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Toxicology Reports 2022Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) cause great risk to human health as they are used globally. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the total...
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) cause great risk to human health as they are used globally. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of agricultural waste, as well as to control the pesticide residues (diazinon, and parathion) at a laboratory scale level using dried-milled fruit wastes. The pesticide residues parathion and diazinon were used at concentrations of 0.094, and 1.90 mg/mL respectively. The fruit wastes used in this study were orange and banana peels, as well as date stones, and they were used in two concentrations (3 and 9 g/30 mL deionized water). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity were measured in fruit wastes. Also, the Fourier transmitted infrared (FTIR) spectra of fruit wastes were established to figure out the nature of the functional groups found before and after pesticide residues removal. The ability of fruit wastes to remove pesticides residues was determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Data showed that date stones contained a higher amount of total phenolic content than orange and banana peels. However, orange peels contained a higher amount of total flavonoid contents than those of date stones and banana peels. As for antioxidant activity, banana peels recorded the higher antioxidant activity, followed by orange peels and date stones respectively. Results revealed that there was no relation between total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Results also indicated that date stones at a concentration of 9 g successfully reduced diazinon (81.18%), followed by banana (63.86%) and orange peels (43.42%) respectively, whereas parathion was reduced by banana peels at a concentration of 9 g (50.34%), followed by orange peels (45.28%), and date stones (39.52%) respectively. This study demonstrated that agricultural wastes were effective in the adsorption of diazinon from water, and their use is considered safe for the environment.
PubMed: 35399213
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.038 -
Data in Brief Apr 2022Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is a human enzyme important in chemical detoxification, steroid and fatty acid metabolism that is primarily hepatic. Therefore, induction or...
Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is a human enzyme important in chemical detoxification, steroid and fatty acid metabolism that is primarily hepatic. Therefore, induction or inhibition of CYP2B6 may perturb endo- and xenobiotic metabolism and cause adverse reactions. Recent research indicates that mice lacking Cyp2b enzymes are obese with liver steatosis [1] (Heintz et al., , 70:125-137, 2019). Current work is underway to determine the role of CYP2B6 in obesity and fatty acid metabolism, and CYP2B6 fluorescent inhibition assays were used to determine the IC50s of multiple industrial chemicals, pesticides, bile acids, steroids, and fatty acids. In many cases, inhibition of CYP3A4 was also performed in comparison because CYP3A4 is the most abundant hepatic detoxification CYP and therefore by abundance alone may also play a key role in the chemical's metabolism. Further, using the ratio of comparative potency of these compounds for CYP2B6 and CYP3A4, specificity can be estimated for these CYP2B6 inhibitors. These results indicate strong preferential inhibition (greater than 10-fold) of CYP2B6 and include lithocholic acid, arachidonic acid, atrazine, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, parathion, and nonylphenol. Estradiol was a strong preferential inhibitor of CYP3A4. Other screened CYP2B6 inhibitors include triclosan, ticlopidine, jet fuel, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid, lithocholic acid, butylate, hexachlorocyclohexane, vinclozolin, pentachlorophenol, metalachlor, butylate, diazinon, avermectin, tribufos, ticlopidine, and bisphenol A. Documentation of xenobiotic and endobiotic inhibition by these CYPs is necessary for proper modeling of the effects of diet, chemical exposure or even mixtures on drug metabolism and potential adverse reactions.
PubMed: 35282180
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108013 -
ACS Omega Feb 2022Graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS) produces enhancement of the Raman signal, which is based on chemical rather than electromagnetic mechanism such as in the...
Graphene-enhanced Raman scattering (GERS) produces enhancement of the Raman signal, which is based on chemical rather than electromagnetic mechanism such as in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Graphene oxide, amino- and guanidine-functionalized graphene oxide, exfoliated graphene, and commercial graphene nanoplatelets have been used to investigate the GERS response with the change of graphene properties. Different graphene nanostructures have been embedded into organic-inorganic microporous films to build a platform for the fast and sensitive detection of pesticides in water. The graphene nanostructures vary in the number of layers, lateral size, degree of oxidation, and surface functionalization. The GERS performances of the graphene nanostructures cast on silicon substrates and embedded in the nanocomposite films have been comparatively evaluated. After casting a few droplets of the pesticide aqueous solution on the graphene nanostructures, the Raman band enhancements of the analytes have been measured. In the nanocomposite films, the characteristic Raman bands originating from pesticides such as paraoxon, parathion, and glyphosate could be traced at concentrations below 10, 10, and 10 M, respectively. The results show that the surface functionalization reduces the GERS effect because it increases the ratio between the sp carbon and sp carbon. On the other hand, the comparison among different types of graphenes shows that the monolayers are more efficient than the few-layer nanostructures in enhancing the Raman signal.
PubMed: 35224328
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04863 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Organophosphate compounds are widely used in pesticides to control weeds, crop diseases, and insect pests. Unfortunately, these synthetic compounds are hazardous and...
Organophosphate compounds are widely used in pesticides to control weeds, crop diseases, and insect pests. Unfortunately, these synthetic compounds are hazardous and toxic to all types of living organisms. In the present work, was bioengineered to achieve methyl parathion (MP) degradation via the introduction of six synthetic genes, namely, , , , , , and , to obtain a new transformant, BL-MP. MP and its subsequent decomposition intermediates were completely degraded by this transformant to enter the metabolites of multiple anabolic pathways. The MP-degraded strain created in this study may be a promising candidate for the bioremediation of MP and potential toxic intermediates.
PubMed: 35222319
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.679126 -
Movement Disorders : Official Journal... May 2022Dream-enacting behavior is a characteristic feature of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific prodromal marker of synucleinopathies. Pesticide...
BACKGROUND
Dream-enacting behavior is a characteristic feature of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific prodromal marker of synucleinopathies. Pesticide exposure may be associated with dream-enacting behaviors, but epidemiological evidence is limited.
OBJECTIVES
To examine high pesticide exposure events in relation to dream-enacting behaviors among farmers in the Agricultural Health Study.
METHODS
We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine high pesticide exposure events reported from 1993 to 1997 in relation to dream-enacting behaviors assessed from 2013 to 2015 among 11,248 farmers (age 47 ± 11 years).
RESULTS
A history of dream-enacting behaviors was reported by 939 (8.3%) farmers. Compared with farmers who did not report any high pesticide exposure event, those who reported were more likely to endorse dream-enacting behaviors 2 decades later (odds ratio = 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-2.05). The association appeared stronger when there was a long delay in washing with soap and water after the event (2.63 [95% CI, 1.62-4.27] for waiting >6 hours vs. 1.71 [95% CI, 1.36-2.15] for washing within 30 minutes) and when the exposure involved the respiratory or digestive tract (2.04 [95% CI, 1.62-2.57] vs. 1.58 [95% CI, 1.29-1.93] for dermal contact only). In the analyses of specific pesticides involved, we found positive associations with two organochlorine insecticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and lindane), four organophosphate insecticides (phorate, ethoprop, terbufos, and parathion), two herbicides (alachlor and paraquat), and fungicides as a group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first epidemiological evidence that high pesticide exposures may be associated with a higher risk of dream-enacting behaviors. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Farmers; Humans; Insecticides; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides
PubMed: 35152487
DOI: 10.1002/mds.28960 -
Journal of Dairy Science Apr 2022As a food adapted to all kinds of people, milk has a high nutritional value. Because milk is a complex biological matrix, detecting illegal compounds is often difficult....
As a food adapted to all kinds of people, milk has a high nutritional value. Because milk is a complex biological matrix, detecting illegal compounds is often difficult. As a common pesticide, organophosphorus (OP) residues caused by nonstandard use may be ignored, which is a threat to milk quality. In this study, using coumaphos as template molecule, the synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) can specifically recognize 7 kinds of OP. Then, the MIP was used as an identification element to prepare a chemiluminescence sensor on a 96-well microplate for the determination of OP residues in milk samples. Due to the 4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenol-enhanced luminol-HO system, the sensitivity of the system is very high; the detection limits of 7 OP including coumaphos, fenthion, chlorpyrifos, parathion, diazinon, fenchlorphos, and fenitrothion were 1 to 3 pg/mL, and the half maximal inhibitory concentrations were 1 to 20 ng/mL. The intraday recoveries of 7 OP were in the range of 86.1 to 86.5%, and the interday recoveries were in the range of 83.6 to 94.2%. Furthermore, the sensor can be reused up to 5 times. Therefore, the MIP-based chemiluminescence sensor can be used as a routine tool to detect OP residues in milk samples.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Luminescence; Milk; Molecular Imprinting; Molecularly Imprinted Polymers; Polymers
PubMed: 35086700
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21213 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Dec 2022Organophosphorus (OP) insecticide poisoning causes respiratory failure due to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The AChE reactivating antidote pralidoxime was...
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticide poisoning causes respiratory failure due to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The AChE reactivating antidote pralidoxime was developed in the 1950s and was soon noted to benefit patients occupationally poisoned with the highly potent OP insecticide parathion. Routine use of pralidoxime and other oximes such as obidoxime then became widely recommended. However, nearly all severe cases of OP poisoning now result from self-poisoning with large volumes of less potent (WHO hazard class Ib and II) insecticides and co-formulated solvents. Unfortunately, oxime clinical trials have never shown benefit from their use for these patients, and some have shown that pralidoxime may be associated with harm, including increased mortality. Oximes should not be used routinely for the care of OP insecticide-poisoned patients until translational and clinical studies have identified a safe and effective oxime regimen and identified the patients who benefit.
Topics: Humans; Insecticides; Oximes; Acetylcholinesterase; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organophosphate Poisoning; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Poisoning
PubMed: 34989015
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15217 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Brain tumors are the second most common neoplasm in the pediatric age. Pesticides may play an etiologic role, but literature results are conflicting. This review... (Review)
Review
Parental Pesticide Exposure and Childhood Brain Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Confirming the IARC/WHO Monographs on Some Organophosphate Insecticides and Herbicides.
BACKGROUND
Brain tumors are the second most common neoplasm in the pediatric age. Pesticides may play an etiologic role, but literature results are conflicting. This review provides a systematic overview, meta-analysis, and IARC/WHO consideration of data on parental exposure to pesticides and childhood brain tumors.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar for literature (1 January 1966-31 December 2020) that assessed childhood brain tumors and parental exposure to pesticides. We undertook a meta-analysis addressing prenatal exposure, exposure after birth, occupational exposure, and residential exposure. A total of 130 case-control investigations involving 43,598 individuals (18,198 cases and 25,400 controls) were included.
RESULTS
Prenatal exposure is associated with childhood brain tumors (odds ratio, OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.17-1.49; I = 41.1%). The same occurs after birth exposure (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.03-1.45, I = 72.3%) and residential exposure to pesticides (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.11-1.54, I = 67.2%). Parental occupational exposure is only marginally associated with CBT (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.99-1.38, I = 67.0%).
CONCLUSIONS
There is an association between CBT and parental pesticides exposure before childbirth, after birth, and residential exposure. It is in line with the IARC Monograph evaluating the carcinogenicity of diazinon, glyphosate, malathion, parathion, and tetrachlorvinphos.
PubMed: 34943292
DOI: 10.3390/children8121096 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022The marine environment presents great potential as a source of microorganisms that possess novel enzymes with unique activities and biochemical properties. Examples of...
The marine environment presents great potential as a source of microorganisms that possess novel enzymes with unique activities and biochemical properties. Examples of such are the quorum-quenching (QQ) enzymes that hydrolyze bacterial quorum-sensing (QS) signaling molecules, such as -acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). QS is a form of cell-to-cell communication that enables bacteria to synchronize gene expression in correlation with population density. Searching marine metagenomes for sequences homologous to an AHL lactonase from the phosphotriesterase-like lactonase (PLL) family, we identified new putative AHL lactonases (sharing 30 to 40% amino acid identity to a thermostable PLL member). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these putative AHL lactonases comprise a new clade of marine enzymes in the PLL family. Following recombinant expression and purification, we verified the AHL lactonase activity for one of these proteins, named moLRP (marine-originated lactonase-related protein). This enzyme presented greater activity and stability at a broad range of temperatures and pH, tolerance to high salinity levels (up to 5 M NaCl), and higher durability in bacterial culture, compared to another PLL member, parathion hydrolase (PPH). The addition of purified moLRP to cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibited its extracellular protease activity, expression of the protease encoding gene, biofilm formation, and the sedimentation process in milk-based medium. These findings suggest that moLRP is adapted to the marine environment and can potentially serve as an effective QQ enzyme, inhibiting the QS process in Gram-negative bacteria involved in food spoilage. Our results emphasize the potential of sequence and structure-based identification of new QQ enzymes from environmental metagenomes, such as from the ocean, with improved stability or activity. The findings also suggest that purified QQ enzymes can present new strategies against food spoilage, in addition to their recognized involvement in inhibiting bacterial pathogen virulence factors. Future studies on the delivery and safety of enzymatic QQ strategy against bacterial food spoilage should be performed.
Topics: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Metagenome; Phylogeny; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Quorum Sensing
PubMed: 34910563
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01680-21 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Organophosphates (OPs) are neurotoxic agents also used as pesticides that can permanently block the active site of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A robust and...
Organophosphates (OPs) are neurotoxic agents also used as pesticides that can permanently block the active site of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). A robust and sensitive detection system of OPs utilising the enzyme mimic potential of the cysteamine capped gold nanoparticles (C-AuNPs) was developed. The detection assay was performed by stepwise addition of AChE, parathion ethyl (PE)-a candidate OP, acetylcholine chloride (ACh), C-AuNPs, and 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the buffer solution. The whole sensing protocol completes in 30-40 min, including both incubations. The Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the NPs are spherical and have an average size of 13.24 nm. The monomers of C-AuNPs exhibited intense catalytic activity (nanozyme) for the oxidization of TMB, revealed by the production of instant blue colour and confirmed by a sharp peak at 652 nm. The proposed biosensor's detection limit and linear ranges were 5.8 ng·mL and 11.6-92.8 ng·mL, respectively, for PE. The results strongly advocate that the suggested facile colorimetric biosensor may provide an excellent platform for on-site monitoring of OPs.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Biosensing Techniques; Colorimetry; Cysteamine; Gold; Metal Nanoparticles; Organophosphates; Pesticides
PubMed: 34884060
DOI: 10.3390/s21238050