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Veterinary Immunology and... Jun 2024Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) provide a rapid response to infection and tissue damage and stress can modify these critical innate immune defences. The study of...
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) provide a rapid response to infection and tissue damage and stress can modify these critical innate immune defences. The study of adrenergic receptor (AR) expression and function in bovine PMNs is limited but both neutrophils and eosinophils express numerous AR genes but differ significantly in their expression of individual AR genes. A flow cytometric technique was developed to differentiate between bovine neutrophils and eosinophils so both neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists could be analysed. Neutrophils and eosinophils displayed significantly different changes in CD11b, L-selectin, and CD44 expression when activated by bovine serum opsonized zymosan and recombinant bovine interferon gamma. The responses of activated and resting neutrophils and eosinophils were then compared following stimulation with endogenous adrenergic agonists, epinephrine (E) norepinephrine (NE), and synthetic agonists targeting α1-, α2-, or β-ARs. Both resting and activated neutrophils and eosinophils displayed differences in iROS, CD44, and L-selectin expression following stimulation with E and NE. Resting neutrophils displayed pro-inflammatory responses to both E and NE, while resting eosinophils displayed a pro-inflammatory response to only NE. No single synthetic adrenergic agonist fully recapitulated responses observed with either E or NE and responses to adrenergic agonists were dose-dependent. In conclusion, bovine eosinophils and neutrophils responded to multiple adrenergic agonists by altering expression of proteins involved in immune surveillance and pro-inflammatory responses. Significant differences in neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists are consistent with their differences in AR gene expression. This highlights the importance of analysing separately these two PMN subpopulations when investigating the effects of either endogenous or synthetic AR agonists.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Neutrophils; Eosinophils; L-Selectin; Norepinephrine; Epinephrine; Adrenergic Agonists; Hyaluronan Receptors; Flow Cytometry; CD11b Antigen; Neutrophil Activation; Receptors, Adrenergic
PubMed: 38669937
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110758 -
Heliyon Apr 2024To examine whether image processing of non-mydriatic DRI Triton SS-OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) using the red free filter could assess the presence of...
PURPOSE
To examine whether image processing of non-mydriatic DRI Triton SS-OCT (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) using the red free filter could assess the presence of choroidal nodules and thus include their detection as a diagnostic criterion in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We included 417 eyes from 210 patients, 377 - from 190 patients diagnosed with NF1 according to the criteria established by the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference (NIH) and 40 from 20 healthy patients as a control group. The mean age was 9.4 years (range 2 years-18 years). All patients had their visual acuity measured by a test according to age, were examined for the presence of lisch nodules and an Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) of the macular area was performed. All the OCT images were analysed to check if visible nodules could be identified.
RESULTS
Ages 14 (95% CI=(9.7,18.3)) and 12 years (95% CI=(9.1,14)) are the cut-off points that best separate those with choroidal nodules with Triton OCT and lisch with slit lamp, respectively, from those without. lisch nodules were detected in 50% of cases of NF1 patients. The presence of choroidal nodules did not present a statistically significant correlation with the occurrence of optic pathway glioma (p = 0.96) nor with the patient's visual worsening (p = 0.072). A statistically significant correlation was observed between the presence of choroidal nodules and the presence of lisch nodules (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The Topcon Triton OCT red free tool would not be a good tool to detect choroidal nodules in patients with NF1 because of its low sensitivity. If the presence of choroidal nodules were to be included in the diagnostic criteria for NF1, it would be convenient to use a device with red and infrared radiations.
PubMed: 38644819
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29263 -
Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2024Determining the accuracy of cycloplegic refractive error measurements made with the Spot Vision Screener (SVS, Welch Allyn Inc, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA) is important... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
Determining the accuracy of cycloplegic refractive error measurements made with the Spot Vision Screener (SVS, Welch Allyn Inc, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA) is important for refractive assessment of uncooperative patients during optometric examinations. This study compared cycloplegic refractive errors measured by SVS and tabletop autorefractometer to cycloplegic retinoscopy in children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighty-eight eyes of 44 subjects were examined in the study. Refractive error measurements were obtained under cycloplegia using retinoscopy, SVS, and Nidek ARK-530 tabletop autorefractometer (ARK-530, Nidek, Japan). Spherical and cylindrical values, spherical equivalents (SE), and Jackson cross-cylinder values at axes of 0° (J0) and 45° (J45) were recorded. Correlations between methods were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis.
RESULTS
The mean age was 7 years (range: 6 months-17 years). Sixteen (36%) of the subjects were female and 28 (64%) were male. For SE there was excellent agreement between retinoscopy and SVS (ICC: 0.924) and between retinoscopy and tabletop autorefractometer (ICC: 0.995). While there was a moderate correlation between retinoscopy and SVS for cylindrical values (ICC: 0.686), excellent correlation was detected between retinoscopy and autorefractometer (ICC: 0.966). J0 and J45 crosscylinder power values were not correlated between retinoscopy and SVS (ICC: 0.472) or retinoscopy and tabletop autorefractometer (ICC: 0.442). Retinoscopy was correlated with both SVS and tabletop autorefractometer for all parameters within ±1.96 standard deviations in Bland-Altman analysis.
CONCLUSION
Cycloplegic retinoscopy is the gold standard for refractive error measurement in the pediatric population. However, it requires time and experienced professionals. This study revealed moderate to good agreement between SVS and retinoscopy, with better agreement in spherical errors than cylindrical errors. Although the SVS is intended for screening programs, it may also be useful in the pediatric eye office to estimate spherical refractive error in uncooperative patients.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Child; Retinoscopy; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Errors; Infant; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Screening; Mydriatics
PubMed: 38644780
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2024.93607 -
BMC Ophthalmology Apr 2024Plusoptix photoscreeners are capable of measuring refractive errors of children from 1 meter distance, without cyloplegia. We aimed to compare refractive data obtained...
BACKGROUND
Plusoptix photoscreeners are capable of measuring refractive errors of children from 1 meter distance, without cyloplegia. We aimed to compare refractive data obtained from the newest version of Plusoptix (model 12) with cycloplegic autorefraction.
METHODS
We examined 111 consecutive children aged 3-7 years first by Plusoptix A12C under manifest condition and subsequently for cycloplegic refraction by Topcon KR-1 tabletop autorefractometer. Sphere, spherical equivalent, cylinder and axis of astigmatism measured by the two methods were analyzed to determine correlation, agreement and differences.
RESULTS
Binocular examination of 111 children aged 4.86±1.27 years revealed good agreement between refractive data obtained by Plusoptix and cycloautorefraction, according to Bland-Altman plots. Significant (p < 0.001) and strong correlation was found between all refractive measurements (Pearson's r value of 0.707 for sphere, 0.756 for pherical equivalent, and 0.863 for cylinder). Plusoptix mean sphere, spherical equivalent and cylinder were 1.22, 0.56, and -1.32 D, respectively. Corresponding values for cycloautorefraction were 1.63, 1.00, and -1.26 D. The difference between axis of cylinder measured by the two methods was < 10° in 144 eyes (64.9%).
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the significant agreement and correlation between Plusoptix photoscreener and cycloplegic autorefraction, the need for cycloplegic drops in refractive examination of children may be obviated. The mean difference between cylinder measurements are considerably trivial (0.06 D), but sphere is approximately 0.4 D underestimated by Plusoptix compared to cycloautorefraction, on average.
Topics: Child; Humans; Mydriatics; Vision Screening; Refractive Errors; Refraction, Ocular; Astigmatism
PubMed: 38641836
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03459-w -
Medicine Apr 2024Traumatic bronchial rupture in infants usually necessitates surgical intervention, with few reports documenting instances of multiple cardiac arrests occurring during...
RATIONALE
Traumatic bronchial rupture in infants usually necessitates surgical intervention, with few reports documenting instances of multiple cardiac arrests occurring during surgery under conditions of severe hypoxemia.
PATIENT CONCERNS
A 3-year-old boy after trauma presented with severe hypoxemia for 2 days and was urgently transferred to the operating room for surgery, 6 episodes of cardiac arrest happend during surgery.
DIAGNOSES
The baby was diagnosed with bronchial rupture based on the history of trauma, clinica manifestations, and intraoperative findings.
INTERVENTIONS
Intrathoracic cardiac compression and intravenous adrenaline were administrated.
OUTCOMES
The normal sinus rhythm of the heart was successfully restored within 1 minute on each occasion, facilitating the smooth completion of the surgical procedure. By the end of surgery, SpO2 levels had rebounded to 95% and remained stable.
LESSONS
Inadequate management of bronchial ruptures in infants frequently coincides with severe hypoxemia, necessitating immediate surgical intervention. Prompt identification and management of cardiac arrest by anesthetists during surgery is imperative to reduce mortality.
Topics: Male; Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Epinephrine; Heart Arrest; Rupture; Hypoxia; Operating Rooms
PubMed: 38640271
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037891 -
Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research 2024The present study sets out to investigate the effect of cyclopentolate-induced cycloplegia on distance and near deviation and the accommodative convergence/accommodation...
PURPOSE
The present study sets out to investigate the effect of cyclopentolate-induced cycloplegia on distance and near deviation and the accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio.
METHODS
This prospective study was performed on 30 subjects. The inclusion criteria included a lack of any active ocular pathology and systemic diseases, no history of ocular surgery, and nonuse of various medications. Refraction, near and distance deviation were measured for all subjects, and the same examinations were repeated after the administration of two drops of cyclopentolate 1% to both eyes.
RESULTS
The obtained data from 30 subjects, including 19 males, with a mean age of 22.53 1.74 years were analyzed. The mean SD of near deviation in dry and cycloplegic conditions were -6.9 8.1 and +6.4 9.1 prism diopters, respectively, which were statistically significant ( 0.001). Distance deviation in cycloplegic conditions demonstrated an average difference of 0.8 prism diopters, compared to dry conditions ( 0.001). AC/A ratios were 4.7 2.5 and 9.7 3.9 (Δ/D) in non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions, respectively, which was a statistically significant difference ( 0.001). The multiple regression indicated that among all under study variables, refraction (B coefficient: -2.4; 0.001) and near pre-cycloplegic deviation (B coefficient: 0.56; 0.001) were significantly associated with post-cycloplegic near deviation.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicated that cycloplegia causes a considerable esophoric shift in near deviation and a negligible esophoric shift in distance deviation. As a result, the AC/A ratio demonstrated a significant increase due to unequal changes in near and distance deviation.
PubMed: 38638622
DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15442 -
BMC Emergency Medicine Apr 2024Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, with presentations to emergency departments (EDs) increasing across Australia. Understanding the...
BACKGROUND
Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction, with presentations to emergency departments (EDs) increasing across Australia. Understanding the features of those presenting with anaphylaxis and aspects related to its optimal clinical management across the admission, treatment and discharge settings is needed to minimise its impact. We aimed to evaluate the nature and management of presentations related to anaphylaxis across two Australian EDs.
METHODS
Retrospective audit of paediatric and adult patients presenting to a community or tertiary level ED with anaphylaxis from 1 May 2018 to 30 April 2019. Data extracted from medical records included demographic characteristics, causative agents, clinical features, treatments administered across community, ambulance or ED settings, as well as post-discharge care arrangements including provision of Adrenaline Auto-Injector (AAI) and Allergy/Anaphylaxis Action Plan (AAP).
RESULTS
A total of 369 (107 paediatric and 262 adult) ED presentations were identified. A total of 94 (36%) adult and 46 (43%) paediatric patients received pre-hospital adrenaline, with a further 91 (35%) adult and 29 (27%) paediatric patients receiving a dose of adrenaline in the ED. The most commonly administered treatment in ED were corticosteroids, given to 157 (60%) adult and 55 (51%) paediatric patients. Among those requiring an AAI for discharge, 123/210 (59%) adult and 57/91 (63%) of paediatric patients left hospital with an AAI. In contrast, among those requiring an allergy/anaphylaxis action plan (AAP) on discharge, 61/206 (30%) adult and 30/90 (33%) of paediatric patients left hospital with one. Factors associated with an increased likelihood of receiving AAI on discharge in paediatric and adult patients included receipt of any adrenaline, receipt of two or more doses of adrenaline, and longer duration of hospital stay. Adults presenting within business hours were more likely to be discharged with AAI, but no such difference was observed for paediatric patients. Similar findings were evident for provision of AAP on discharge.
CONCLUSION
These findings demonstrate the need to improve assessment and treatment in the ED. In particular, the observed large variability in provision of AAI and AAP on discharge presents opportunities to explore strategies to improve awareness and provision of these critical components of post-discharge care.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Anaphylaxis; Aftercare; Retrospective Studies; Australia; Patient Discharge; Emergency Service, Hospital; Epinephrine
PubMed: 38627619
DOI: 10.1186/s12873-024-00966-3 -
European Biophysics Journal : EBJ May 2024In this study, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments were performed on RBC labeled by lipophilic fluorescent dye CM-DiI to evaluate the role of...
In this study, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments were performed on RBC labeled by lipophilic fluorescent dye CM-DiI to evaluate the role of adenylyl cyclase cascade activation in changes of lateral diffusion of erythrocytes membrane lipids. Stimulation of adrenergic receptors with epinephrine (adrenaline) or metaproterenol led to the significant acceleration of the FRAP recovery, thus indicating an elevated membrane fluidity. The effect of the stimulation of protein kinase A with membrane-permeable analog of cAMP followed the same trend but was less significant. The observed effects are assumed to be driven by increased mobility of phospholipids resulting from the weakened interaction between the intermembrane proteins and RBC cytoskeleton due to activation of adenylyl cyclase signaling cascade.
Topics: Adenylyl Cyclases; Membrane Fluidity; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Humans; Erythrocyte Membrane; Enzyme Activation; Signal Transduction; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Epinephrine
PubMed: 38625405
DOI: 10.1007/s00249-024-01707-x -
Translational Vision Science &... Apr 2024To evaluate the effect of low-concentration (0.01% and 0.05%) atropine eyedrops on ocular surface characteristics in young adults. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of low-concentration (0.01% and 0.05%) atropine eyedrops on ocular surface characteristics in young adults.
METHODS
Twenty-six myopic students aged 18 to 30 years were randomly assigned to receive either 0.01% or 0.05% atropine once nightly for 14 days, followed by cessation, with a ≥14-day interval between each administration. Assessments were conducted one, two, seven, and 14 days after using atropine with corresponding timepoints after atropine cessation. Tear meniscus height and first and average noninvasive keratograph tear film breakup time (NIKBUT-first, NIKBUT-average) were measured using Keratograph 5M, whereas the objective scatter index (OSI) was measured by OQAS II devices; the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score was also obtained.
RESULTS
The mean OSI peaked after two days of administration of 0.05% atropine (β = 0.51, P = 0.001), accompanied by significant decreases in NIKBUT-first (β = -7.73, P < 0.001) and NIKBUT-average (β = -8.10, P < 0.001); the OSDI peaked after 14 days (β = 15.41, P < 0.001). The above parameters returned to baseline one week after atropine discontinuation (all P > 0.05). NIKBUT-first and NIKBUT-average reached their lowest points after 14 days of 0.01% atropine administration (NIKBUT-first: β = -4.46, P = 0.005; NIKBUT-average: β = -4.42, P = 0.001), but those significant changes were diminished once atropine treatment stopped.
CONCLUSIONS
Young adult myopes experienced a significant but temporary impact on the ocular surface with 0.05% atropine administration, whereas 0.01% atropine had a minimal effect.
TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE
The investigation of the ocular surface effects of different concentrations of atropine may inform evidence-based clinical decisions regarding myopia control in young adults.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Atropine; Eye; Myopia; Ophthalmic Solutions
PubMed: 38625083
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.4.22 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2024To assess the prevalence of DR and the need for screening and management of DR with medical management of diabetes in rural and tribal population in Maharashtra.
PURPOSE
To assess the prevalence of DR and the need for screening and management of DR with medical management of diabetes in rural and tribal population in Maharashtra.
METHODS
The known diabetics of rural area and tribal area were screened at corresponding primary health centers, subcenters, and village level with the help of local healthcare workers using a portable non-mydriatic fundus camera. The prevalence of blindness among known diabetics in rural area was 1.29%, and 0.84% in tribal area.
RESULTS
In the rural area, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was 5.67% (n = 776), out of those 18.18% had sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR). The prevalence of DR was 7.73% (n = 711) in tribal areas, out of those, 30.90% had STDR.
CONCLUSIONS
The significant risk factors were identified to be the duration of diabetes and poor glycemic control. Implementation of targeted interventions for screening and management are required to reduce the risk of blindness among known diabetics in rural and tribal areas.
PubMed: 38623707
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_2570_23