-
Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii Apr 2024Although melasma leads to emotional distress and quality-of-life reduction, indigenous cultures practice female facial tattooing. Facial cues influence personality trait...
INTRODUCTION
Although melasma leads to emotional distress and quality-of-life reduction, indigenous cultures practice female facial tattooing. Facial cues influence personality trait inferences and attractiveness ratings. Skin lesions have been shown to alter gaze patterns, emotion perception, and social evaluations.
AIM
This study aimed to evaluate melasma's impact on visual attention, perceived attractiveness, and social evaluations, considering distinct anatomical areas. Additionally, we sought to compare perceptions of traditional facial tattoos due to their purposeful placement.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Gaze fixation patterns were examined via eye-tracking, and image-based personality questionnaires were completed for psychological trait assessment. Visual stimuli showcased anatomic melasma variants and tattoo patterns.
RESULTS
Traditional tattoos often follow midline patterns, sparing the upper lip. Both melasma and tattoos significantly affected visual attention ( < 0.001), with chin and upper lip melasma garnering increased attention. Upper lip melasma decreased gaze to the ocular area ( ≤ 0.002). while increasing perioral fixations ( < 0.001) compared to healthy faces. Upper lip tattoos conveyed increased perceived aggressiveness ( = 0.004). Ratings for attractiveness and personality traits were lower for centrofacial melasma than other variants, with no significant difference between centrofacial and isolated upper lip melasma.
CONCLUSIONS
The global avoidance of upper lip pigmentation underscores its perceptual burden. Upper lip pigmentation directs gaze towards anger-signalling regions, increasing perceived aggression and reducing attractiveness. Centrofacial melasma's impact parallels an isolated upper lip pattern, underscoring the disproportionate role of upper lip pigmentation. These findings warrant considering upper lip melasma's significant influence when evaluating quality of life and establishing treatment goals.
PubMed: 38784936
DOI: 10.5114/ada.2024.138678 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Gaze estimation is long been recognised as having potential as the basis for human-computer interaction (HCI) systems, but usability and robustness of performance remain...
Gaze estimation is long been recognised as having potential as the basis for human-computer interaction (HCI) systems, but usability and robustness of performance remain challenging . This work focuses on systems in which there is a live video stream showing enough of the subjects face to track eye movements and some means to infer gaze location from detected eye features. Currently, systems generally require some form of calibration or set-up procedure at the start of each user session. Here we explore some simple strategies for enabling gaze based HCI to operate immediately and robustly without any explicit set-up tasks. We explore different choices of coordinate origin for combining extracted features from multiple subjects and the replacement of subject specific calibration by system initiation based on prior models. Results show that referencing all extracted features to local coordinate origins determined by subject start position enables robust immediate operation. Combining this approach with an adaptive gaze estimation model using an interactive user interface enables continuous operation with the 75th percentile gaze errors of 0.7 , and maximum gaze errors of 1.7 during prospective testing. There constitute state-of-the-art results and have the potential to enable a new generation of reliable gaze based HCI systems.
Topics: Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Eye Movements; User-Computer Interface; Male; Eye-Tracking Technology; Female; Adult
PubMed: 38778122
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62365-9 -
Ophthalmology and Therapy Jul 2024The purpose of our study was to compare the safety and efficacy of two scleral fixation intraocular lens (IOL) methods of four-point scleral fixation (Akreos AO60) and...
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of our study was to compare the safety and efficacy of two scleral fixation intraocular lens (IOL) methods of four-point scleral fixation (Akreos AO60) and the Yamane technique (AcrySof MA60AC).
METHODS
This prospective, randomized study was conducted at the Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute in Warsaw between 2021 and 2023. We compared both groups for cause of aphakia, ocular history, refractive status, and complication.
RESULTS
Our study included 50 eyes from 47 patients. Four-point fixation was performed in 25 eyes (group 1), and the Yamane technique was used in 25 eyes (group 2). Surgical time was 24.1 min ± 8.9 in group 1 and 25.1 min ± 9.9 in group 2 (p > 0.05). The postoperative BCVA (best-corrected visual acuity) for group 1 and group 2 at 1 year's observation was 0.10 ± 0.15 and 0.09 ± 0.17 logMAR, respectively (p > 0.05). Postoperative total refractive error (RE) was - 0.06 ± 0.71 diopters (D) for four-point scleral fixation and 0.83 ± 0.70 D for Yamane technique (p < 0.05). Endothelial cell density (ECD) loss was 0.9% in group 1 and 3.5% in group 2 (p > 0.05). Bleeding into the anterior chamber and vitreous body was more frequent in the group of patients operated on with the use of the Yamane technique (10 cases, 20%, p = 0.01). IOL displacement was found in one case (2%) in group 2.
CONCLUSIONS
Both analyzed techniques are well tolerated and ensure good refractive results (extremely predictable in four-point scleral fixation) and have a similar safety profile. Four-point scleral fixation of IOL would appear to be safe, effective and beneficial for young, active patients, especially after trauma or recurrent subluxation.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT06389643.
PubMed: 38771460
DOI: 10.1007/s40123-024-00962-7 -
PloS One 2024Recent eye tracking studies have linked gaze reinstatement-when eye movements from encoding are reinstated during retrieval-with memory performance. In this study, we...
Recent eye tracking studies have linked gaze reinstatement-when eye movements from encoding are reinstated during retrieval-with memory performance. In this study, we investigated whether gaze reinstatement is influenced by the affective salience of information stored in memory, using an adaptation of the emotion-induced memory trade-off paradigm. Participants learned word-scene pairs, where scenes were composed of negative or neutral objects located on the left or right side of neutral backgrounds. This allowed us to measure gaze reinstatement during scene memory tests based on whether people looked at the side of the screen where the object had been located. Across two experiments, we behaviorally replicated the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect, in that negative object memory was better than neutral object memory at the expense of background memory. Furthermore, we found evidence that gaze reinstatement was related to recognition memory for the object and background scene components. This effect was generally comparable for negative and neutral memories, although the effects of valence varied somewhat between the two experiments. Together, these findings suggest that gaze reinstatement occurs independently of the processes contributing to the emotion-induced memory trade-off effect.
Topics: Humans; Emotions; Female; Male; Young Adult; Adult; Eye-Tracking Technology; Memory; Eye Movements; Fixation, Ocular; Adolescent; Recognition, Psychology; Photic Stimulation
PubMed: 38758747
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303755 -
Radiology Case Reports Aug 2024Choroidal detachment (CD) is a rare and potentially vision-threatening complication of glaucoma surgery. Inflammation and prolonged ocular hypotony can promote fluid...
Choroidal detachment (CD) is a rare and potentially vision-threatening complication of glaucoma surgery. Inflammation and prolonged ocular hypotony can promote fluid accumulation between the choroid and sclera. Risk factors include trauma, advanced age, use of anticoagulant medications, systemic hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. CD ultrasound findings will show 2 layers, detaching as far anteriorly as the ciliary bodies, that protrude convexly into the vitreous without extending to the optic disc, often described as the appositional or In contrast, retinal detachments will show a distinct "V" shape due to the retina's fixation to the optic nerve head posteriorly. In the case of hemorrhagic CD, therapy should be targeted at reducing intraocular pressure. In this case, the patient was started on atropine and prednisolone drops and discontinued on all glaucoma medications in the left eye. While serous choroidal detachments are usually benign, persistent choroidal effusions may cause significant morbidity with hemorrhagic CD having a worse prognosis. Point of care ultrasound can help emergency physicians quickly distinguish between choroidal and retinal detachments and thus guide management in a safe and timely manner.
PubMed: 38737180
DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.04.017 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024In mobile eye-tracking research, the automatic annotation of fixation points is an important yet difficult task, especially in varied and dynamic environments such as...
In mobile eye-tracking research, the automatic annotation of fixation points is an important yet difficult task, especially in varied and dynamic environments such as outdoor urban landscapes. This complexity is increased by the constant movement and dynamic nature of both the observer and their environment in urban spaces. This paper presents a novel approach that integrates the capabilities of two foundation models, YOLOv8 and Mask2Former, as a pipeline to automatically annotate fixation points without requiring additional training or fine-tuning. Our pipeline leverages YOLO's extensive training on the MS COCO dataset for object detection and Mask2Former's training on the Cityscapes dataset for semantic segmentation. This integration not only streamlines the annotation process but also improves accuracy and consistency, ensuring reliable annotations, even in complex scenes with multiple objects side by side or at different depths. Validation through two experiments showcases its efficiency, achieving 89.05% accuracy in a controlled data collection and 81.50% accuracy in a real-world outdoor wayfinding scenario. With an average runtime per frame of 1.61 ± 0.35 s, our approach stands as a robust solution for automatic fixation annotation.
Topics: Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Eye-Tracking Technology; Video Recording; Algorithms; Eye Movements
PubMed: 38732772
DOI: 10.3390/s24092666 -
Journal of AAPOS : the Official... Jun 2024To assess the feasibility and performance of Vivid Vision Perimetry (VVP), a new virtual reality (VR)-based visual field platform. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
To assess the feasibility and performance of Vivid Vision Perimetry (VVP), a new virtual reality (VR)-based visual field platform.
METHODS
Children 7-18 years of age with visual acuity of 20/80 or better undergoing Humphrey visual field (HVF) testing were recruited to perform VVP, a VR-based test that uses suprathreshold stimuli to test 54 field locations and calculates a fraction seen score. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate correlation between HVF mean sensitivity and VVP mean fraction seen scores. Participants were surveyed regarding their experience.
RESULTS
A total of 37 eyes of 23 participants (average age, 12.9 ± 3.1 years; 48% female) were included. All participants successfully completed VVP testing. Diagnoses included glaucoma (12), glaucoma suspect (7), steroid-induced ocular hypertension (3), and craniopharyngioma (1). Sixteen participants had prior HVF experience, and none had prior VVP experience, although 7 had previously used VR. Of the 23 HVF tests performed, 9 (39%) were unreliable due to fixation losses, false positives, or false negatives. Similarly, 35% of VVP tests were unreliable (as defined by accuracy of blind spot detection). Excluding unreliable HVF tests, the correlation between HVF average mean sensitivity and VVP mean fraction seen score was 0.48 (P = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.09-0.74). When asked about preference for the VVP or HVF examination, all participants favored the VVP, and 70% were "very satisfied" with VVP.
CONCLUSIONS
In our cohort of 23 pediatric subjects, VVP proved to be a clinically feasible VR-based visual field testing, which was uniformly preferred over HVF.
Topics: Humans; Visual Field Tests; Child; Female; Male; Pilot Projects; Adolescent; Visual Fields; Virtual Reality; Visual Acuity; Feasibility Studies; Glaucoma; Reproducibility of Results; Vision Disorders; Ocular Hypertension
PubMed: 38729256
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2024.103933 -
PloS One 2024Free throw is an important means of scoring in basketball games. With the improvement of basketball competition level and the enhancement of confrontation degree, the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Free throw is an important means of scoring in basketball games. With the improvement of basketball competition level and the enhancement of confrontation degree, the number of free throws in the game gradually increases, so the score of free throw will have an important impact on the result of the game. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between visual attention characteristics and hit rate of basketball players in free throw psychological procedure training, so as to provide scientific basis for basketball teaching and training.
METHODS
Forty players with similar free throw abilities were randomly assigned to the experimental group (10 males, 10 females) and control group (10 males, 10 females). The experimental group was free throw psychological procedure training, while the control group was trained with routine training, Eye movement indices (number of fixations, fixation duration, and pupil dilation) and the free throw hit rate and analyzed before and after the experiment. Group differences were examined using t-tests, while paired sample t-tests were conducted to compare pre- and post-test results within each group. The training time and training times of the two groups were the same.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in fixation duration, number of fixations, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between pre-test and post-test in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Post-test, there were significant differences in number of fixations, fixation duration, pupil diameter and free throw hit rate between the two groups (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between number of fixations and free throw hit rate in top (P < 0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation between fixation duration and hit rate in front (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The psychological procedure training can improve the visual information search strategy and information processing ability of free throw, and significantly improve the free throw hit rate. There was a positive correlation between the front fixation time and the free throw hit rate, and there was a positive correlation between the top number of fixations and the free throw hit rate.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Basketball; Young Adult; Fixation, Ocular; Athletic Performance; Attention; Eye Movements; Adult
PubMed: 38723019
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293436 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2024To evaluate the pattern of eye-gaze of preterm (PT), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (Ty) children.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the pattern of eye-gaze of preterm (PT), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (Ty) children.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study with eight preterm (born with ≤2000 g weight), nine ASD and five Ty male children, between six and nine years old, was performed. The eye gaze was evaluated presenting a board with a couple in social interaction, and a video with four children playing with blocks, projected in a screen computer, successively, evaluating the time that the children looked at each stimulus.
RESULTS
Although all the groups focus on the central social figure with no significant differences, ASD presented significant differences in time fixation of the objects (p=0.021), while premature children fixated more time in the central social interaction than in the whole scene than typical children.
CONCLUSIONS
Although this study found noteworthy differences in the eye-gaze patterns among the three groups, additional research with a more extensive participant pool is necessary to validate these preliminary results.
Topics: Humans; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Child; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Infant, Premature; Social Interaction
PubMed: 38716993
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2024/42/2023017 -
Journal of Vision May 2024In everyday life we frequently make simple visual judgments about object properties, for example, how big or wide is a certain object? Our goal is to test whether there...
In everyday life we frequently make simple visual judgments about object properties, for example, how big or wide is a certain object? Our goal is to test whether there are also task-specific oculomotor routines that support perceptual judgments, similar to the well-established exploratory routines for haptic perception. In a first study, observers saw different scenes with two objects presented in a photorealistic virtual reality environment. Observers were asked to judge which of two objects was taller or wider while gaze was tracked. All tasks were performed with the same set of virtual objects in the same scenes, so that we can compare spatial characteristics of exploratory gaze behavior to quantify oculomotor routines for each task. Width judgments showed fixations around the center of the objects with larger horizontal spread. In contrast, for height judgments, gaze was shifted toward the top of the objects with larger vertical spread. These results suggest specific strategies in gaze behavior that presumably are used for perceptual judgments. To test the causal link between oculomotor behavior and perception, in a second study, observers could freely gaze at the object or we introduced a gaze-contingent setup forcing observers to fixate specific positions on the object. Discrimination performance was similar between free-gaze and the gaze-contingent conditions for width and height judgments. These results suggest that although gaze is adapted for different tasks, performance seems to be based on a perceptual strategy, independent of potential cues that can be provided by the oculomotor system.
Topics: Humans; Judgment; Male; Female; Adult; Eye Movements; Young Adult; Fixation, Ocular; Photic Stimulation; Virtual Reality; Visual Perception
PubMed: 38709511
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.5.3