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Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2024Musculoskeletal simulations can be used to estimate biomechanical variables like muscle forces and joint torques from non-invasive experimental data using inverse and...
Musculoskeletal simulations can be used to estimate biomechanical variables like muscle forces and joint torques from non-invasive experimental data using inverse and forward methods. Inverse kinematics followed by inverse dynamics (ID) uses body motion and external force measurements to compute joint movements and the corresponding joint loads, respectively. ID leads to residual forces and torques (residuals) that are not physically realistic, because of measurement noise and modeling assumptions. Forward dynamic simulations (FD) are found by tracking experimental data. They do not generate residuals but will move away from experimental data to achieve this. Therefore, there is a gap between reality (the experimental measurements) and simulations in both approaches, the sim2real gap. To answer (patho-) physiological research questions, simulation results have to be accurate and reliable; the sim2real gap needs to be handled. Therefore, we reviewed methods to handle the sim2real gap in such musculoskeletal simulations. The review identifies, classifies and analyses existing methods that bridge the sim2real gap, including their strengths and limitations. Using a systematic approach, we conducted an electronic search in the databases Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science. We selected and included 85 relevant papers that were sorted into eight different solution clusters based on three aspects: how the sim2real gap is handled, the mathematical method used, and the parameters/variables of the simulations which were adjusted. Each cluster has a distinctive way of handling the sim2real gap with accompanying strengths and limitations. Ultimately, the method choice largely depends on various factors: available model, input parameters/variables, investigated movement and of course the underlying research aim. Researchers should be aware that the sim2real gap remains for both ID and FD approaches. However, we conclude that multimodal approaches tracking kinematic and dynamic measurements may be one possible solution to handle the sim2real gap as methods tracking multimodal measurements (some combination of sensor position/orientation or EMG measurements), consistently lead to better tracking performances. Initial analyses show that motion analysis performance can be enhanced by using multimodal measurements as different sensor technologies can compensate each other's weaknesses.
PubMed: 38919383
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1386874 -
Cureus May 2024Splenic cysts are extremely rare entities that typically result from prior abdominal trauma, infections, and degenerative diseases. They are divided into two categories:...
Splenic cysts are extremely rare entities that typically result from prior abdominal trauma, infections, and degenerative diseases. They are divided into two categories: true cysts with epithelial lining, and false pseudocysts without epithelial lining, which is more common than true cysts. We describe here a case of a non-traumatic splenic pseudocyst in a healthy 29-year-old male patient, who presented with left upper quadrant abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed scaphoid abdomen and left hypochondrium fullness. The spleen was uniformly enlarged, smooth, and firm, with mild tenderness. Laboratory testing was normal. An abdominal CT scan showed a huge unilocular non-enhancing cyst occupying the upper part of the spleen, measuring around 16 × 18.5 × 20 cm. The patient was managed with cyst aspiration and partial cystectomy. The histopathological examination findings are consistent with splenic pseudocyst. A one-year follow-up period revealed no complications or recurrence. Spleen cysts are rare in clinical practice, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Surgical options include partial or total splenectomy, cyst aspiration, percutaneous drainage, partial cystectomy, and marsupialization. The choice depends on the cyst's size, splenic coverage, and relation to the hilum. Recently, spleen-preserving approaches have been favored to avoid life-threatening sepsis. Non-traumatic splenic pseudocysts present significant diagnostic dilemmas, requiring histopathological examination for definitive diagnosis. Spleen-preserving management is highly recommended to reduce the risk of life-threatening sepsis.
PubMed: 38919238
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61110 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology Jun 2024Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an important cause of female infertility and seriously impacts the physical and psychological health of patients. Human...
BACKGROUND
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an important cause of female infertility and seriously impacts the physical and psychological health of patients. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (HucMSCs-Exs, H-Exs) have exhibited protective effects on ovarian function with unclear mechanisms.
METHODS
A comprehensive analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to identify POI-associated circRNAs and miRNAs. The relationship between HucMSC-derived exosomal circBRCA1/miR-642a-5p/FOXO1 axis and POI was examined by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining, senescence-associated β-gal (SA-β-gal) staining, JC-1 staining, TEM, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements and ATP assay in vivo and in vitro. RT-qPCR detected the expression of circBRCA1 in GCs and serum of patients with normal ovarian reserve function (n = 50) and patients with POI (n = 50); then, the correlation of circBRCA1 with ovarian reserve function indexes was analyzed.
RESULTS
Herein, we found that circBRCA1 was decreased in the serum and ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) of patients with POI and was associated with decreased ovarian reserve. H-Exs improved the disorder of the estrous cycles and reproductive hormone levels, reduced the number of atretic follicles, and alleviated the apoptosis and senescence of GCs in rats with POI. Moreover, H-Exs mitigated mitochondrial damage and reversed the reduced circBRCA1 expression induced by oxidative stress in GCs. Mechanistically, FTO served as an eraser to increase the stability and expression of circBRCA1 by mediating the mA demethylation of circBRCA1, and exosomal circBRCA1 sponged miR-642a-5p to block its interaction with FOXO1. CircBRCA1 insufficiency aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction, mimicking FTO or FOXO1 depletion effects, which was counteracted by miR-642a-5p inhibition.
CONCLUSION
H-Exs secreted circBRCA1 regulated by mA modification, directly sponged miR-642a-5p to upregulate FOXO1, resisted oxidative stress injuries in GCs and protected ovarian function in rats with POI. Exosomal circBRCA1 supplementation may be a general prospect for the prevention and treatment of POI.
Topics: Female; Granulosa Cells; Oxidative Stress; MicroRNAs; Animals; Exosomes; Rats; RNA, Circular; Humans; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO; Forkhead Box Protein O1; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Adult
PubMed: 38918838
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02583-5 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Evaluating physical properties and mechanical parameters of rock slopes and their spatial variability is challenging, particularly at locations inaccessible for...
Evaluating physical properties and mechanical parameters of rock slopes and their spatial variability is challenging, particularly at locations inaccessible for fieldwork. This obstacle can be bypassed by acquiring spatially-distributed field data indirectly. InfraRed Thermography (IRT) has emerged as a promising technology to statistically infer rock properties and inform slope stability models. Here, we explore the use of Cooling Rate Indices (CRIs) to quantify the thermal response of a granodiorite rock wall within the recently established Požáry Test Site in Czechia. We observe distinct cooling patterns across different segments of the wall, compatible with the different degrees of weathering evaluated in the laboratory and suggested by IRT observations of cored samples. Our findings support previous examinations of the efficacy of this method and unveil correlations between cooling phases in the field and in the laboratory. We discuss the scale-dependency of the Informative Time Window (ITW) of the CRIs, noting that it may serve as a reference for conducting systematic IRT field surveys. We contend that our approach not only represents a viable and scientifically robust strategy for characterising rock slopes but also holds the potential for identifying unstable areas.
PubMed: 38918559
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65527-x -
Cureus May 2024This case report details the diagnostic challenge and management of an 88-year-old man who presented to a rural Japanese community hospital with sepsis-like symptoms,...
This case report details the diagnostic challenge and management of an 88-year-old man who presented to a rural Japanese community hospital with sepsis-like symptoms, initially suspected of acute bacterial cholangitis based on his physical and laboratory findings. Despite the antibiotic treatment of tazobactam and piperacillin, the patient's symptoms persisted, leading to further investigations that revealed no signs of infection but notable aortic arch wall thickening on contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans. These findings, combined with the patient's clinical presentation and lack of antibiotic response, redirected the diagnosis toward giant cell arteritis (GCA). The administration of prednisolone of 60 mg daily significantly alleviated symptoms and prevented potential severe complications such as blindness and irreversible neurological damage. This case underscores the importance of considering GCA in elderly patients presenting with systemic inflammatory symptoms and the necessity of timely intervention. It also highlights the challenges in managing high-dose steroid therapy in elderly patients and suggests the potential benefits of integrating immunosuppressants to reduce steroid dependency. This report emphasizes the need for heightened awareness and a comprehensive diagnostic approach in atypical presentations of GCA, particularly in geriatric populations within resource-limited healthcare settings.
PubMed: 38915961
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61074 -
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Jun 2024To compare the estimation of time spent on 4 categories of physical activity intensity (sedentary behaviour, light physical activity, moderate physical activity, and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
To compare the estimation of time spent on 4 categories of physical activity intensity (sedentary behaviour, light physical activity, moderate physical activity, and vigorous physical activity) between a motion sensor and a heart rate monitor during a stroke outpatient rehabilitation session.
DESIGN
A multicentre cross-sectional observational study.
SUBJECTS/PATIENTS
Participants with stroke (> 6 months) undergoing outpatient rehabilitation sessions.
METHODS
Participants wore the SenseWear Armband motion sensor and the Polar H10 heart rate monitor during 2 rehabilitation sessions. The times estimated by each device were compared using a generalized linear mixed model and post-hoc tests.
RESULTS
Ninety-nine participants from 29 clinics were recruited and data from 146 sessions were included in the analysis. The estimated times depended on the devices and the physical activity intensity category (F = 135, p < 0.05). The motion sensor estimated more time spent in sedentary behaviour and less time spent in moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity than the heart rate monitor.
CONCLUSION
The motion sensor and heart rate monitor provide different estimates of physical activity intensity during stroke rehabilitation. Further research is needed to establish the most appropriate device for each physical activity category.
Topics: Humans; Stroke Rehabilitation; Male; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Middle Aged; Heart Rate; Exercise; Aged; Stroke; Outpatients
PubMed: 38915294
DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v56.40559 -
BMC Health Services Research Jun 2024The organisational care needs involved in accessing kidney transplant have not been described in the literature and therefore a detailed analysis thereof could help to...
BACKGROUND
The organisational care needs involved in accessing kidney transplant have not been described in the literature and therefore a detailed analysis thereof could help to establish a framework (including appropriate timing, investment, and costs) for the management of this population. The main objective of this study is to analyse the profile and care needs of kidney transplant candidates in a tertiary hospital and the direct costs of studying them.
METHODS
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using data on a range of variables (sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, study duration, and investment in visits and supplementary tests) from 489 kidney transplant candidates evaluated in 2020.
RESULTS
The comorbidity index was high (> 4 in 64.3%), with a mean of 5.6 ± 2.4. Part of the study population had certain characteristics that could hinder their access a kidney transplant: physical dependence (9.4%), emotional distress (33.5%), non-adherent behaviours (25.2%), or language barriers (9.4%). The median study duration was 6.6[3.4;14] months. The ratio of required visits to patients was 5.97:1, meaning an investment of €237.10 per patient, and the ratio of supplementary tests to patients was 3.5:1, meaning an investment of €402.96 per patient.
CONCLUSIONS
The study population can be characterised as complex due to their profile and their investment in terms of time, visits, supplementary tests, and direct costs. Management based on our results involves designing work-adaptation strategies to the needs of the study population, which can lead to increased patient satisfaction, shorter waiting times, and reduced costs.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Transplantation; Cross-Sectional Studies; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Costs and Cost Analysis; Aged; Tertiary Care Centers
PubMed: 38915005
DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-11200-y -
BMC Public Health Jun 2024Falls are common in the elderly and can lead to adverse consequences, like injuries, hospitalization, disability even mortality. Successful ageing emerged in sight to...
BACKGROUND
Falls are common in the elderly and can lead to adverse consequences, like injuries, hospitalization, disability even mortality. Successful ageing emerged in sight to assess physical, psychological and social status of older adults. This study is conducted to explore the association between them in a large Indian community-dwelling population.
METHODS
Data were based on the wave 1 survey of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI). People aged 60 and above with complete information were included. The elderly met five standards including absence of chronic diseases, freedom from disability, high cognitive ability, free from depressive symptoms and active social engagement, were classified into successful agers. The assessment of falls, fall-related injuries and multiple falls depended on interview. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to find the associations between falls, fall-injury, multiple falls and successful ageing after adjusting both socio-demographic and biological covariates. The log-likelihood ratio test was calculated interactions in subgroups.
RESULTS
31,345 participants in LASI were finally included in our study. Of them, 20.25% reported fall, and 25% were classified into successful agers. After full adjustment, successful ageing was negatively associated with falls (OR 0.70; 95%CI 0.65-0.76) and multiple falls (OR 0.70; 95%CI 0.63-0.78). And the association did not show the significance in older adults with fall-related injuries (OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.72-1.04).
CONCLUSIONS
Successful ageing was negatively associated with falls and multiple falls, but not fall-related injuries in older people in India. Future studies are demanded to explore the causal relationship and to reveal the underlying mechanism.
Topics: Humans; Accidental Falls; India; Male; Female; Aged; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Longitudinal Studies; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38914970
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19181-7 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by concomitant sarcopenia and obesity and presents a high risk of disability, morbidity, and mortality among older adults....
Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is characterized by concomitant sarcopenia and obesity and presents a high risk of disability, morbidity, and mortality among older adults. However, predictions based on sequential neural network SO studies and the relationship between physical fitness factors and SO are lacking. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for SO in older adults by focusing on physical fitness factors. A comprehensive dataset of older Korean adults participating in national fitness programs was analyzed using sequential neural networks. Appendicular skeletal muscle/body weight was defined as SO using an anthropometric equation. Independent variables included body fat (BF, %), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and various physical fitness factors. The dependent variable was a binary outcome (possible SO vs normal). We analyzed hyperparameter tuning and stratified K-fold validation to optimize a predictive model. The prevalence of SO was significantly higher in women (13.81%) than in men, highlighting sex-specific differences. The optimized neural network model and Shapley Additive Explanations analysis demonstrated a high validation accuracy of 93.1%, with BF% and absolute grip strength emerging as the most influential predictors of SO. This study presents a highly accurate predictive model for SO in older adults, emphasizing the critical roles of BF% and absolute grip strength. We identified BF, absolute grip strength, and sit-and-reach as key SO predictors. Our findings underscore the sex-specific nature of SO and the importance of physical fitness factors in its prediction.
Topics: Humans; Sarcopenia; Male; Neural Networks, Computer; Female; Obesity; Republic of Korea; Aged; Physical Fitness; Hand Strength; Middle Aged; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38914603
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64742-w -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Weak form equation learning and surrogate modeling has proven to be computationally efficient and robust to measurement noise in a wide range of applications including...
Weak form equation learning and surrogate modeling has proven to be computationally efficient and robust to measurement noise in a wide range of applications including ODE, PDE, and SDE discovery, as well as in coarse-graining applications, such as homogenization and mean-field descriptions of interacting particle systems. In this work we extend this coarse-graining capability to the setting of Hamiltonian dynamics which possess approximate symmetries associated with timescale separation. A smooth -dependent Hamiltonian vector field possesses an approximate symmetry if the limiting vector field possesses an exact symmetry. Such approximate symmetries often lead to the existence of a Hamiltonian system of reduced dimension that may be used to efficiently capture the dynamics of the symmetry-invariant dependent variables. Deriving such reduced systems, or approximating them numerically, is an ongoing challenge. We demonstrate that WSINDy can successfully identify this reduced Hamiltonian system in the presence of large perturbations imparted in the regime, while remaining robust to extrinsic noise. This is significant in part due to the nontrivial means by which such systems are derived analytically. WSINDy naturally preserves the Hamiltonian structure by restricting to a trial basis of Hamiltonian vector fields. The methodology is computationally efficient, often requiring only a single trajectory to learn the global reduced Hamiltonian, and avoiding forward solves in the learning process. In this way, we argue that weak-form equation learning is particularly well-suited for Hamiltonian coarse-graining. Using nearly-periodic Hamiltonian systems as a prototypical class of systems with approximate symmetries, we show that WSINDy robustly identifies the correct leading-order system, with dimension reduced by at least two, upon observation of the relevant degrees of freedom. While our main contribution is computational, we also provide a contribution to the literature on averaging theory by proving that first-order averaging at the level of vector fields preserves Hamiltonian structure in nearly-periodic Hamiltonian systems. This provides theoretical justification for our approach as WSINDy's computations occur at the level of Hamiltonian vector fields. We illustrate the efficacy of our proposed method using physically relevant examples, including coupled oscillator dynamics, the Hénon-Heiles system for stellar motion within a galaxy, and the dynamics of charged particles.
PubMed: 38914587
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64730-0