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Viruses Apr 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of childhood hospitalizations. The aim of the study was to estimate the rates of RSV-related hospitalizations in... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Epidemiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations in Poland: An Analysis from 2015 to 2023 Covering the Entire Polish Population of Children Aged under Five Years.
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of childhood hospitalizations. The aim of the study was to estimate the rates of RSV-related hospitalizations in children aged less than 5 years in Poland.
METHODS
This retrospective observational cohort study was based on data obtained from the National Health Fund in Poland regarding all acute respiratory tract infections and RSV-coded admissions of children (age < 5 years) to public hospitals between July 2015 and June 2023. Patients were stratified based on the following age groups: 0-1 month, 2-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 13-24 months, and 25-60 months.
RESULTS
The number of RSV-related hospitalizations increased every season, both before and through the ending phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a shift in the seasonality pattern of RSV infection. Hospitalization rates per 1000 inhabitants were the highest for children aged 0-12 months, reaching 47.3 in the 2022/23 season. Within this group, the highest hospitalization rate was observed for children aged 2-3 months-94.9 in the 2022/23 season. During the ending phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the observed increase in admission rates was 2-, 4-, and 5-fold the pre-COVID rate for children aged <12 months, 12-24 months, and 25-60 months, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
In Poland, RSV infections cause a significant burden in hospitalized children aged less than 5 years. RSV-related hospitalizations were most frequent in children aged less than 1 year. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a shift in the seasonality pattern of RSV infections. After the pandemic, more RSV-related hospitalizations were observed in older children (aged 13 months and older) vs. the pre-pandemic phase.
Topics: Humans; Poland; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Hospitalization; Infant; Child, Preschool; Retrospective Studies; Female; Male; Infant, Newborn; COVID-19; Seasons; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 38793586
DOI: 10.3390/v16050704 -
Viruses Apr 2024Acute respiratory infections are a major global burden in resource-limited countries, including countries in Africa. Although COVID-19 has been well studied since the...
Acute respiratory infections are a major global burden in resource-limited countries, including countries in Africa. Although COVID-19 has been well studied since the pandemic emerged in Gabon, Central Africa, less attention has been paid to other respiratory viral diseases, and very little data are available. Herein, we provide the first data on the genetic diversity and detection of 18 major respiratory viruses in Gabon during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of 582 nasopharyngeal swab specimens collected from March 2020 to July 2021, which were SARS-CoV-2 negative, 156 were positive (26%) for the following viruses: enterovirus (20.3%), human rhinovirus (HRV) (4.6%), human coronavirus OC43 (1.2%), human adenovirus (0.9%), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (0.5%), influenza A virus (IAV) (0.3%), and human parainfluenza viruses (0.5%). To determine the genetic diversity and transmission route of the viruses, phylogenetic analyses were performed using genome sequences of the detected viruses. The IAV strain detected in this study was genetically similar to strains isolated in the USA, whereas the hMPV strain belonging to the A2b subtype formed a cluster with Kenyan strains. This study provides the first complete genomic sequences of HRV, IAV, and hMPV detected in Gabon, and provides insight into the circulation of respiratory viruses in the country.
Topics: Humans; Gabon; Genetic Variation; Phylogeny; COVID-19; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Male; Adult; Female; Child; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Rhinovirus; Viruses; Metapneumovirus; Genome, Viral; Nasopharynx; Infant; Aged; Pandemics; Influenza A virus
PubMed: 38793579
DOI: 10.3390/v16050698 -
Viruses Apr 2024The incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults is inadequately defined and the impact of SARS-CoV-2-related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is...
The incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults is inadequately defined and the impact of SARS-CoV-2-related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is underexplored. Using laboratory data, we described the detection rate of RSV in adults ≥16 years in Western Australia (WA) between 2017 and 2023. With the exception of 2020, RSV detections rose annually between 2017 and 2023, reaching 50.7 per 100,000 in 2023 (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.9-53.8). RSV testing expanded considerably across the study period, with the testing in 2023 more than five times the 2017 total. The detection rate was highest in adults ≥60 years between 2017 and 2019, particularly those ≥75 years. Following 2020, the detections in all age groups increased, with the highest detection rate in 2023 in those ≥75-years (199.5 per 100,000; 95% CI, 180.5-220). NPIs significantly impacted RSV seasonality; the preceding winter pattern was disrupted, resulting in an absent 2020 winter season and two major summer seasons in 2020/21 and 2021/22. The RSV season began to realign in 2022, reverting to a winter seasonal pattern in 2023 and the largest season in the study period. Ongoing surveillance will be required to understand the stability of these increases and to delineate the impact of new immunisation strategies.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Adult; Western Australia; Middle Aged; Aged; Young Adult; Adolescent; Seasons; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Female; COVID-19; Male; Incidence; SARS-CoV-2; Aged, 80 and over
PubMed: 38793538
DOI: 10.3390/v16050656 -
[Preparation of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the NS1 protein of respiratory syncytial virus].Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... May 2024The aim of this study was to prepare a mouse monoclonal antibody against the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to analyze its expression...
The aim of this study was to prepare a mouse monoclonal antibody against the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to analyze its expression and distribution during transfection and infection. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the antibody's application in immunoprecipitation assay. Firstly, the NS1 gene fragment was cloned into a prokaryotic plasmid and expressed in . The resulting NS1 protein was then purified by affinity chromatography, and used to immunize the BALB/c mice. Subsequently, hybridoma cells capable of stably secreting the NS1 monoclonal antibody were selected using indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This monoclonal antibody was employed in both indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting to analyze the expression and distribution of RSV NS1 in overexpressed and infected cells. Finally, the reliability of this monoclonal antibody was evaluated through the immunoprecipitation assay. The results showed that the RSV NS1 protein was successfully expressed and purified. Following immunization of mice with this protein, we obtained a highly specific RSV NS1 monoclonal antibody, which belonged to the IgG1 subtype with an antibody titer of 1:15 360 000. Using this monoclonal antibody, the RSV NS1 protein was identified in both transfected and infected cells. The IFA results revealed predominant distribution of NS1 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Moreover, we confirmed that this monoclonal antibody could effectively bind specifically to NS1 protein in cell lysates, making it suitable as a capture antibody in immunoprecipitation assay. In conclusion, our study successfully achieved production of the RSV NS1 protein through a prokaryotic expression system and prepared a specific monoclonal antibody against NS1. This antibody demonstrates the ability to specifically identify the NS1 protein and can be used in the immunoprecipitation assay, thereby laying a foundation for the functional studies of the NS1 protein.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Viral; Escherichia coli; Hybridomas; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 38783814
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.230736 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024This study assessed three Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein combinations, combining different Ad26.RSV.preF doses and naturally aged preF protein, representing the expected... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study assessed three Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein combinations, combining different Ad26.RSV.preF doses and naturally aged preF protein, representing the expected critical vaccine quality attributes close to release, around intermediate shelf-life (ISL) and near-presumed end-of-shelf-life (EoSL), as a way to evaluate the vaccine immunogenicity and safety throughout its shelf-life. A single dose of Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine was administered to adults 60-75 years of age. Solicited adverse events (AEs), unsolicited AEs, and serious AEs (SAEs) were assessed for 7-day, 28-day, and 6-month periods after vaccination, respectively. RSV preF-binding antibody concentrations and RSV neutralizing titers were measured 14 days post-vaccination as primary and secondary endpoints, respectively; binding antibodies were also measured 6 months post-vaccination. The RSV preF-binding antibody responses induced by Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine lots representing the critical quality attributes around ISL and near presumed EoSL were noninferior to the responses induced by the vaccine lot representing the critical quality attributes near release. The RSV preF-binding and RSV neutralizing antibody levels measured 14 days post-vaccination were similar across the 3 groups. RSV preF-binding antibody concentrations were also similar 6 months post-vaccination. Solicited AEs were mostly mild to moderate in intensity, and a decreased reactogenicity was observed from the Release group to the ISL and EoSL group. None of the reported SAEs were considered related to study vaccination. The study provided evidence of sustained immunogenicity and safety over the intended shelf-life of the Ad26.RSV.pref/RSV preF protein vaccine. The three vaccine lots had acceptable safety profiles.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Vaccine Potency; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 38783590
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2344970 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Our previous findings indicated that many respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates are unstable at 4 °C compared to 20 °C. Some of the strains completely lose...
Our previous findings indicated that many respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates are unstable at 4 °C compared to 20 °C. Some of the strains completely lose infectivity after 24 h at 4 °C. This study analyzed the inactivation process at 4 °C using a representative strain, RSV/Sendai/851/13. After 24 h of storage at 4 °C, the virus was completely inactivated but retained its ability to attach to and to be taken into host cells. It suggested a reduced fusion ability between the viral and cellular membranes. During storage at 4 °C, the RSV fusion (F) protein underwent a conformational change and was no longer recognized by pre-fusion form-specific antibodies. When the RSV/Sendai/851/13 strain was passaged at 4 °C, a variant with an amino acid substitution, I148T, in the F protein fusion peptide was selected. Also, an amino acid change in G protein demonstrating stability at low temperatures was obtained. These results show that the inactivation of RSV at 4 °C is due to the loss of membrane fusion activity in the F protein, which cannot maintain its pre-fusion state at 4 °C.
Topics: Viral Fusion Proteins; Humans; Cold Temperature; Virus Inactivation; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Animals; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
PubMed: 38783052
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62658-z -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children worldwide. The highest incidence of severe disease is in the...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children worldwide. The highest incidence of severe disease is in the first 6 months of life, with infants born preterm at greatest risk for severe RSV infections. The licensure of new RSV therapeutics (a long-acting monoclonal antibody and a maternal vaccine) in Europe, USA, UK and most recently in Australia, has driven the need for strategic decision making on the implementation of RSV immunisation programs. Data driven approaches, considering the local RSV epidemiology, are critical to advise on the optimal use of these therapeutics for effective RSV control.
METHODS
We developed a dynamic compartmental model of RSV transmission fitted to individually-linked population-based laboratory, perinatal and hospitalisation data for 2000-2012 from metropolitan Western Australia (WA), stratified by age and prior exposure. We account for the differential risk of RSV-hospitalisation in full-term and preterm infants (defined as < 37 weeks gestation). We formulated a function relating age, RSV exposure history, and preterm status to the risk of RSV-hospitalisation given infection.
RESULTS
The age-to-risk function shows that risk of hospitalisation, given RSV infection, declines quickly in the first 12 months of life for all infants and is 2.6 times higher in preterm compared with term infants. The hospitalisation risk, given infection, declines to < 10% of the risk at birth by age 7 months for term infants and by 9 months for preterm infants.
CONCLUSIONS
The dynamic model, using the age-to-risk function, characterises RSV epidemiology for metropolitan WA and can now be extended to predict the impact of prevention measures. The stratification of the model by preterm status will enable the comparative assessment of potential strategies in the extended model that target this RSV risk group relative to all-population approaches. Furthermore, the age-to-risk function developed in this work has wider relevance to the epidemiological characterisation of RSV.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Hospitalization; Infant; Infant, Premature; Infant, Newborn; Western Australia; Female; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Age Factors; Male; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38773455
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09400-2 -
Antiviral Research Jul 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pulmonary complications in infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients. While two vaccines and two prophylactic...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pulmonary complications in infants, elderly and immunocompromised patients. While two vaccines and two prophylactic monoclonal antibodies are now available, treatment options are still needed. JNJ-7184 is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the RSV-Large (L) polymerase, displaying potent inhibition of both RSV-A and -B strains. Resistance selection and hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments suggest JNJ-7184 binds RSV-L in the connector domain. JNJ-7184 prevents RSV replication and transcription by inhibiting initiation or early elongation. JNJ-7184 is effective in air-liquid interface cultures and therapeutically in neonatal lambs, acting to drastically reverse the appearance of lung pathology.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Animals; Humans; Virus Replication; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Sheep; Drug Resistance, Viral; Viral Proteins; Lung
PubMed: 38772503
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105907 -
Human Genomics May 2024After the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, detection of other disseminated respiratory viruses using highly sensitive molecular methods was declared essential for...
BACKGROUND
After the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, detection of other disseminated respiratory viruses using highly sensitive molecular methods was declared essential for monitoring the spread of health-threatening viruses in communities. The development of multiplex molecular assays are essential for the simultaneous detection of such viruses even at low concentrations. In the present study, a highly sensitive and specific multiplex one-step droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection and absolute quantification of influenza A (IAV), influenza B (IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and beta-2-microglobulin transcript as an endogenous internal control (IC B2M).
RESULTS
The assay was first evaluated for analytical sensitivity and specificity, linearity, reproducibility, and recovery rates with excellent performance characteristics and then applied to 37 wastewater samples previously evaluated with commercially available and in-house quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assays. IAV was detected in 16/37 (43%), IBV in 19/37 (51%), and RSV in 10/37 (27%) of the wastewater samples. Direct comparison of the developed assay with real-time RT-qPCR assays showed statistically significant high agreement in the detection of IAV (kappa Cohen's correlation coefficient: 0.834, p = 0.001) and RSV (kappa: 0.773, p = 0.001) viruses between the two assays, while the results for the detection of IBV (kappa: 0.355, p = 0.27) showed good agreement without statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, the developed one-step multiplex ddPCR assay is cost-effective, highly sensitive and specific, and can simultaneously detect three common respiratory viruses in the complex matrix of wastewater samples even at low concentrations. Due to its high sensitivity and resistance to PCR inhibitors, the developed assay could be further used as an early warning system for wastewater monitoring.
Topics: Wastewater; Influenza A virus; Humans; Influenza B virus; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sensitivity and Specificity; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Reproducibility of Results; Influenza, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 38769549
DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00614-8 -
The Journal of Infection Jul 2024Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is widely recognized as a cause of acute respiratory failure in infants and immunocompromised patients. However, RSV can also...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is widely recognized as a cause of acute respiratory failure in infants and immunocompromised patients. However, RSV can also contribute to acute respiratory failure in adults, particularly among the elderly population. The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of immunocompetent adults hospitalized for RSV infection.
METHODS
This retrospective study included all immunocompetent adult patients consecutively admitted to a tertiary care hospital with RSV-related acute respiratory failure over a seven-year period (2016-2023). Diagnosis of RSV infection was made through nasal swabs or pulmonary samples, with multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Patients were eligible for inclusion if they required supplemental oxygen therapy for at least 48 h.
RESULTS
One hundred and four patients met the inclusion criteria. Median age [IQR] was 77 years [67-85]. Ninety-seven patients had at least one comorbidity (97/104, 93%). At the time of RSV diagnosis, 67 patients (67/104, 64%) experienced acute decompensation of a pre-existing chronic comorbidity. Antibiotics were started in 80% (77/104) of patients; however, only 16 patients had a confirmed diagnosis of bacterial superinfection. Twenty-six patients needed ventilatory support (26/104, 25%) and 21 were admitted to the intensive care unit (21/104, 20%). The median duration of oxygen therapy [IQR] was 6 days [3-9], while the median hospital length of stay [IQR] was 11 days [6-15]. The overall mortality rate within 1 month of hospital admission was 13% (14/104). The sole variables associated with one-month mortality were age and maximum oxygen flow during hospitalization.
CONCLUSION
RSV-associated acute respiratory failure affected elderly individuals with multiple comorbidities and was associated with prolonged hospitalization and a high mortality rate.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Tertiary Care Centers; Female; Male; Retrospective Studies; Aged; France; Aged, 80 and over; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Immunocompetence; Respiratory Insufficiency; Hospitalization
PubMed: 38759759
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106180