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The Journal of Biological Chemistry May 2024Exenatide, a promising cardioprotective agent, protects against cardiac structural remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Combined blockade of sodium and potassium...
Exenatide, a promising cardioprotective agent, protects against cardiac structural remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. Combined blockade of sodium and potassium channels is valuable for managing atrial fibrillation (AF). Here, we explored whether exenatide displayed anti-AF effects by inhibiting human Kv1.5 and Nav1.5 channels. We used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to investigate the effects of exenatide on hKv1.5 and hNav1.5 channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and studied the effects of exenatide on action potential (AP) and other cardiac ionic currents in rat atrial myocytes. Additionally, an electrical mapping system was used to explore the effects of exenatide on electrical properties and AF activity in isolated rat hearts. Finally, a rat AF model, established using acetylcholine and calcium chloride, was employed to evaluate the anti-AF potential of exenatide in rats. Exenatide reversibly suppressed I with IC of 3.08 μM, preferentially blocked the hKv1.5 channel in its closed state, and positively shifted the voltage-dependent activation curve. Exenatide also reversibly inhibited I with IC of 3.30 μM, negatively shifted the voltage-dependent inactivation curve, and slowed its recovery from inactivation with significant use-dependency at 5 and 10 Hz. Furthermore, exenatide prolonged AP duration and suppressed the sustained K current (I) and transient outward K current (I), but without inhibition of L-type Ca current (I in rat atrial myocytes. Exenatide prevented AF incidence and duration in rat hearts and rats. These findings demonstrate that exenatide inhibits I and Iin vitro and reduces AF susceptibility in isolated rat hearts and rats.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Rats; Action Potentials; Atrial Fibrillation; Exenatide; HEK293 Cells; Kv1.5 Potassium Channel; Myocytes, Cardiac; NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers
PubMed: 38636665
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107294 -
RSC Advances Apr 2024In recent times, there has been considerable interest in utilizing aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) containing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) for the extraction...
Harnessing the power of natural deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride/sucrose) and polypropylene glycol in the formation of aqueous biphasic systems and the application of these systems in drug extraction.
In recent times, there has been considerable interest in utilizing aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) containing natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) for the extraction of various substances. In this study, we focused on investigating the phase behavior of ABSs composed of poly(propylene) glycol 400 and NADESs (specifically, choline chloride/sucrose with molar ratios of 2 : 1 and 1 : 1). By analyzing the compositions of tie-lines, it was observed that these ABSs, which consist of four components, exhibit characteristics similar to ternary systems. To examine the influence of molar ratios on phase separation, the binodal model was applied to the obtained binodal data. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were employed to establish correlations for the tie-lines. Moreover, we examined the extraction capabilities of the aforementioned ABSs for three commonly used drugs: diclofenac potassium, acetaminophen, and salicylic acid. To assess the efficiency of extraction, partition coefficients and extraction efficiencies were calculated for each drug. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency of these drugs into the polymer-rich top phase is dependent on their hydrophobicity. Furthermore, we employed the Diamond-Hsu equation, along with its modified version, to establish correlations between the experimental partition coefficients of the drugs and NADES overall concentrations.
PubMed: 38633497
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07066b -
BMC Plant Biology Apr 2024One of the major problems endangering plant growth and productivity worldwide is salt stress. This study aimed to assess the effects of potassium silicate (KOSi) on the...
One of the major problems endangering plant growth and productivity worldwide is salt stress. This study aimed to assess the effects of potassium silicate (KOSi) on the physical, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) under various levels of salinity stress. The plants were treated with KOSi at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mM and cultivated under different salt stress conditions (0, 80, 160, and 240 mM NaCl). The findings revealed that salt stress led to decreased root and shoot dry weights, Fv/Fm ratio, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, as well as inulin contents. However, foliar exposure to KOSi at all salinity levels resulted in improvements in the measured traits. As salinity levels increased, there was a corresponding increase in the accumulation of sodium ions (Na) and a sharp reduction in potassium ions (K +) in the shoot. Nonetheless, treatment with KOSi caused a decrease in Na + accumulation and an improvement in K content under all salinity levels. Carotenoid content increased under 80 mM salinity stress, but decreased with higher salinity levels. Application of KOSi at all levels resulted in increased carotenoid content under salinity stress conditions. The content of MDA increased significantly with increasing salinity stress, particularly at 240 mM. However, foliar spraying with KOSi significantly decreased MDA content at all salinity levels. Salinity stress up to 160 mM increased the total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents, while 240 mM NaCl decreased the biosynthesis of phytochemicals. Additionally, the use of KOSi increased the content of total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin at all salt levels. Foliar application of KOSi increased the tolerance of chicory plants to salinity stress by reducing MDA and increasing phenolic compounds and potassium content. These results suggest that exogenous KOSi can be a practical strategy to improve the growth and yield of chicory plants exposed to saline environments.
Topics: Cichorium intybus; Chlorophyll A; Potassium; Anthocyanins; Sodium Chloride; Salt Stress; Antioxidants; Ions; Silicates; Phytochemicals; Carotenoids; Phenols; Salinity; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 38627611
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05015-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024Salt is frequently introduced in ecosystems, where it acts as a pollutant. This study examined how changes in salinity affect the survival and development of zebrafish...
Salt is frequently introduced in ecosystems, where it acts as a pollutant. This study examined how changes in salinity affect the survival and development of zebrafish from the two-cell to the blastocyst stage and from the blastocyst to the larval stage. Control zebrafish embryos were cultured in E3 medium containing 5 mM Sodium Chloride (NaCl), 0.17 mM Potassium Chloride (KCL), 0.33 mM Calcium Chloride (CaCl), and 0.33 mM Magnesium Sulfade (MgSO). Experiments were conducted using increasing concentrations of each individual salt at 5×, 10×, 50×, and 100× the concentration found in E3 medium. KCL, CaCl, and MgSO did not result in lethal abnormalities and did not affect early embryo growth at any of the concentrations tested. Concentrations of 50× and 100× NaCl caused embryonic death in both stages of development. Concentrations of 5× and 10× NaCl resulted in uninflated swim bladders in 12% and 65% of larvae, compared to 4.2% of controls, and caused 1654 and 2628 genes to be differentially expressed in blastocysts, respectively. The ATM signaling pathway was affected, and the Sonic Hedgehog pathway genes Shh and Ptc1 implicated in swim bladder development were downregulated. Our findings suggest that increased NaCl concentrations may alter gene expression and cause developmental abnormalities in animals found in affected ecosystems.
Topics: Animals; Hedgehog Proteins; Sodium Chloride; Water; Zebrafish; Calcium Chloride; Ecosystem; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Larva; Perciformes; Gene Expression
PubMed: 38612913
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074104 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024The aim of this study is to promote the application of the excited zeolite powder (ZP)with aeolian sand powder (ASP) in the field of aeolian-sand concrete (ASC)...
The aim of this study is to promote the application of the excited zeolite powder (ZP)with aeolian sand powder (ASP) in the field of aeolian-sand concrete (ASC) production. This study utilises NaOH to treat composite cementitious materials containing aeolian sand and zeolite powders, which were used to replace 50% of the cement in aeolian-sand concrete (ASC). Production of alkali-inspired cement-based windswept concrete(AAZC).The mechanical properties of treated ASC considerably improved, especially when the NaOH dosage was 4% by mass. After curing this sample (denoted as AAZC-4) for 28 d, its compressive strength improved by 17.2%, and its split tensile increased by 16.3%. Potassium feldspar and montmorillonite in zeolite powder and SiO in the sand were decomposed by OH and combined with other elements to generate various silicate gels and A-type potassium zeolite crystals inside the concrete. Microscopic examination showed that the gels and crystals intertwined to fill the pores, decreasing (increasing) the percentage of large (small) pores, thus optimising the pore structure. This substantially improved the mechanical properties of ASC. Freeze-thaw salt-intrusion tests showed that the extent of mass loss, degree of damage and loss of compressive strength of AAZC-4 were similar to those of ordinary concrete but were reduced by 36.8%, 19% and 52.1%, respectively, compared with those of ASC. Therefore, AAZC-4 has a sustainable working performance in chloride-ion permeable environments in cold and arid areas.
PubMed: 38612051
DOI: 10.3390/ma17071537 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of demographic data, fetal imaging findings and urinary analytes were used for predicting poor postnatal renal function in children... (Review)
Review
: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of demographic data, fetal imaging findings and urinary analytes were used for predicting poor postnatal renal function in children with congenital megacystis. : A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE's electronic database from inception to December 2023 using various combinations of keywords such as "luto" [All Fields] OR "lower urinary tract obstruction" [All Fields] OR "urethral valves" [All Fields] OR "megacystis" [All Fields] OR "urethral atresia" [All Fields] OR "megalourethra" [All Fields] AND "prenatal ultrasound" [All Fields] OR "maternal ultrasound" [All Fields] OR "ob-stetric ultrasound" [All Fields] OR "anhydramnios" [All Fields] OR "oligohydramnios" [All Fields] OR "renal echogenicity" [All Fields] OR "biomarkers" [All Fields] OR "fetal urine" [All Fields] OR "amniotic fluid" [All Fields] OR "beta2 microglobulin" [All Fields] OR "osmolarity" [All Fields] OR "proteome" [All Fields] AND "outcomes" [All Fields] OR "prognosis" [All Fields] OR "staging" [All Fields] OR "prognostic factors" [All Fields] OR "predictors" [All Fields] OR "renal function" [All Fields] OR "kidney function" [All Fields] OR "renal failure" [All Fields]. Two reviewers independently selected the articles in which the accuracy of prenatal imaging findings and fetal urinary analytes were evaluated to predict postnatal renal function. : Out of the 727 articles analyzed, 20 met the selection criteria, including 1049 fetuses. Regarding fetal imaging findings, the predictive value of the amniotic fluid was investigated by 15 articles, the renal appearance by 11, bladder findings by 4, and ureteral dilatation by 2. The postnatal renal function showed a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of oligo- or anhydramnion in four studies, with an abnormal echogenic/cystic renal cortical appearance in three studies. Single articles proved the statistical prognostic value of the amniotic fluid index, the renal parenchymal area, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured on fetal diffusion-weighted MRI, and the lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) stage (based on bladder volume at referral and gestational age at the appearance of oligo- or anhydramnios). Regarding the predictive value of fetal urinary analytes, sodium and β2-microglobulin were the two most common urinary analytes investigated (n = 10 articles), followed by calcium (n = 6), chloride (n = 5), urinary osmolarity (n = 4), and total protein (n = 3). Phosphorus, glucose, creatinine, and urea were analyzed by two articles, and ammonium, potassium, N-Acetyl-l3-D-glucosaminidase, and microalbumin were investigated by one article. The majority of the studies (n = 8) failed to prove the prognostic value of fetal urinary analytes. However, two studies showed that a favorable urinary biochemistry profile (made up of sodium < 100 mg/dL; calcium < 8 mg/dL; osmolality < 200 mOsm/L; β2-microglobulin < 4 mg/L; total protein < 20 mg/dL) could predict good postnatal renal outcomes with statistical significance and urinary levels of β2-microglobulin were significantly higher in fetuses that developed an impaired renal function in childhood (10.9 ± 5.0 mg/L vs. 1.3 ± 0.2 mg/L, -value < 0.05). : Several demographic data, fetal imaging parameters, and urinary analytes have been shown to play a role in reliably triaging fetuses with megacystis for the risk of adverse postnatal renal outcomes. We believe that this systematic review can help clinicians for counseling parents on the prognoses of their infants and identifying the selected cases eligible for antenatal intervention.
PubMed: 38611669
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070756 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024The potential of potassium chloride (KCl) to be used as a substitute for sodium chloride (NaCl) was studied by monitoring the effects of salt treatment on thermal...
The potential of potassium chloride (KCl) to be used as a substitute for sodium chloride (NaCl) was studied by monitoring the effects of salt treatment on thermal behavior, aggregation kinetics, rheological properties, and protein conformational changes. The results show that the addition of KCl can improve solubility, reduce turbidity and particle size, and positively influence rheological parameters such as apparent viscosity, consistency coefficient ( value), and fluidity index (). These changes indicate delayed thermal denaturation. In addition, KCl decreased the content of β-sheet and random coil structures and increased the content of α-helix and β-turn structures. The optimal results were obtained with 2% KCl addition, leading to an increase in T up to 85.09 °C. The correlation results showed that T was positively correlated with solubility, α-helix and β-turn but negatively correlated with Δ, turbidity, β-sheet and random coil. Overall, compared to NaCl, 2% KCl is more effective in delaying the thermal aggregation of LWE, and these findings lay a solid theoretical foundation for the study of sodium substitutes in heat-resistant liquid egg products.
PubMed: 38611411
DOI: 10.3390/foods13071107 -
Medicine Apr 2024Gitelman syndrome (GS), also known as familial hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by primary renal desalinization...
RATIONALE
Gitelman syndrome (GS), also known as familial hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by primary renal desalinization caused by impaired reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the distal renal tubules. We report a case of clinical and genetic characteristics of GS accompanied with Graves disease and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-independent adrenocortical adenoma.
PATIENT CONCERNS
The patient is a 45 year old female, was admitted to our hospital, due to a left adrenal gland occupying lesion as the chief complaint.
DIAGNOSIS
The patient was finally diagnosed as GS with Graves disease and adrenocortical adenoma.
INTERVENTIONS
Potassium magnesium aspartate (1788 mg/d, taken orally 3 times a day (supplement a few times a day, intake method, treatment duration). Contains 217.2 mg of potassium and 70.8 mg of magnesium, and potassium chloride (4.5 g/d, taken orally 3 times a day (supplement a few times a day, intake method, and treatment duration); Potassium 2356 mg), spironolactone (20 mg/d, taken orally once a day (supplement a few times a day, intake method, treatment duration). After 3 months of treatment, the patient's blood potassium fluctuated between 3.3-3.6 mmol/L, and blood magnesium fluctuated between 0.5-0.7 mmol/L, indicating a relief of fatigue symptoms.
OUTCOMES
On the day 6 of hospitalization, the symptoms of dizziness, limb fatigue, fatigue and pain were completely relieved on patient. In the follow-up of the following year, no recurrence of the condition was found.
LESSONS
The novel c.1444-10(IVS11)G > A variation may be a splicing mutation. The compound heterozygous mutations of the SLC12A3 gene may be the pathogenic cause of this GS pedigree.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Gitelman Syndrome; Adrenocortical Adenoma; Magnesium; Graves Disease; Fatigue; Potassium; Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3
PubMed: 38608089
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037770 -
Public Health Nutrition Apr 2024Monitoring time trends in salt consumption is important for evaluating the impact of salt reduction initiatives on public health outcomes. There has so far not been...
OBJECTIVE
Monitoring time trends in salt consumption is important for evaluating the impact of salt reduction initiatives on public health outcomes. There has so far not been available data to indicate if salt consumption in Norway has changed during the previous decade. We aimed to assess whether average 24-h salt intake estimated from spot urine samples in the adult population of mid-Norway changed from 2006-2008 to 2017-2019 and to describe variations by sex, age and educational level.
DESIGN
Repeated cross-sectional studies.
SETTING
The population-based Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT).
PARTICIPANTS
In each of two consecutive waves (HUNT3: 2006-2008 and HUNT4: 2017-2019), spot urine samples were collected from 500 men and women aged 25-64 years, in addition to 250 men and women aged 70-79 years in HUNT4. Based on spot urine concentrations of Na, K and creatinine and age, sex and BMI, we estimated 24-h Na intake using the International Cooperative Study on Salt and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) equation for the Northern European region.
RESULTS
Mean (95 % CI) estimated 24-h salt intakes in men were 11·1 (95 % CI 10·8, 11·3) g in HUNT3 and 10·9 (95 % CI 10·6, 11·1) g in HUNT4, = 0·25. Corresponding values in women were 7·7 (95 % CI 7·5, 7·9) g and 7·7 (95 % CI 7·5, 7·9) g, = 0·88. Mean estimated salt intake in HUNT4 decreased with increasing age in women, but not in men, and it did not differ significantly across educational level in either sex.
CONCLUSIONS
Estimated 24-h salt intake in adult men and women in mid-Norway did not change from 2006-2008 to 2017-2019.
Topics: Humans; Male; Norway; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Aged; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary; Potassium; Creatinine
PubMed: 38602104
DOI: 10.1017/S136898002400082X -
Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao = Journal... Mar 2024To investigate the effect of asiaticoside on blood pressure and relaxation of thoracic aorta in rats and explore the underlying mechanism.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of asiaticoside on blood pressure and relaxation of thoracic aorta in rats and explore the underlying mechanism.
METHODS
SD rats treated with 50 and 100 mg/kg asiaticoside by daily gavage for 2 weeks were monitored for systolic blood pressure changes, and histological changes of the thoracic aorta were evaluated using HE staining. In isolated rat endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded thoracic aorta rings, the effects of asiaticoside on relaxation of the aortic rings were tested at baseline and following norepinephrine (NE)- and KCl-induced constriction. The vascular relaxation effect of asiaticoside was further observed in NE-stimulated endothelium-intact rat aortic rings pretreated with L-nitroarginine methyl ester, indomethacin, zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ, tetraethyl ammonium chloride, glibenclamide, barium chloride, Iberiotoxin, 4-aminopyridine, or TASK-1-IN-1. The aortic rings were treated with KCl and NE followed by increasing concentrations of CaCl to investigate the effect of asiaticoside on vasoconstriction induced by external calcium influx and internal calcium release.
RESULTS
Asiaticoside at 50 and 100 mg/kg significantly lowered systolic blood pressure in rats without affecting the thoracic aorta histomorphology. While not obviously affecting resting aortic rings with intact endothelium, asiaticoside at 100 mg/kg induced significant relaxation of the rings constricted by KCl and NE, but its effects differed between endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rings. In endothelium-intact aortic rings pretreated with indomethacin, ZnPP Ⅸ, barium chloride, glyburide, TASK-1-IN-1 and 4-aminopyridine, asiaticoside did not produce significant effect on NE-induced vasoconstriction, and tetraethylammonium, Iberiotoxin and L-nitroarginine methyl ester all inhibited the relaxation effect of asiaticoside. In KCland NE-treated rings, asiaticoside obviously inhibited CaCl-induced vascular contraction.
CONCLUSION
Asiaticoside induces thoracic aorta relaxation by mediating high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel opening, promoting nitric oxide release from endothelial cells and regulating Ca influx and outflow, thereby reducing systolic blood pressure in rats.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Blood Pressure; Vasodilation; Endothelial Cells; Calcium; Calcium Chloride; Nitroarginine; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; 4-Aminopyridine; Indomethacin; Esters; Endothelium, Vascular; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Chlorides; Triterpenes; Barium Compounds
PubMed: 38597444
DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.03.14