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Cureus Apr 2023Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis is a rare and potentially fatal infection marked by the presence of gas in the epididymis and testicular tissue. Here, we describe the...
Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis is a rare and potentially fatal infection marked by the presence of gas in the epididymis and testicular tissue. Here, we describe the case of a 49-year-old male with a known past medical history of diabetes and hypertension who presented with right inguinoscrotal swelling and severe tenderness. An urgent scrotal ultrasound was obtained and revealed a fluid-filled avascular mass. Moreover, the non-contrast CT scan showed a mixture of air and fluid density in the right epididymis, perineum, and spermatic cord course. The medical team confirmed the diagnosis of emphysematous epididymo-orchitis. The patient refused the management plan at first, but later came back and accepted the procedure. A right orchidectomy with spermatic cord removal was performed without complications.
PubMed: 37266058
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38358 -
Cureus Apr 2023Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis (EEO) is a rare but serious condition that involves the presence of gas within the tissues of the testicle and/or the epididymis. It is... (Review)
Review
Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis (EEO) is a rare but serious condition that involves the presence of gas within the tissues of the testicle and/or the epididymis. It is a medical emergency that can be life-threatening if left untreated. Management of this condition may involve a combination of antibiotics, surgical drainage, and supportive care. In March 2023, A systematic review of case reports was conducted to identify and examine cases of EEO. We used PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for a methodical search. Only seven out of 136 studies met our criteria for this review of case reports. However, this review discusses symptom presentation, imaging findings, complications, and possible management of EEO.
PubMed: 37261165
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38326 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Male infertility is a global issue that seriously affects reproductive health. This study aimed to understand the underlying causes of idiopathic non-obstructive...
Male infertility is a global issue that seriously affects reproductive health. This study aimed to understand the underlying causes of idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia (iNOA), which is a type of male infertility with unknown origins that accounts for 10-15% of cases. By using single-cell analysis techniques, we aimed to uncover the mechanisms of iNOA and gain insight into the cellular and molecular changes in the testicular environment. In this study, we performed bioinformatics analysis using scRNA-seq and microarray data obtained from the GEO database. The analysis included techniques such as pseudotime analysis, cell-cell communication, and hdWGCNA. Our study showed a significant difference between the iNOA and the normal groups, indicating a disorder in the spermatogenic microenvironment in iNOA. We observed a reduction in the proportion of Sertoli cells and blocked germ cell differentiation. Additionally, we found evidence of testicular inflammation related to macrophages and identified and as potential biomarkers for iNOA.
Topics: Humans; Male; Azoospermia; Testis; Spermatogenesis; Infertility, Male; Orchitis; Inflammation; Single-Cell Analysis; Heat-Shock Proteins
PubMed: 37240164
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108819 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Oct 2023
Topics: Male; Humans; Orchitis; Epididymitis
PubMed: 37236824
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.05.046 -
International Journal For Parasitology Aug 2023Besnoitia besnoiti-infected bulls may develop severe systemic clinical signs and orchitis that may ultimately cause sterility during the acute infection. Macrophages...
Besnoitia besnoiti-infected bulls may develop severe systemic clinical signs and orchitis that may ultimately cause sterility during the acute infection. Macrophages might play a relevant role in pathogenesis of the disease and the immune response raised against B. besnoiti infection. This study aimed to dissect the early interaction between B. besnoiti tachyzoites and primary bovine monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. First, the B. besnoiti tachyzoite lytic cycle was characterized. Next, dual transcriptomic profiling of B. besnoiti tachyzoites and macrophages was conducted at early infection (4 and 8 h p.i.) by high-throughput RNA sequencing. Macrophages inoculated with heat-killed tachyzoites (MO-hkBb) and non-infected macrophages (MO) were used as controls. Besnoitia besnoiti was able to invade and proliferate in macrophages. Upon infection, macrophage activation was demonstrated by morphological and transcriptomic changes. Infected macrophages were smaller, round and lacked filopodial structures, which might be associated with a migratory phenotype demonstrated in other apicomplexan parasites. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased substantially during infection. In B. besnoiti-infected macrophages (MO-Bb), apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were regulated at 4 h p.i., and apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay. The Herpes simplex virus 1 infection pathway was the only significantly enriched pathway in MO-Bb at 8 h p.i. Relevant DEGs of the Herpes simplex virus 1 infection (IFNα) and the apoptosis pathways (CHOP-2) were also significantly regulated in the testicular parenchyma of naturally infected bulls. Furthermore, the parasite transcriptomic analysis revealed DEGs mainly related to host cell invasion and metabolism. These results provide a deep overview of the earliest macrophage modulation by B. besnoiti that may favour parasite survival and proliferation in a specialized phagocytic immune cell. Putative parasite effectors were also identified.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Male; Besnoitia; Coccidiosis; Parasites; Sarcocystidae; Cattle Diseases; Macrophages; Apoptosis
PubMed: 37207972
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.05.002 -
Viruses Apr 2023As a zoonotic virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a serious threat to human health and the breeding industry. Regarding the mechanism and complications of...
As a zoonotic virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) poses a serious threat to human health and the breeding industry. Regarding the mechanism and complications of tissue inflammation caused by JEV, such as encephalitis and orchitis, there is no effective drug treatment currently, and the mechanism of occurrence has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, it is necessary to study the mechanism of the inflammatory pathway caused by JEV. As one of the key proteins regulating cell death, BCL2 antagonist/killer (BAK) is also a necessary prerequisite for the release of cellular inflammatory factors. We found that after JEV infection, BAK-knockdown cells died less than normal cells, and the transcription levels of inflammatory factors such as , , and and their corresponding regulatory genes were also significantly reduced. By further verifying protein expression on the cell death pathway, it was found that pyroptotic activation and virus titer were also significantly reduced in BAK.KD cells, suggesting that JEV proliferation might be related to BAK-induced cell death. From our data, we could conclude that JEV utilized the BAK-promoted pyroptotic pathway to release more virions after the final Gasdermin D-N (GSDMD-N) protein pore formation for the purpose of JEV proliferation. Therefore, the study of the endogenous cell death activator protein BAK and the final release pathway of JEV, is expected to provide some new theoretical basis for future research on the screening of targeted drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by JEV.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Cell Proliferation; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Pyroptosis; Swine; bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein
PubMed: 37112954
DOI: 10.3390/v15040974 -
Case Reports in Pediatrics 2023Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) with early manifestations simulating IgA vasculitis is a very rare childhood systemic disease. . A 10-year-old boy presented...
BACKGROUND
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) with early manifestations simulating IgA vasculitis is a very rare childhood systemic disease. . A 10-year-old boy presented initially with cutaneous, skeletal, and abdominal signs suggestive of IgA vasculitis. Over time, the worsening of skin ulcers, orchitis, and renal involvement led to the diagnosis of GPA according to cytoplasmic positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and renal biopsy.
CONCLUSION
Clinicians should be awared of the diagnostic pitfalls when making a clinical diagnosis of IgA vasculitis in children older than 7 years.
PubMed: 37102146
DOI: 10.1155/2023/9950855 -
Zoological Research May 2023Bacterial or viral infections, such as , mumps virus, herpes simplex virus, and Zika virus, destroy immune homeostasis of the testes, leading to spermatogenesis disorder...
Bacterial or viral infections, such as , mumps virus, herpes simplex virus, and Zika virus, destroy immune homeostasis of the testes, leading to spermatogenesis disorder and infertility. Of note, recent research shows that SARS-CoV-2 can infect male gonads and destroy Sertoli and Leydig cells, leading to male reproductive dysfunction. Due to the many side effects associated with antibiotic therapy, finding alternative treatments for inflammatory injury remains critical. Here, we found that plays an important role in regulating testicular immune homeostasis. Knockdown of in male mice inhibited spermatogenesis with a broad inflammatory response in seminiferous tubules and led to the loss of spermatogenic epithelial cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that positively regulated the expression of , an inhibitory protein of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) analysis indicated that SPRY1 binds to nuclear factor kappa B1 (NF-κB1) to prevent nuclear translocation of p65, inhibit activation of NF-κB signaling, prevent excessive inflammatory reaction in the testis, and protect the integrity of the blood-testis barrier. In view of this newly identified - -NF-κB axis mechanism in the regulation of testicular immune homeostasis, our study opens new avenues for the prevention and treatment of male reproductive diseases in humans and livestock.
Topics: NF-kappa B; Fertility; Humans; Male; Testis; Homeostasis; Animals; Mice; HEK293 Cells; Spermatogenesis; Inflammation; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Transcriptional Activation; Gene Knockdown Techniques
PubMed: 37070575
DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.440 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023rucellosis is a common zoonotic disease that is widely spread worldwide and poses a major threat to human health. Clinically, it often presents with non-specific... (Review)
Review
rucellosis is a common zoonotic disease that is widely spread worldwide and poses a major threat to human health. Clinically, it often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fever, excessive sweating, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, loss of appetite, weight loss, and enlarged liver, spleen and lymph nodes. The disease has a long and recurrent course, often accumulating in multiple systems and organs. Of these, osteoarticular involvement is the most common complication, with a prevalence of approximately 2-77%, usually manifesting as spondylitis, sacroiliac arthritis and peripheral arthritis. Hepatosplenomegaly is seen in about 50% of patients with rucellosis, and gastrointestinal disturbances such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are common. Although respiratory involvement is less common, pneumonia, pleurisy, pleural effusion, and pulmonary nodules have been reported. Besides, approximately 2-20% of cases involve infections of the male genitourinary system, mainly manifesting as unilateral epididymal-orchitis and orchitis. The most serious complication facing rucellosis is cardiovascular involvement, and although the overall mortality rate of rucellosis is about 1% and the incidence of rucellosis endocarditis is less than 2%, more than 80% of deaths are associated with endocarditis. Furthermore, rucellosis is complicated by hematologic disease, with anemia occurring in approximately 20-53% of children during the acute phase. In addition, the neurological incidence of rucellosis is about 0.5-25%, mainly manifested as meningitis. In this study, we review the multisystem complications of brucellosis with the aim of improving early diagnosis, timely treatment and prevention of long-term complications.
Topics: Child; Humans; Male; Orchitis; Brucellosis; Pleural Effusion; Spondylarthritis; Endocarditis
PubMed: 37065189
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1136674 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Chronic asymptomatic orchitis (CAO) is a common cause of acquired non-obstructive azoospermia in dogs. To understand the impact and mode of action of apoptosis, we...
Chronic asymptomatic orchitis (CAO) is a common cause of acquired non-obstructive azoospermia in dogs. To understand the impact and mode of action of apoptosis, we investigated TUNEL, Bax, Bcl-2, Fas/Fa ligand, and caspase 3/8/9 in testicular biopsies of CAO-affected dogs and compared the results to undisturbed spermatogenesis in healthy males (CG). TUNEL cells were significantly increased in CAO, correlating with the disturbance of spermatogenesis. , ( < 0.01 each), ( < 0.05), , ( < 0.01 each), and ( < 0.05) were significantly increased at the mRNA level, whereas expression was downregulated. Cleaved caspase 3 staining was sporadic in CAO but not in CG. Sertoli cells, some peritubular (CAO/CG) and interstitial immune cells (CAO) stained Bcl-2, with significantly more immunopositive cells in both compartments in CAO compared to CG. Bcl-2 and CD20 co-expressing B lymphocytes were encountered interstitially and in CAO occasionally also found intratubally, underlining their contribution to the maintenance of CAO. Our results support the crucial role of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in the pathophysiology of canine CAO. Autoprotective Bcl-2 expression in Sertoli cells and B lymphocytes seems to be functional, however, thereby also maintaining and promoting the disease by immune cell activation.
Topics: Humans; Male; Dogs; Animals; Caspase 3; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Orchitis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Apoptosis; Fas Ligand Protein; Azoospermia; fas Receptor
PubMed: 37047053
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076083