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BMC Microbiology Dec 2021Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an acute or peracute contagious transboundary viral disease that mainly affects caprine and ovine and causes significant economic...
BACKGROUND
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is an acute or peracute contagious transboundary viral disease that mainly affects caprine and ovine and causes significant economic impact in developing countries. After two PPR virus outbreaks in 2011 and 2014, an investigation, from August 2015 to September 2016, was carried out in Northern Iraq when an increased morbidity and mortality rates were reported in the domestic and captive wild goats. In the present study, ten domestic goat farms and seven captive wild goat herds located in seven geographical areas of Northern Iraq were clinically, pathologically, serologically and genotypically characterized to determine the prevalence and potential cause of PPR virus outbreak.
RESULTS
The outbreak occurred with rate of morbidity (26.1%) and mortality (11.1%) in domestic goat farms as compared to captive wild goat herds where relatively high mortality (42.9%) and low morbidity (10.9%) rates were recorded. Based on the clinical symptoms (mucopurulent nasal discharges, ulceration and erosion of oral mucosa, profuse watery diarrhea) and necropsy (hemorrhage and congestion on mucous membranes of the colon and rectum with zebra stripes lesions) results, overall, the serological test findings revealed a high frequency (47.9%) of positive samples for anti-PPRV nucleoprotein antibodies. Furthermore, the nucleoprotein (N) gene was detected in 63.2 and 89.1% of samples using conventional and reverse transcription real-time quantitative PCR assays. A phylogenetic analysis of N gene amino acid sequences clustered with the reference strain revealed lineage IV similar to the strains isolated in 2011 and 2014, respectively. However, two sub-types of lineage IV (I and II), significantly distinct from the previous strains, were also observed.
CONCLUSION
The phylogenetic analysis suggests that movements of goats are possible cause and one of the important factors responsible for the spread of virus across the region. The study results would help in improving farm management practices by establishing a PPR virus eradication program using regular monitoring and vaccination program to control and mitigate the risk of re-emergence of PPR virus infection in domestic and captive wild goats in Iraq.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Zoo; Antibodies, Viral; Genotype; Goat Diseases; Goats; Iraq; Nucleocapsid Proteins; Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants; Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus; Phenotype; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34876012
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02372-2 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021is a common bacterium in the intestines of animals, and it is also the major important cause of toxic mastitis, which is an acute or peracute disease that causes a...
is a common bacterium in the intestines of animals, and it is also the major important cause of toxic mastitis, which is an acute or peracute disease that causes a higher incidence of death and culling of cattle. The purpose of this study was to investigate strains isolated from the raw milk of dairy cattle in Northern China, and the antibacterial susceptibility of these strains and essential virulence genes. From May to September 2015, 195 raw milk samples were collected from 195 dairy farms located in Northern China. Among the samples, 67 (34.4%) samples were positive for . About 67 strains were isolated from these 67 samples. The prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing (STEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), and enteroinvasive (EIEC) were 9, 6, 4.5, and 1.5%, respectively. Among the virulence genes detected, 1 was the most prevalent (6/67, 9%) gene, followed by (3/67, 4.5%), and B (2/67, 3%). Moreover, the strains exhibited different resistance levels to ampicillin (46.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (16.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (13.4%), tetracycline (13.4%), cefoxitin (11.9%), chloramphenicol (7.5%), kanamycin (7.5%), streptomycin (6.0%), tobramycin (4.5%), azithromycin (4.5%), and ciprofloxacin (1.5%). All of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin. The prevalence of β-lactamase-encoding genes was 34.3% in 67 isolates and 45% in 40 β-lactam-resistance isolates. The overall prevalence of , , , and genes were 1.5, 20.9, 10.4, and 1.5%, respectively. Nine non-pathogenic isolates also carried β-lactamase resistance genes, which may transfer to other pathogenic and pose a threat to the farm's mastitis management projects. Our results showed that most of were multidrug resistant and possessed multiple virulence genes, which may have a huge potential hazard with public health, and antibiotic resistance of was prevalent in dairy herds in Northern China, and ampicillin should be used cautiously for mastitis caused by in Northern China.
PubMed: 34630355
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730656 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021is a highly prevalent cause of mastitis in dairy herds worldwide, capable of causing outcomes that vary from subclinical to peracute gangrenous mastitis. We performed a...
is a highly prevalent cause of mastitis in dairy herds worldwide, capable of causing outcomes that vary from subclinical to peracute gangrenous mastitis. We performed a comparative genomic analysis between 14 isolates of , originating from peracute bovine mastitis with very severe signs (9 gangrenous, 5 non-gangrenous) and six isolates originating from subclinical or clinical mastitis with mild to moderate signs, to find differences that could be associated with the clinical outcome of mastitis. Of the 296 virulence factors studied, 219 were detected in all isolates. No difference in the presence of virulence genes was detected between the peracute and control groups. None of the virulence factors were significantly associated with only a single study group. Most of the variation in virulence gene profiles existed between the clonal complexes. Our isolates belonged to five clonal complexes (CC97, CC133, CC151, CC479, and CC522), of which CC522 has previously been detected only in isolates originating from caprine and ovine mastitis, but not from bovine mastitis. For statistical analysis, we sorted the CCs into two groups. The group of CCs including CC133, CC479, and CC522 was associated with gangrenous mastitis, in contrast to the group of CCs including CC97 and CC151. The presence of virulence genes does not explain the clinical outcome of mastitis, but may be affected by allelic variation, and especially different regulation and thus expression in the virulence genes.
PubMed: 34305849
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688819 -
Porcine Health Management May 2021African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics...
BACKGROUND
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics and early detection by surveillance could help control its spread. However, the pathogenicity and methods for early detection of ASFV isolates from Vietnam have not been established. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of ASFV and explored alternative sampling methods for early detection.
RESULTS
Ten pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with an ASFV strain from Vietnam (titer, 10 HAD/mL), and their temperature, clinical signs, and virus excretion patterns were recorded. In addition, herd and environmental samples were collected daily. The pigs died 5-8 days-post-inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was 3.7 ± 0.5 dpi. ASFV genome was first detected in the blood (2.2 ± 0.8) and then in rectal (3.1 ± 0.7), nasal (3.2 ± 0.4), and oral (3.6 ± 0.7 dpi) swab samples. ASFV was detected in oral fluid samples collected using a chewed rope from 3 dpi. The liver showed the highest viral loads, and ear tissue also exhibited high viral loads among 11 tissues obtained from dead pigs. Overall, ASFV from Vietnam was classified as peracute to acute form. The rope-based oral fluid collection method could be useful for early ASFV detection and allows successful ASF surveillance in large pig farms. Furthermore, ear tissue samples might be a simple alternative specimen for diagnosing ASF infection in dead pigs.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of a typical ASFV strain isolated in Vietnam and suggest an alternative, non-invasive specimen collection strategy for early detection.
PubMed: 33934707
DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00215-0 -
ESC Heart Failure Aug 2021Myocarditis may lead to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. As of today, there are no reliable predictors to identify individuals at risk for these... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
AIMS
Myocarditis may lead to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. As of today, there are no reliable predictors to identify individuals at risk for these catastrophic events. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) may detect and treat such arrhythmias adequately in the peracute setting of myocarditis.
METHODS AND RESULTS
In this observational, retrospective, single centre study, we reviewed patients presenting to the Charité Hospital from 2009 to 2017, who were provided with a WCD for the diagnosis of myocarditis with reduced ejection fraction (<50%) and/or arrhythmias. Amongst 259 patients receiving a WCD, 59 patients (23%) were diagnosed with myocarditis by histology. The mean age was 46 ± 14 years, and 11 patients were women (19%). The mean WCD wearing time was 86 ± 63 days, and the mean daily use was 20 ± 5 h. During that time, two patients (3%) had episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT; four total) corresponding to a rate of 28 sustained VT episodes per 100 patient-years. Consequently, one of these patients underwent rhythm stabilization through intravenous amiodarone, while the other patient received an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Two patients (3.4%) were found to have non-sustained VT.
CONCLUSIONS
Using a WCD after acute myocarditis led to the detection of sustained VT in 2/59 patients (3%). While a WCD may prevent sudden cardiac death after myocarditis, our data suggest that WCD may have impact on clinical management through monitoring and arrhythmia detection.
Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Defibrillators, Implantable; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Myocarditis; Retrospective Studies; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 33887109
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13353 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020A 9-year-old, intact male Shih Tzu dog presented with systemic weakness and peracute onset of tetraplegia. Tetraplegia with lower motor neuron signs was noted upon...
A 9-year-old, intact male Shih Tzu dog presented with systemic weakness and peracute onset of tetraplegia. Tetraplegia with lower motor neuron signs was noted upon neurological examination. Diseases that cause acute flaccid tetraparesis, such as acute fulminating myasthenia gravis, polyradiculoneuritis, tick paralysis, and botulism, were ruled out based on the medical history, normal electrophysiological tests, and non-response to the neostigmine challenging test. Initial 0.3-Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings included sharply demarcated intramedullary lesions at the C3-C6 level, mainly involving gray matter, which appeared hypo- to iso- intense on T1-weighted images (WIs), and hyperintense on T2-WIs and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. There was no enhancement on post-contrast T1-WIs. Neutrophilic pleocytosis was observed in the cerebrospinal fluid analysis. No clinical responses were observed for the treatment of non-infectious myelitis with an immunosuppressive dosage of prednisolone. A follow-up 3-T MRI 6 days later demonstrated hyperintensity on diffusion-WI (DWI) and a decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value (0.54 × 10 mm/s) of the spinal lesions. Through histological examination, a fibrocartilaginous embolism was definitively confirmed. This is the first report to describe an ischemic spinal injury visualized by DWI and ADC mapping with high-field MRI in a chondrodystrophic dog diagnosed with a fibrocartilaginous embolism.
PubMed: 33363237
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.598792 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Dec 2020Septicemic pasteurellosis is an acute and fatal bacterial disease of cattle and wild ungulates caused by certain serotypes of . Here we report a single case of...
Septicemic pasteurellosis is an acute and fatal bacterial disease of cattle and wild ungulates caused by certain serotypes of . Here we report a single case of septicemic pasteurellosis in a 6-month-old, Red Angus heifer from a cow-calf operation in Alberta, Canada. Postmortem examination revealed necrotizing and hemorrhagic myositis, fibrinous pericarditis and multisystemic bacterial emboli. was isolated from muscle in pure culture, and the capsular antigen group was identified as serogroup B using polymerase chain reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of septicemic pasteurellosis in beef cattle in Canada. Key clinical message: Veterinary practitioners and diagnosticians should include septicemic pasteurellosis on their list of differential diagnoses when they encounter similar presentations of peracute death and severe necrotizing myositis in cattle in Canada.
Topics: Alberta; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Myositis; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 33299248
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020Estimating cetacean interactions with fishery activities is challenging. Bycatch and chronic entanglements are responsible for thousands of cetacean deaths per year...
Estimating cetacean interactions with fishery activities is challenging. Bycatch and chronic entanglements are responsible for thousands of cetacean deaths per year globally. This study represents the first systematic approach to the postmortem investigation of fishery interactions in stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands. We retrospectively studied 586 cases necropsied between January 2000 and December 2018. Of the cases with a known cause of death, 7.4% (32/453) were due to fishery interactions, and the Atlantic spotted dolphin () was the most affected species [46.9% (15/32)]. Three types of fishery interactions were recognized by gross findings: bycatch [65.6% (21/32)], chronic entanglements [18.8% (6/32)], and fishermen aggression [15.6% (5/32)]. Among the bycaught cases, we differentiated the dolphins that died because of ingestion of longline hooks [23.8% (5/21)] from those that died because of fishing net entrapments [76.2% (16/21)], including dolphins that presumably died at depth due to peracute underwater entrapment (PUE) [37.5% (6/16)], dolphins that were hauled out alive and suffered additional trauma during handling [43.8% (7/16)], and those that were released alive but became stranded and died because of fishery interactions [18.7% (3/16)]. Gross and histologic findings of animals in each group were presented and compared. The histological approach confirmed gross lesions and excluded other possible causes of death. Cetaceans in good-fair body condition and shallow diving species were significantly more affected by fishery interactions, in agreement with the literature. Low rates of fishery interactions have been described, compared with other regions. However, within the last few years, sightings of entangled live whales, especially the minke whale () and Bryde's whale (), have increased. This study contributes to further improvement of the evaluation of different types of fishery interactions and may facilitate the enforcement of future conservation policies to preserve cetacean populations in the Canary Islands.
PubMed: 33195545
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.567258 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020Intramedullary disk extrusions has rarely been described in veterinary medicine, more especially in cats, with only two cases are reported in the veterinary literature....
Intramedullary disk extrusions has rarely been described in veterinary medicine, more especially in cats, with only two cases are reported in the veterinary literature. Diagnosis may be difficult, even though clinical presentation and imaging studies, such as MRI or CT, can present specific features. Treatment and prognosis are not clearly described. A 10-year-old domestic shorthair female cat was evaluated for a 12 h-history of peracute-onset of paraparesis with flaccid tail and urinary and fecal incontinence. The patellar reflexes were normal, the pelvic flexor reflexes were decreased (more markedly on the right limb) and the perianal reflex was absent. The tail was flaccid, without nociception. Abdominal palpation revealed a small urinary bladder, easily expressed. Manipulation of the lumbar vertebral column elicited marked pain. Neurological examination was consistent with a L7-caudal segments lesion. A lumbosacral MRI and CT evaluations were performed and revealed a focal intramedullary hemorrhagic lesion, with an associated vertical linear tract communicating with the L5-L6 intervertebral disk space, and a suspected intramedullary focus of mineralization. These imaging findings were highly suggestive of an L5-L6 intramedullary disk extrusion. A dorsal L5-L6 laminectomy confirmed the presence of intramedullary degenerative nucleus pulposus fragments, which were surgically removed. Rapid and progressive neurological improvement was observed post-surgery. At the 1-year follow-up, right plantigrade stance and mild paraparesis were still noticed, but jumps and voluntary tail movements were observed. Occasional urinary and fecal incontinence episodes remained. This is the first feline case report of an intramedullary disk herniation with long-term follow-up available. Clinical description, CT and High-Field MRI findings, surgical procedure and histological results are reported, and help describing the characteristics of this rare non-compressive category of peracute intervertebral disk extrusion. Surgical management may be considered in feline cases of intramedullary disk herniation and may be associated with a good outcome.
PubMed: 33134365
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.583892 -
BMC Veterinary Research Oct 2020Our aim was to investigate the incidence and prevalence of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders, and to examine factors...
Epidemiological study to investigate the incidence and prevalence of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders, on a dairy farm in a temperate zone in Japan.
BACKGROUND
Our aim was to investigate the incidence and prevalence of clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders, and to examine factors affecting the prevalence of each disease in cows raised on a large dairy farm in a temperate climate in Japan. The present study was performed on a large commercial dairy farm with approximately 2500 Holstein cows. Data were collected from 2014 to 2018, and involved 9663 calving records for 4256 cows.
RESULTS
The incidence rate on the farm was 21.9% for clinical mastitis, 10.4% for peracute mastitis, 2.9% for metabolic disorders, and 3.2% for peripartum disorders. The prevalence rates for clinical mastitis, peracute mastitis, metabolic disorders, and peripartum disorders were 28.0, 13.3, 3.7, and 4.0%, respectively. In all four diseases, the probability of time to occurrence for each disease was associated with parity and calving season (P < 0.05). Regarding metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders, the probability of occurrence decreased during the first 10 days after calving.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that clinical mastitis occurred most often in this temperate zone, and that metabolic disorders and peripartum disorders occurred from calving to day 10 post-calving.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Incidence; Japan; Mastitis, Bovine; Metabolic Diseases; Peripartum Period; Prevalence
PubMed: 33054781
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02613-y