-
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2024Consider IV Acetazolamide in addition to standard IV loop diuretic therapy in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure..
Consider IV Acetazolamide in addition to standard IV loop diuretic therapy in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure..
Topics: Humans; Acetazolamide; Heart Failure; Acute Disease; Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; Diuretics; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
PubMed: 38740482
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230379R0 -
Indian Journal of Critical Care... May 2024In a critically ill patient, when an arterial blood sample is processed on an arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzer, it also measures electrolytes apart from analyzing the...
BACKGROUND
In a critically ill patient, when an arterial blood sample is processed on an arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzer, it also measures electrolytes apart from analyzing the blood gases. The turnaround time for ABG analysis is way too less compared to the conventional electrolyte analysis with a serum sample.
OBJECTIVE
This study intends to investigate whether values of electrolytes estimated in arterial blood can substitute the routinely practiced method.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The source of data is patients' reports of serum electrolytes and ABG analysis from the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory, CIMS Teaching Hospital, Chamarajanagar between January and June 2021. The electrolytes report of 200 patients from whom both arterial and venous blood samples were sent to the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory on the same day and at the same time for analysis were selected. The data was compiled, compared, and correlated using a suitable statistical tool.
RESULTS
The mean and standard deviation of sodium (135.62 ± 5.20 in venous vs 134.08 ± 8.49 in arterial blood), potassium (4.20 ± 0.64 vs 3.80 ± 0.75), and chloride (102.28 ± 4.99 vs 96.33 ± 8.11) were observed. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot analysis were made there was no agreement between electrolytes analyzed on serum in an autoanalyzer with that of ABG analyzer.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the electrolytes measured by a conventional autoanalyzer on a serum sample cannot be replaced by values analyzed on a blood gas analyzer.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Devaki RN, Kasargod P, Roopa Urs AN, Chandrika N. A Retrospective Database Analysis to Investigate if Electrolytes in Venous Blood are Equivalent to the Levels in Arterial Blood. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(5):442-446.
PubMed: 38738198
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24702 -
PeerJ 2024N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), an agonist of the potassium chloride cotransporters 2 (KCC2) receptor, has been correlated with neurosuppressive outcomes, including decreased...
BACKGROUND
N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), an agonist of the potassium chloride cotransporters 2 (KCC2) receptor, has been correlated with neurosuppressive outcomes, including decreased pain perception and the prevention of epileptic seizures. Nevertheless, its relationship with sleep-inducing effects remains unreported.
OBJECTIVE
The present study aimed to investigate the potential enhancement of NEM on the sleep-inducing properties of alprazolam (Alp).
METHODS
The test of the righting reflex was used to identify the appropriate concentrations of Alp and NEM for inducing sleep-promoting effects in mice. Total sleep duration and sleep quality were evaluated through EEG/EMG analysis. The neural mechanism underlying the sleep-promoting effect was examined through c-fos immunoreactivity in the brain using immunofluorescence. Furthermore, potential CNS-side effects of the combination Alp and NEM were assessed using LABORAS automated home-cage behavioral phenotyping.
RESULTS
Combination administration of Alp (1.84 mg/kg) and NEM (1.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased sleep latency and increased sleep duration in comparison to administering 1.84 mg/kg Alp alone. This effect was characterized by a notable increase in REM duration. The findings from c-fos immunoreactivity indicated that NEM significantly suppressed neuron activation in brain regions associated with wakefulness. Additionally, combination administration of Alp and NEM showed no effects on mouse neural behaviors during automated home cage monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS
This study is the first to propose and demonstrate a combination therapy involving Alp and NEM that not only enhances the hypnotic effect but also mitigates potential CNS side effects, suggesting its potential application in treating insomnia.
Topics: Animals; Alprazolam; Mice; Male; Drug Synergism; Sleep; Electroencephalography; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Brain; Reflex, Righting; Hypnotics and Sedatives
PubMed: 38737745
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17342 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024The current investigation aims to underline the impact of salicylic acid or calcium chloride seed pre-treatments on mineral status and oxidative stress markers, namely...
Salicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride Seed Priming: A Prominent Frontier in Inducing Mineral Nutrition Balance and Antioxidant System Capacity to Enhance the Tolerance of Barley Plants to Salinity.
The current investigation aims to underline the impact of salicylic acid or calcium chloride seed pre-treatments on mineral status and oxidative stress markers, namely levels of electrolyte leakage (EL) and lipid peroxidation levels, measured as thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in roots and leaves of plants in two barley species grown under various salt treatments. Overall, our results revealed that salinity inhibits essential nutrient absorption such as iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium and stimulates the absorption of sodium. Also, this environmental constraint induced oxidative stress in plants in comparison with the control conditions. This state of oxidative stress is reflected by an increase in TBARS content as well as the stimulation of EL values. In addition, salinity induced disturbances in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which were mainly dependent on the applied salt concentration and the species. In addition, maintained high antioxidant enzyme activity and low levels of oxidative stress parameters, which reinforces its salt-tolerant character. Importantly, salicylic acid or calcium chloride seed priming alleviated the mineral imbalance and the oxidative damage induced by salinity. Moreover, seed priming improves iron, calcium magnesium and potassium content and limitsthe accumulation of sodium. Also, both treatments not only decrease TBARS levels and limit EL, but they also stimulate the antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and roots of the stressed plants as compared with stressed plants grown from non-primed seeds. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of the mentioned treatments were more notable on species.
PubMed: 38732483
DOI: 10.3390/plants13091268 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024We modified -symmetric benzene-1,3,5--amide (BTA) by introducing flexible linkers in order to generate an N-centered BTA (N-BTA) molecule. The N-BTA compound formed gels...
We modified -symmetric benzene-1,3,5--amide (BTA) by introducing flexible linkers in order to generate an N-centered BTA (N-BTA) molecule. The N-BTA compound formed gels in alcohols and aqueous mixtures of high-polar solvents. Rheological studies showed that the DMSO/water (1:1, /) gels were mechanically stronger compared to other gels, and a similar trend was observed for thermal stability. Powder X-ray analysis of the xerogel obtained from various aqueous gels revealed that the packing modes of the gelators in these systems were similar. The stimuli-responsive properties of the N-BTA towards sodium/potassium salts indicated that the gel network collapsed in the presence of more nucleophilic anions such as cyanide, fluoride, and chloride salts at the MGC, but the gel network was intact when in contact with nitrate, sulphate, acetate, bromide, and iodide salts, indicating the anion-responsive properties of N-BTA gels. Anion-induced gel formation was observed for less nucleophilic anions below the MGC of N-BTA. The ability of N-BTA gels to act as an adsorbent for hazardous anionic and cationic dyes in water was evaluated. The results indicated that the ethanolic gels of N-BTA successfully absorbed methylene blue and methyl orange dyes from water. This work demonstrates the potential of the N-BTA gelator to act as a stimuli-responsive material and a promising candidate for water purification.
PubMed: 38731640
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092149 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2024Excessive application of mineral fertilizers has accelerated soil acidification in China, affecting crop production when the pH drops below a critical value. However,...
Excessive application of mineral fertilizers has accelerated soil acidification in China, affecting crop production when the pH drops below a critical value. However, the contributions of natural soil acidification, induced by leaching of bicarbonate, and anthropogenic causes of soil acidification, induced by nitrogen (N) transformations and removal of base cations over acid anions, are not well quantified. In this study, we quantified soil acidification rates, in equivalents (eq) of acidity, by assessing the inputs and outputs of all major cations and anions, including calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, ammonium, nitrate, bicarbonate, sulphate, phosphate and chloride, for 13 long-term experimental sites in southern China. The acidification rates strongly varied among fertilizer treatments and with the addition of animal manure. Bicarbonate leaching was the dominant acid production process in calcareous soils (23 keq ha yr) and in non-calcareous paddy soils (9.6 keq ha yr), accounting for 80 % and 68 % of the total acid production rate, respectively. The calcareous soils were strongly buffered, and acidification led no or a limited decline in pH. In contrast, N transformations were the most important driver for soil acidification at one site with upland crops on a non-calcareous soil, accounting for 72 % of total acid production rate of 8.4 keq ha yr. In this soil, the soil pH considerably decreased being accompanied by a substantial decline in exchangeable base cation. Reducing the N surplus decreased the acidification rate with 10 to 54 eq per kg N surplus with the lowest value occurring in paddy soils and the highest in the upland soil. The use of manure, containing base cations, partly mitigated the acidifying impact of N fertilizer inputs and crop removal, but enhanced phosphorus (P) accumulation. Combining mineral fertilizer, manure and lime in integrative management strategies can mitigate soil acidification and minimize N and P losses.
PubMed: 38729375
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172986 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... May 2024Trimeric G proteins transduce signals from a superfamily of receptors and each G protein controls a wide range of cellular and systemic functions. Their highly conserved...
Trimeric G proteins transduce signals from a superfamily of receptors and each G protein controls a wide range of cellular and systemic functions. Their highly conserved alpha subunits fall in five classes, four of which have been well investigated (Gs, Gi, G12, Gq). In contrast, the function of the fifth class, Gv is completely unknown, despite its broad occurrence and evolutionary ancient origin (older than metazoans). Here we show a dynamic presence of Gv mRNA in several organs during early development of zebrafish, including the hatching gland, the pronephros and several cartilage anlagen, employing in situ hybridisation. Next, we generated a Gv frameshift mutation in zebrafish and observed distinct phenotypes such as reduced oviposition, premature hatching and craniofacial abnormalities in bone and cartilage of larval zebrafish. These phenotypes could suggest a disturbance in ionic homeostasis as a common denominator. Indeed, we find reduced levels of calcium, magnesium and potassium in the larvae and changes in expression levels of the sodium potassium pump atp1a1a.5 and the sodium/calcium exchanger ncx1b in larvae and in the adult kidney, a major osmoregulatory organ. Additionally, expression of sodium chloride cotransporter slc12a3 and the anion exchanger slc26a4 is altered in complementary ways in adult kidney. It appears that Gv may modulate ionic homeostasis in zebrafish during development and in adults. Our results constitute the first insight into the function of the fifth class of G alpha proteins.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Homeostasis; Zebrafish Proteins; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits; Larva; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Calcium; Kidney; Magnesium
PubMed: 38727814
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05228-w -
Scientific Reports May 2024Homeostatic plasticity, the ability of neurons to maintain their averaged activity constant around a set point value, is thought to account for the central hyperactivity...
Homeostatic plasticity, the ability of neurons to maintain their averaged activity constant around a set point value, is thought to account for the central hyperactivity after hearing loss. Here, we investigated the putative role of GABAergic neurotransmission in this mechanism after a noise-induced hearing loss larger than 50 dB in high frequencies in guinea pigs. The effect of GABAergic inhibition is linked to the normal functioning of K + -Cl- co-transporter isoform 2 (KCC2) which maintains a low intracellular concentration of chloride. The expression of membrane KCC2 were investigated before and after noise trauma in the ventral and dorsal cochlear nucleus (VCN and DCN, respectively) and in the inferior colliculus (IC). Moreover, the effect of gabazine (GBZ), a GABA antagonist, was also studied on the neural activity in IC. We show that KCC2 is downregulated in VCN, DCN and IC 3 days after noise trauma, and in DCN and IC 30 days after the trauma. As expected, GBZ application in the IC of control animals resulted in an increase of spontaneous and stimulus-evoked activity. In the noise exposed animals, on the other hand, GBZ application decreased the stimulus-evoked activity in IC neurons. The functional implications of these central changes are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Symporters; Guinea Pigs; K Cl- Cotransporters; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Male; Cochlear Nucleus; Pyridazines; Neurons
PubMed: 38724641
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60858-1 -
Cureus Apr 2024The diagnosis of death from potassium chloride (KCl) injection is complex because it is a natural ion, so it is very difficult to trace the exogenous administration of...
The diagnosis of death from potassium chloride (KCl) injection is complex because it is a natural ion, so it is very difficult to trace the exogenous administration of drugs containing potassium. In these cases, it is important to perform a careful cadaver inspection, with the collection of circumstantial data on the scene, and proper autopsy investigations, in order to avoid errors regarding the reconstruction of the cause of death. The aim of this paper is to propose a forensic protocol, including evidence collected from the literature, that could help the medical examiner to perform the correct diagnosis, and also encourage control measures to avoid similar events, especially in nosocomial environments. This is important, especially for health professionals who can easily access drugs containing potassium. For this reason, we need to strengthen control measures of these drugs by proposing a double check in cases of pharmacological use, specifying the volume taken with a double authorization signature and the reasons for the withdrawal.
PubMed: 38716018
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57776 -
Biology Open May 2024Recent research has shown that membrane trafficking plays an important role in canonical Wnt signaling through sequestration of the β-catenin destruction complex inside...
Recent research has shown that membrane trafficking plays an important role in canonical Wnt signaling through sequestration of the β-catenin destruction complex inside multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and lysosomes. In this study, we introduce Ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na,K-ATPase pump that establishes electric potentials across membranes, as a potent inhibitor of Wnt signaling. We find that Na,K-ATPase levels are elevated in advanced colon carcinoma, that this enzyme is elevated in cancer cells with constitutively activated Wnt pathway and is activated by GSK3 inhibitors that increase macropinocytosis. Ouabain blocks macropinocytosis, which is an essential step in Wnt signaling, probably explaining the strong effects of Ouabain on this pathway. In Xenopus embryos, brief Ouabain treatment at the 32-cell stage, critical for the earliest Wnt signal in development-inhibited brains, could be reversed by treatment with Lithium chloride, a Wnt mimic. Inhibiting membrane trafficking may provide a way of targeting Wnt-driven cancers.
Topics: Wnt Signaling Pathway; Pinocytosis; Colonic Neoplasms; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Animals; Humans; Ouabain; Cell Line, Tumor; Xenopus
PubMed: 38713004
DOI: 10.1242/bio.060269