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Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024This study examined the associations of an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, impulsivity, and perceived social support with Internet altruistic...
This study examined the associations of an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, impulsivity, and perceived social support with Internet altruistic behaviors (IABs) in adolescents and the associations of IABs with depression, suicidality, and nonsuicidal self-injury in this group. In total, 176 adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with ADHD and 173 adolescents without ADHD (matched with the ADHD group by sex and age) participated in this study. The adolescents rated their IABs on the Internet altruistic behavior scale, impulsivity on the Barratt impulsiveness scale version 11, and perceived family and peer support on the family and social relationship domains of the Taiwanese quality of life questionnaire for adolescents. The associations of ADHD, impulsivity, and social support with IABs and the associations of IABs with depression, suicidality, and nonsuicidal self-injury were examined through multivariable linear regression analysis. The present study found that more time spent on the Internet ( < 0.001), greater perceived peer support ( < 0.001), greater impulsiveness characterized by a lack of self-control and perseverance ( < 0.001), poorer ability to plan and look ahead ( < 0.001), and an ADHD diagnosis ( = 0.003) were significantly associated with a higher level of IABs. IABs were not significantly associated with severe depression, suicidality, or nonsuicidal self-injury (all > 0.05). The results of this study indicated that multiple individual and social factors were associated with IABs in adolescents. IABs were not significantly associated with severe depression, suicidality, or nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents.
PubMed: 38920765
DOI: 10.3390/bs14060433 -
Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Social innovation and gerontology develop a wide range of actions aimed at supporting and improving the needs of long-lived populations. Higher education institutions...
BACKGROUND
Social innovation and gerontology develop a wide range of actions aimed at supporting and improving the needs of long-lived populations. Higher education institutions (HEIs) are drivers of change, and their potential to develop solutions through teaching students' social innovation skills should be considered in the field of longevity. This article reports the results obtained by the Senior Innovation Lab (SIL) training initiative.
METHODS
Challenge-based learning, design thinking, and lean startup approaches were implemented in training 26 participants with the final aim of developing innovative solutions to previously identified long-lived population needs.
RESULTS
Final products were innovative ideas developed through collaboration between students, academic staff, and business employees, indicating the importance of adopting entrepreneurial approaches in academic teaching. The participants identified motivation and perseverance as the most relevant entrepreneurial skills and most of them also perceived that they possessed it. The participants also considered spotting opportunities (chance to add value) as the most desired skill throughout the whole experience.
CONCLUSIONS
SIL's assessment showed that social innovation methodologies contributed to the development of learning strategies, enabling potential solutions for the ageing challenges.
PubMed: 38920432
DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9030076 -
BMC Psychology Jun 2024Rejection is a highly stressful experience and individuals tend to avoid it whenever possible. In intimate relationships, experiences of rejection can shape the...
BACKGROUND
Rejection is a highly stressful experience and individuals tend to avoid it whenever possible. In intimate relationships, experiences of rejection can shape the interaction dynamics between partners. Highly rejection sensitive people fear that their romantic partner will reject them and they overreact to any ambiguous cues that might indicate rejection. Furthermore, because they focus on the threat of rejection, they may have difficulty disengaging from rejection-related emotions, persevere in a rejection-focused state and have a reduced capacity to regulate their emotions. The prolonged experience of strong negative emotions, together with maladaptive attempts to respond to rejection, may undermine key relationship maintenance processes that contribute to relationship functioning and lead to negative reciprocity in interactions. The goal of the present study was to shed light on how individuals experience rejection-related emotions and determine whether, following perceptions of negative interactions, rejection sensitivity was associated with stronger negative responses and less efficient downregulation of negative emotions. In addition, we examined whether dyadic patterns of rejection sensitivity were associated with negative emotion dynamics following perceptions of negative interactions.
METHODS
The participants (N = 298) were couples experiencing the transition to parenthood. A multilevel modelling approach was used to assess the associations between rejection sensitivity, perceptions of negative interactions and emotional states. The analyses included repeated daily reports for both rejection and emotions.
RESULTS
The results suggest that rejection sensitive individuals do not report higher negative emotions when they perceive negative interactions. Moreover, rejection sensitive men and women did not remain longer in a negative emotional state after they perceived negative interactions with their partner. Finally, when both men and women partners reported higher levels of rejection sensitivity, neither reported having higher negative emotions after experiencing negative interaction perceptions.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide further insights into emotional dynamics and rejection sensitivity in romantic relationships. Our results do not provide evidence for a link between rejection sensitivity and higher negative emotions or slower recovery after reports of negative interactions. If individuals suppress their emotions, they may not benefit from regulation with their partner and instead may protect themselves over their relationships. However, in this context, rejection sensitivity might also not constitute a strong predictor of daily emotion fluctuations, but other variables- such as relationship satisfaction - might. Future research may investigate emotional responses in a sample with higher levels of rejection sensitivity and use more diverse measures of perceptions of negative interactions.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Rejection, Psychology; Adult; Emotions; Interpersonal Relations; Sexual Partners; Young Adult; Social Perception
PubMed: 38918802
DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01864-w -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Contemporary medical approaches for opioid addiction often include medication-assisted therapy, utilizing methadone and buprenorphine. However, factors influencing...
Contemporary medical approaches for opioid addiction often include medication-assisted therapy, utilizing methadone and buprenorphine. However, factors influencing patient preferences for starting buprenorphine or methadone therapy are poorly understood. This study aims to explore whether variances in personality traits and attachment styles are related to treatment preferences among individuals undergoing buprenorphine and methadone maintenance therapies. 300 participants completed the Big Five Questionnaire for personality traits and sub-dimensions and the Experiences in Close Relationship Scale for assessing attachment styles. The results indicated that patients with higher levels of Dynamism, Conscientiousness, and Perseverance personality traits were more likely to choose buprenorphine over methadone for achieving and maintaining abstinence. Although attachment styles showed a greater ability to differentiate between groups compared to personality traits, the differences were not significant. However, Conscientiousness stood out for its high discriminant validity, suggesting that scores in this personality dimension could significantly distinguish between groups, with individuals in the buprenorphine group showing higher levels of Conscientiousness compared to the methadone group. The study suggests a partial association between individuals' preference for abstinence therapy and their personality traits. These findings could be considered useful indicators when choosing maintenance therapy to help opiate-addicted patients achieve and maintain abstinence.
Topics: Humans; Opioid-Related Disorders; Male; Opiate Substitution Treatment; Female; Adult; Methadone; Personality; Buprenorphine; Middle Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Patient Preference; Object Attachment
PubMed: 38918504
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65695-w -
PloS One 2024Science education reform has been underway for almost a century with the general aim to engage students and train scientists needed to find solutions to global...
Science education reform has been underway for almost a century with the general aim to engage students and train scientists needed to find solutions to global challenges, and also ensure a general public well disposed towards science. In an effort to aid science reform, more recently, colleges and universities have been augmenting their academic workforce by embedding education-focused science faculty into science departments. However, little research has investigated how this approach, and the identity of these faculty, may be changing over time. Here we investigate how conceptualizations of professional identities of these faculty across the United States have changed over the last two decades. We found three professional identities amongst these faculty: Science Faculty with Education Specialties (SFES), Discipline-Based Education Researchers (DBER), and faculty who identify as both SFES and DBER. Evidence indicates this is a maturing field within higher-education science departments, with more direct hiring and training pathways, but with potentially diminishing agency. Finally, data reveal resilience and perseverance despite negative biases from peers and college administrators, especially at PhD-granting institutions.
Topics: United States; Faculty; Humans; Science; Universities; Female; Male
PubMed: 38875222
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304426 -
Frontiers in Medicine 2024In medical education, the clerkship phase is a demanding period during which medical students learn to navigate the responsibilities of medical school and clinical...
INTRODUCTION
In medical education, the clerkship phase is a demanding period during which medical students learn to navigate the responsibilities of medical school and clinical medicine. Grit, a personal quality regarded as a non-cognitive trait, refers to perseverance and passion; specifically, it represents the ability to endure hardship and work industriously toward a goal. Most studies analysed grit as a single concept and few studies have investigated the effect of grit on the well-being of medical students through the whole-specialty training (i.e. surgical and non-surgical specialty rotations) required in clinical clerkships. Therefore, this study investigated whether associations exist between medical students' grit, measured by the two subconstructs of perseverance and passion, and their well-being during clerkships in surgical and non-surgical specialty units.
METHODS
This one-year prospective web-based questionnaire study enrolled fifth-year medical students at a tertiary medical centre in central Taiwan between September 2017 and July 2018 in their first-year clerkship. The students' sex, age, and grit were measured at the start of their clerkship. Routine surveys were conducted over one year to assess burnout and compassion satisfaction for students' well-being, and the training specialty characteristics of the surgical and non-surgical specialty departments were recorded. This study included 92 medical students and 1,055 survey responses from individual specialty rotations. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.
RESULTS
Our results revealed that medical students' perseverance, as part of grit, was related to lower burnout and higher compassion satisfaction during clerkships, but not the subconstruct of passion. Moreover, the positive trait of perseverance measured in our study had greater explanatory power for compassion satisfaction than for burnout. Furthermore, the results revealed that older medical students suffered from less burnout than their younger counterparts, and that male medical students expressed higher compassion satisfaction than their female counterparts.
DISCUSSION
Perseverance, as a subconstruct of grit, is a positive personal quality for medical students' clerkships, and methods driving the cultivation of perseverance in medical education should be considered. In addition, even though positive traits such as perseverance equipped medical students for compassion satisfaction, additional factors attributed to medical students' burnout must be identified.
PubMed: 38873203
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1331402 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jun 2024The reuniens (Re) nucleus is located in the ventral midline thalamus. It has fostered increasing interest, not only for its participation in a variety of cognitive... (Review)
Review
The reuniens (Re) nucleus is located in the ventral midline thalamus. It has fostered increasing interest, not only for its participation in a variety of cognitive functions (e.g., spatial working memory, systemic consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction of fear or generalization), but also for its neuroanatomical positioning as a bidirectional relay between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HIP). In this review we compile and discuss recent studies having tackled a possible implication of the Re nucleus in behavioral flexibility, a major PFC-dependent executive function controlling goal-directed behaviors. Experiments considered explored a possible role for the Re nucleus in perseveration, reversal learning, fear extinction, and set-shifting. They point to a contribution of this nucleus to behavioral flexibility, mainly by its connections with the PFC, but possibly also by those with the hippocampus, and even with the amygdala, at least for fear-related behavior. As such, the Re nucleus could be a crucial crossroad supporting a PFC-orchestrated ability to cope with new, potentially unpredictable environmental contingencies, and thus behavioral flexibility and adaption.
PubMed: 38857666
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105762 -
Youth (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023The photovoice literature has focused mainly on research collaborations between researchers in academia and community partners. There is limited evidence of...
The photovoice literature has focused mainly on research collaborations between researchers in academia and community partners. There is limited evidence of undergraduate students facilitating photovoice research projects with underserved Black, Indigenous, and persons of color (BIPOC). Students' participation in photovoice research increases their understanding of local issues and can empower them to engage with local communities to create change. This qualitative study explored students' experiences facilitating photovoice research with BIPOC older adults and frontline healthcare workers. In this study, we trained college students in photovoice methodological skills by introducing photovoice as a participatory qualitative methodology, explained ethics issues and the informed consent process, and clarified the steps and requirements for the photovoice project. Students were paired with BIPOC older adults and frontline healthcare workers. They facilitated the photovoice research project in four stages. Throughout the study, students critically reflected and wrote about the various aspects of their experience facilitating the photovoice research activities based on weekly structured reflection questions. In their weekly journal, student facilitators commented on how both older and younger BIPOC participants were friendly and kind, flexible with the research activity scheduling, inspiring with their stories, and selfless. Students' reflections indicated that their participants experienced greater emotional and psychological burdens during the COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbated by the long-standing epidemic of systemic racism. Student facilitators overwhelmingly recognized participants' resilience and perseverance despite these life challenges. Our findings highlight the importance of photovoice in developing and strengthening college students' qualitative research skills and stimulating critical thinking and creativity, a sense of critical consciousness about social issues and society, and a sense of empowerment. Our results will be relevant to hospital/long-term care managers, policymakers, and researchers.
PubMed: 38846516
DOI: 10.3390/youth3020033 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jun 2024Agentive steadfastness was identified as a potential trait marker with which to anticipate prognostically that a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Agentive steadfastness was identified as a potential trait marker with which to anticipate prognostically that a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent action in facing the demands of living. Taken as an enduring expression of personality, this study investigated agentive steadfastness among adult social media respondents (n = 511) in relation to temperament and character as captured in Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality.
METHODS
Participants recruited though snowball sampling on social media platforms, applied the 27-item Agentive Steadfastness Index (ASI) and the 240-item Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R-240).
RESULTS
Agentive steadfastness was statistically predicted by the Self-directedness (β = 0.634), Self-transcendence (β = 0.119), Harm Avoidance (β = -0.142) and the Reward Dependence (β = 0.071) scales, accounting for 63.3 % of the variance in one stepwise regression model. In another stepwise model for the TCI-R-240 subscales, the Purposeful (β = 0.359), Anticipatory Worry (β = -0.353), and the Responsibility (β = 0.259) subscales accounted for respectively 56.8 %, 11.2 % and 2.8 % of the variance in ASI scores.
LIMITATIONS
Results are limited to adult social media respondents who were willing to participate.
CONCLUSIONS
Agentive steadfastness may serve as a trait marker of well-being and the good prognostic associations that have been established for high self-directedness, low harm avoidance, as well as resilience, and character strengths. It may be assessed clinically to anticipate prognostically the extent to which a patient will persevere steadfastly and take congruent action in facing the demands of living and adversity.
PubMed: 38844170
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.017 -
Critical Care (London, England) May 2024Critical illness syndromes including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute kidney injury (AKI) are associated with high in-hospital mortality and... (Review)
Review
Critical illness syndromes including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute kidney injury (AKI) are associated with high in-hospital mortality and long-term adverse health outcomes among survivors. Despite advancements in care, clinical and biological heterogeneity among patients continues to hamper identification of efficacious therapies. Precision medicine offers hope by identifying patient subclasses based on clinical, laboratory, biomarker and 'omic' data and potentially facilitating better alignment of interventions. Within the previous two decades, numerous studies have made strides in identifying gene-expression based endotypes and clinico-biomarker based phenotypes among critically ill patients associated with differential outcomes and responses to treatment. In this state-of-the-art review, we summarize the biological similarities and differences across the various subclassification schemes among critically ill patients. In addition, we highlight current translational gaps, the need for advanced scientific tools, human-relevant disease models, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying critical illness subclasses.
Topics: Humans; Critical Illness; Sepsis; Acute Kidney Injury; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Biomarkers; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 38812006
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-024-04959-3