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Food Science & Nutrition Jun 2024The study's aim was to determine the effect of using sheep tail fat (STF) on carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) content and other properties of heat-treated sucuk (HTS), a type...
The study's aim was to determine the effect of using sheep tail fat (STF) on carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) content and other properties of heat-treated sucuk (HTS), a type of semi-dry fermented sausage. Three mixtures were prepared: 100% beef fat (BF), 50% BF + 50% STF, and 100% STF. After production (fermentation, heat treatment, and drying), the samples were cooked at 180°C for 0, 1, 3, and 5 min to determine the effect of cooking time on CML, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total sulfhydryl, and carbonyl contents. The lowest pH value (5.50) was observed in the presence of STF. The most oleic acid (46.02%) was observed in the 100% STF group. The score of taste and general acceptability decreased with increasing STF. Using STF had no significant effect on TBARS, total sulfhydryl, carbonyl, or CML content. These parameters were affected by cooking time. The mean CML content increased from 55.77 to 72.90 μg/g after 5 min of cooking. CML correlated more strongly with TBARS than sulfhydryl or carbonyl.
PubMed: 38873445
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4067 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jul 2024Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely-used brominated flame retardant, has been revealed to exert endocrine disrupting effects and induce adipogenesis. Given the high...
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely-used brominated flame retardant, has been revealed to exert endocrine disrupting effects and induce adipogenesis. Given the high structural similarities of TBBPA analogues and their increasing exposure risks, their effects on lipid metabolism are necessary to be explored. Herein, 9 representative TBBPA analogues were screened for their interference on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte adipogenesis, differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to brown adipocytes, and lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells. TBBPA bis(2-hydroxyethyl ether) (TBBPA-BHEE), TBBPA mono(2-hydroxyethyl ether) (TBBPA-MHEE), TBBPA bis(glycidyl ether) (TBBPA-BGE), and TBBPA mono(glycidyl ether) (TBBPA-MGE) were found to induce adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to different extends, as evidenced by the upregulated intracellular lipid generation and expressions of adipogenesis-related biomarkers. TBBPA-BHEE exhibited a stronger obesogenic effect than did TBBPA. In contrast, the test chemicals had a weak impact on the differentiation process of C3H10T1/2 MSCs to brown adipocytes. As for hepatic lipid formation test, only TBBPA mono(allyl ether) (TBBPA-MAE) was found to significantly promote triglyceride (TG) accumulation in HepG2 cells, and the effective exposure concentration of the chemical under oleic acid (OA) co-exposure was lower than that without OA co-exposure. Collectively, TBBPA analogues may perturb lipid metabolism in multiple tissues, which varies with the test tissues. The findings highlight the potential health risks of this kind of emerging chemicals in inducing obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other lipid metabolism disorders, especially under the conditions in conjunction with high-fat diets.
Topics: Polybrominated Biphenyls; Lipid Metabolism; 3T3-L1 Cells; Animals; Mice; Adipogenesis; Humans; Flame Retardants; Hep G2 Cells; Cell Differentiation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Endocrine Disruptors; Adipocytes
PubMed: 38870736
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116577 -
Heliyon Jun 2024Though little research has been done, shea nut oil (Shea Butter), is a promising shea product with great potential for use in industrial shea product manufacture. To...
Though little research has been done, shea nut oil (Shea Butter), is a promising shea product with great potential for use in industrial shea product manufacture. To assess the oil obtained from the shea nuts for personal, commercial, and industrial use, this study focuses on the extraction process, the optimal solvent for extraction, thermodynamics and kinetic studies, and characterization of the oil. Using different solvents as well as extraction temperatures and times, the oil was extracted using the solvent extraction method. Moreover, models of thermodynamics and kinetics were used in examining the Shea nut oil extraction at different durations and temperatures. At the highest temperature of 333 K (at 130min), the highest oil yields of 70.2 % and 59.9 % for n-hexane and petroleum ether, respectively, were obtained, following first order kinetics. For both petroleum ether and n-hexane, the regression coefficient (R) was 1. For the extraction with n-hexane and petroleum ether, the mass transfer coefficient (K), activation energy (Ea), entropy change (ΔS), enthalpy change (ΔH), and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) were, respectively, (0.0098 ± 0.0061 and 0.0123 ± 0.0084) min, 74.59 kJ mol and 88.65 kJ mol, (-236.15 ± 0.16 and -235.63 ± 0.17) J/mol K, (71.88 ± 0.06 and 85.94 ± 0.06) kJ/mol, and (148.75 ± 1.52 and 162.46 ± 1.52) kJ/mol. These values favor an irreversible, forward, endothermic, and spontaneous process. Gas chromatography analysis was used to identify the principal fatty acids in the oil, which include stearic acid (52 %), oleic acid (30 %), and linoleic acid (3 %), as well as various minor fatty acids. The oil's potential bonds and functional groups were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared analysis, and the physicochemical parameters such as the iodine value, peroxide value, acid and free fatty acid values were found to be within acceptable ranges for use in domestic, commercial, and industrial settings.
PubMed: 38868070
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31171 -
Journal of Lipid Research Jun 2024Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) is an acidic glycerophospholipid localized to late endosomes and lysosomes. However, the metabolism of BMP is poorly understood....
Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) is an acidic glycerophospholipid localized to late endosomes and lysosomes. However, the metabolism of BMP is poorly understood. Because many drugs that cause phospholipidosis inhibit lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2, PLA2G15, LYPLA3) activity, we investigated whether this enzyme has a role in BMP catabolism. The incubation of recombinant human LPLA2 (hLPLA2) and liposomes containing the naturally occurring BMP (sn-(2-oleoyl-3-hydroxy)-glycerol-1-phospho-sn-1'-(2'-oleoyl-3'-hydroxy)-glycerol (S,S-(2,2',C)-BMP) resulted in the deacylation of this BMP isomer. The deacylation rate was 70 times lower than that of dioleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG), an isomer and precursor of BMP. The release rates of oleic acid from DOPG and four BMP stereoisomers by LPLA2 differed. The rank order of the rates of hydrolysis were DOPG>S,S-(3,3',C)-BMP>R,S-(3,1',C)-BMP>R,R-(1,1',C)>S,S-(2,2')-BMP. The cationic amphiphilic drug amiodarone (AMD) inhibited the deacylation of DOPG and BMP isomers by hLPLA2 in a concentration dependent manner. Under these experimental conditions, the ICs of amiodarone-induced inhibition of the four BMP isomers and DOPG were less than 20 μM and approximately 30 μM, respectively. BMP accumulation was observed in AMD-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The accumulated BMP was significantly reduced by exogenous treatment of cells with active recombinant hLPLA2 but not with diisopropylfluorophosphate-inactivated recombinant hLPLA2. Finally, a series of cationic amphiphilic drugs known to cause phospholipidosis were screened for inhibition of LPLA2 activity as measured by either the transacylation or fatty acid hydrolysis of BMP or phosphatidylcholine as substrates. Fifteen compounds demonstrated significant inhibition with ICs ranging from 6.8 to 63.3 μM. These results indicate that LPLA2 degrades BMP isomers with different substrate specificities under acidic conditions and may be the key enzyme associated with BMP accumulation in drug-induced phospholipidosis.
PubMed: 38857781
DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100574 -
F1000Research 2023The growing popularity of nutrient-rich foods, among which is quinoa, is due to the increasing demand for healthier choices. Oils and hydrolyzed proteins from these...
The growing popularity of nutrient-rich foods, among which is quinoa, is due to the increasing demand for healthier choices. Oils and hydrolyzed proteins from these foods may help prevent various health issues. The objective of this work was to perform extraction from the endosperm of the grain from high-protein quinoa flour by physical means a differential abrasive milling process and extracting the oil using an automatic auger extractor at 160°C, as well as characterizing extracted oil. Quinoa oil extraction and physicochemical characterization were carried out. Chemical and physical quality indexes of quinoa oil were established, and both characterizations were conducted based on international and Columbian standards. Thermal properties were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, and rheological and interfacial properties of the oil were evaluated using hybrid rheometers and Drop Tensiometers, respectively, to determine its potential for obtaining functional foods. The result was 10.5 g of oil/ 100 g of endosperm, with a moisture content of 0.12%, insoluble impurities of 0.017%, peroxide index of 18.5 meq O /kg of oil, saponification index of 189.6 mg potassium hydroxide/g of oil, refractive index of 1.401, and a density of 0.9179 g/cm at 20°C. Regarding contaminating metals, it presented 7 mg of iron/kg of oil, a value higher than previously established limits of 5 mg of iron/kg of oil. The oil contained 24.9% oleic acid, 55.3% linoleic acid, and 4% linolenic acid, demonstrating antioxidant capacity. Quinoa oil showed thermal properties similar to other commercial oils. The interfacial and rheological properties were suitable for the stabilization of emulsions, gels, and foams, which are important in various industrial applications and could facilitate the development of new products. The extracted quinoa oil presented similar characteristics to other commercial oils, which could make it a potential product for commercialization and application in different industries.
Topics: Chenopodium quinoa; Rheology; Plant Oils; Chemical Phenomena; Temperature
PubMed: 38854700
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.134134.1 -
Heliyon Jun 2024This review delves into the world of mushroom oils, highlighting their production, composition, and versatile applications. Despite mushrooms' overall low lipid content,... (Review)
Review
This review delves into the world of mushroom oils, highlighting their production, composition, and versatile applications. Despite mushrooms' overall low lipid content, their fatty acid composition, rich in essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and oleic acid, proves nutritionally significant. Variations in fatty acid profiles across mushroom species and the prevalence of unsaturated fats contribute to their cardiovascular health benefits. The exploration extends to mushroom essential oils, revealing diverse volatile compounds through extraction methods like hydrodistillation and solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE). The identification of 1-octen-3-ol as a key contributor to the distinct "mushroom flavor" adds a nuanced perspective. The focus broadens to applications, encompassing culinary and industrial uses with techniques like cold pressing and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Mushroom oils, with their unique nutritional and flavor profiles, enhance gastronomic experiences. Non-food applications in cosmetics and biofuels underscore the oils' versatility. The nutritional composition, enriched with essential fatty acids, bioactive compositions, and trace elements, is explored for potential health benefits. Bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and terpenes contribute to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, positioning mushroom oils as nutritional powerhouses. In short, this concise review synthesizes the intricate world of mushroom oils, emphasizing their nutritional significance, extraction methodologies, and potential health benefits. The comprehensive overview underscores mushroom oils as a promising area for further exploration and utilization. The characteristics of mushroom biomass oil for the use in various industries are influenced by the mushroom species, chemical composition, biochemical synthesis of mushroom, and downstream processes including extraction, purification and characterization. Therefore, further research and exploration need to be done to achieve a circular bioeconomy with the integration of SDGs, waste reduction, and economic stimulation, to fully utilize the benefits of mushroom, a valuable gift of nature.
PubMed: 38845934
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31594 -
Communications Biology Jun 2024Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), previously called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a growing concern worldwide, with liver fibrosis...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), previously called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a growing concern worldwide, with liver fibrosis being a critical determinant of its prognosis. Monocyte-derived macrophages have been implicated in MASH-associated liver fibrosis, yet their precise roles and the underlying differentiation mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we unveil a key orchestrator of this process: long chain saturated fatty acid-Egr2 pathway. Our findings identify the transcription factor Egr2 as the driving force behind monocyte differentiation into hepatic lipid-associated macrophages (hLAMs) within MASH liver. Notably, Egr2-deficiency reroutes monocyte differentiation towards a macrophage subset resembling resident Kupffer cells, hampering hLAM formation. This shift has a profound impact, suppressing the transition from benign steatosis to liver fibrosis, demonstrating the critical pro-fibrotic role played by hLAMs in MASH pathogenesis. Long-chain saturated fatty acids that accumulate in MASH liver emerge as potent inducers of Egr2 expression in macrophages, a process counteracted by unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, oral oleic acid administration effectively reduces hLAMs in MASH mice. In conclusion, our work not only elucidates the intricate interplay between saturated fatty acids, Egr2, and monocyte-derived macrophages but also highlights the therapeutic promise of targeting the saturated fatty acid-Egr2 axis in monocytes for MASH management.
Topics: Animals; Early Growth Response Protein 2; Mice; Monocytes; Cell Differentiation; Macrophages; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Liver Cirrhosis; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Male; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids; Liver; Antigens, Ly
PubMed: 38831027
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06357-5 -
ACS Omega May 2024(L.) Delile, a member of the Zygophyllaceae family, is commonly known as the desert date. This tree is famous for yielding edible fruits and is esteemed for its...
(L.) Delile, a member of the Zygophyllaceae family, is commonly known as the desert date. This tree is famous for yielding edible fruits and is esteemed for its nutritional richness and diverse health advantages. The primary aim of this research was to assess the potential antidiabetic and cytotoxic effects of seed extracts from and its AgNPs for the first time on C2C12 and MIN6 cells, focusing on glucose uptake and insulin secretion, respectively. Additionally, the seed extracts underwent column chromatography through different solvent systems, resulting in the isolation of five distinct fractions with a mixture of methanol and water as an eluting solvent in different ratios. Comprehensive characterization of the aqueous seed extract was carried out using GC-MS and UPLC-MS. The study determined that the aqueous seed extract exhibited no toxicity at any tested concentration (6.25-100 μg/mL) on both cell types. The calculated IC values were 206.00 and 140.44 μg/mL for C2C12 and MIN6 cells, respectively, for seeds of AgNPs. Additionally, the aqueous seed extract and their AgNPs significantly increased glucose uptake by 150.45% and 156.00% of the control in C2C12 cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Insulin secretion was also notably enhanced by 3.47- and 3.92-fold of the control after administering seed extracts and AgNPs, respectively, at 100 μg/mL. GC-MS and UPLC-MS analyses identified various compounds across different categories. Notably, the F2 fraction (methanol and water in ratio of 80:20 as eluting solvent) exhibited the highest glucose uptake activity (156.81% of control), while the F3 fraction (methanol and water in ratio of 70:30 as eluting solvent) fraction demonstrated the highest insulin secretion activity (3.70 folds of the control) among all fractions at 100 μg/mL. GC-MS analysis was employed to characterize both fractions, aiming to identify the compounds contributing to their antidiabetic potential. The study's findings concluded that both seed extracts and their AgNPs possess significant antidiabetic properties, with elevated activity observed in the case of AgNPs in both assays. Various compounds, including diosgenin, oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid esters were detected in the seed extracts, known for their reported antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects.
PubMed: 38826529
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00327 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids, are easily oxidized by exposure to temperature and light in the presence of air to form unsaturated fatty acid... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids, are easily oxidized by exposure to temperature and light in the presence of air to form unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides as primary oxidation products. However, the catabolic rates of unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides in the human body remain unknown. In this study, ethyl esters of C-labeled linoleic acid (*C18:2-EE) and oleic acid (*C18:1-EE) and their hydroperoxides (*C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH, respectively) prepared by the photo-oxidation of *C18:2-EE and *C18:1-EE, respectively, were administered to mice and their catabolic rates were determined by measuring the expired CO levels. *C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH were β-oxidized faster than *C18:2-EE and *C18:1-EE, respectively. Notably, rapid β-oxidation of *C18:2-EE-OOH and *C18:1-EE-OOH was similar to that of medium-chain fatty acids, such as octanoic acid. Then, degradation products of C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH were analyzed under gastric conditions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Major decomposition products of C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH were medium-chain compounds, such as octanoic acid ethyl ester, 9-oxo-nonanoic acid ethyl ester, and 10-oxo-8-decenoic acid ethyl esters, indicating that C18:2-EE-OOH and C18:1-EE-OOH isomers formed during photo-oxidation were decomposed under acidic conditions. These findings support previous reports that dietary lipid hydroperoxides are not absorbed into the intestine as lipid hydroperoxides but as degradation products. This is the first study to suggest that dietary lipid hydroperoxides decompose during gastric digestion to form medium-chain compounds that are directly absorbed into the liver via the portal vein and rapidly catabolized via β-oxidation.
Topics: Animals; Oxidation-Reduction; Oleic Acid; Linoleic Acid; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Mice; Male; Hydrogen Peroxide
PubMed: 38825538
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23236 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2024Recent research has highlighted the importance of dietary fatty acid profile of fatty acid supplements on production responses of high-producing dairy cows. Conventional...
Recent research has highlighted the importance of dietary fatty acid profile of fatty acid supplements on production responses of high-producing dairy cows. Conventional soybeans contain ∼15% oleic acid and ∼50% linoleic acid whereas high oleic acid soybeans (HOSB) contain ∼70% oleic acid and ∼7% linoleic acid. We determined the effect of increasing dietary inclusion of roasted and ground HOSB on production responses of high-producing dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (50.7 ± 4.45 kg/d of milk; 122 ± 57 DIM) were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Treatments were increasing doses of HOSB at 0, 8, 16, and 24% DM. The HOSB replaced conventional soybean meal and hulls to maintain similar diet nutrient composition (% DM) of 27.4 - 29.4% (NDF), 20.6% forage NDF, 27.5% starch, and 15.9 - 16.5% CP. Total fatty acid content of treatments was 1.65, 3.11, 4.52, and 5.97% DM, respectively. Pre-planned polynomial orthogonal contrasts included the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of increasing HOSB. Increasing dietary inclusion of HOSB linearly decreased DMI and milk urea nitrogen and increased yields of milk, 3.5% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, and milk fat, and quadratically increased milk protein. The increased response to milk fat was due to an increase in preformed milk fatty acids. Due to the increase in milk component yields and decrease in DMI, there was an increase in feed efficiency. Increasing HOSB inclusion linearly decreased plasma BUN concentration and tended to decrease plasma insulin. Increasing HOSB had no effect on BW change or BCS change. In summary, increasing dietary inclusion of HOSB up to 24% DM increased production responses of high-producing dairy cows and did not affect body reserves.
PubMed: 38825117
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24781