simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide catalyzed by a hybrid of polyhydroxyl aluminum cations and porphyrin anions.
By combining the anionic salt meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) and the Keggin polyoxometalate cation cluster [AlO(OH)(HO)] a simple ion-exchange method, a hybrid (CHNO)[AlO(OH)(HO)](OH)·18HO (Al-TCPP) was prepared and thoroughly characterized as a prototype of polyoxometalate-porphyrin hybrids for the photocatalytic degradation of the mustard gas simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The experimental results showed that the catalytic degradation rate of CEES in the presence of Al-TCPP reached 96.16 and 99.01% in 180 and 90 min in methanol and methanol-water solvent mixture (v/v = 1 : 1), respectively. The reaction followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the half-life and kinetic constant in methanol and solvent mixture were 39.8 min, -0.017 min and 14.7 min, -0.047 min. Mechanism analysis indicated that under visible light irradiation in air, CEES was degraded through a combination of oxidation and alcoholysis/hydrolysis in methanol and the methanol-water solvent mixture. The superoxide radical (O˙) and singlet molecular oxygen (O) generated by Al-TCPP selectively oxidized CEES into a non-toxic sulfoxide. The singlet oxygen capture experiments showed that Al-TCPP ( = 0.236) had a higher quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation than HTCPP ( = 0.135) under visible light irradiation in air. The material Al-TCPP has good reusability, and the degradation rate of CEES can still reach 98.37% after being recycled five times.
PubMed: 35919596
DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01821g