-
Current Research in Microbial Sciences 2024Antimicrobial resistance is regarded as a global threat to public health, animals, and the environment, emerging in response to extensive utilization of antimicrobials....
Antimicrobial resistance is regarded as a global threat to public health, animals, and the environment, emerging in response to extensive utilization of antimicrobials. The determinants of antimicrobial resistance are transported to susceptible bacterial populations through genetic recombination or through gene transfer, mediated by bacteriophages, plasmids, transposons, and insertion sequences. To determine the penetration of antimicrobial resistance into the bacterial population of the Thiruvandarkoil Lake, a water body located in the rural settings of Puducherry, India, culture-based microbiological and genomic approaches were used. Resistant bacterial isolates obtained from microbiological screening were subjected to whole genome sequencing and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance were identified using genomic tools. Cephalosporin-resistant isolates were found to produce extended spectrum beta lactamases, encoded by bla (in PS01), bla and 36 mutation (in PS02) and bla, bla, bla and bla in ( PS03). Genes encoding heavy metal resistance, virulence and resistance to detergents were also detected in these resistant isolates. Among ESBL-producing organisms, one -positive was also identified in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first report of carrying bacterium in the environment in India. This study seeks the immediate attention of policy makers, researchers, government officials and environmental activists in India, to develop surveillance programs to monitor the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment.
PubMed: 38274946
DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100216 -
Microorganisms Jan 2024The honey bee is exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors, such as the highly prevalent microsporidian parasite ( and neonicotinoid insecticides. Both can...
The honey bee is exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors, such as the highly prevalent microsporidian parasite ( and neonicotinoid insecticides. Both can affect honey bee physiology and microbial gut communities, eventually reducing its lifespan. They can also have a combined effect on the insect's survival. The use of bacterial probiotics has been proposed to improve honey bee health, but their beneficial effect remains an open question. In the present study, western honey bees were experimentally infected with spores, chronically exposed to the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, and/or supplied daily with the homofermentative bacterium MA18/5M thought to improve the honey bees' tolerance to the parasite. Deep shotgun metagenomic sequencing allowed the response of the gut microbiota to be investigated with a taxonomic resolution at the species level. All treatments induced significant changes in honey bee gut bacterial communities. infection increased the abundance of , , and and reduced the abundance of , , and spp. Supplementation with overturned some of these alterations, bringing back the abundance of some altered species close to the relative abundance found in the controls. Surprisingly, the exposure to thiamethoxam also restored the relative abundance of some species modulated by . This study shows that stressors and probiotics may have an antagonistic impact on honey bee gut bacterial communities and that may have a protective effect against the dysbiosis induced by an infection with
PubMed: 38258019
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010192 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Flomoxef (FMX) may be a potential alternative to carbapenems for dogs infected with Enterobacterales-producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-E). However, the...
Flomoxef (FMX) may be a potential alternative to carbapenems for dogs infected with Enterobacterales-producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL-E). However, the appropriate dosage of FMX in dogs with ESBL-E infections has yet to be established. This study was carried out to establish appropriate treatment regimens for FMX against ESBL-E infections in dogs using a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) approach. Five dogs were intravenously administered at a bolus dose of FMX (40 mg/kg body weight). Serum concentrations of FMX were calculated with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and then applied to determine PK indices based on a non-compartmental model. The cumulative fraction of response (CFR) was estimated based on the dissemination of minimum inhibitory concentrations among wild-type ESBL-E from companion animals. From the results, the dosage regimens of 40 mg/kg every 6 and 8 h were estimated to attain a CFR of >90% for wild-type isolates of ESBL-producing , , and for dogs. By contrast, all regimens had a CFR of <80% for ESBL-producing . Our results indicated that dosage regimens of 40 mg/kg FMX every 6 and 8 h can be a non-carbapenem treatment for canine infections of ESBL-producing , , and , but not for those of ESBL-producing .
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Carbapenems; Enterobacter cloacae; Escherichia coli; Gammaproteobacteria; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteus mirabilis; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 38256182
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021105 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jan 2024Group A Rotaviruses (RVA) is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhoea in infants and children under 5 years of age. Unlike many countries in the world where RVA...
BACKGROUND
Group A Rotaviruses (RVA) is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhoea in infants and children under 5 years of age. Unlike many countries in the world where RVA surveillance/control is active, in Chad , there is currently no applied RVA immunization program and surveillance strategy. The present study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of RVA gastroenteritis among children under five years of age in N'Djamena.
METHOD
This study comprised two parts: (1) A cross-sectional study carried in four hospitals in N'Djamena between August and November 2019, to determine infection risk factors and evidence of RVA infection among children aged five and below, consulted or hospitalized for diarrhea. An ELISA based RVA VP6 protein detection was used to determine RVA infection prevalence. Infection results and sociodemographic data were statistically analysed to determine RVA infection risk factors. (2) A retrospective study that consisted of analysing the records of stool examinations of the period from January 2016 to December 2018, to determine the prevalence of infectious gastroenteritis among the target population.
RESULTS
For the cross-sectional study, RVA infection prevalence was 12.76% (18/141) with males (61.11%) being more affected (sex ratio: 1.57). Children below 12 months were the most affected age group (44.44%) and 44.4% were malnourished. The mean Vesikari score shows that 38.8% of children have a high severity level and 41.1% have a moderate level. For the retrospective study, 2,592 cases of gastroenteritis hospitalization were analysed; 980 out of 2,592 cases (37.81%) of hospitalization due to diarrhoea were due to diarrhoeagenic pathogens including Emtamoeba hystolitica, Gardia lamblia, Trichomonas hominis, Hymenolepis nana, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella oxytoca. Cases of diarrhoea with negative pathogen search were 1,612 cases (62.19%). The diarrhoea peak was observed during the dry seasons, and the age group under 11 months was the most affected was (57.3%).
CONCLUSION
This study describes the evidence of RVA infection among diarrhoeic children below five years of age in N'Djamena, thus indicates a serious health burden. Malnourishment younger age was the higher risk factor. Further studies are needed to determine the circulating strains prior to considering introduction of RVA vaccine and setup a routine rotavirus surveillance in Chad.
Topics: Child; Infant; Male; Humans; Child, Preschool; Rotavirus; Chad; Cross-Sectional Studies; Retrospective Studies; Gastroenteritis; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Malnutrition
PubMed: 38254036
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08647-5 -
The New Microbiologica Jan 2024Gram-negative bacteria are increasingly recognized as the sauce of severe infections. In recent years, epidemiological data has indicated that the drug resistance rate...
Gram-negative bacteria are increasingly recognized as the sauce of severe infections. In recent years, epidemiological data has indicated that the drug resistance rate of Gram-negative bacteria has significantly increased. We analyzed the epidemiological surveillance data of gram-negative bacteria in Shaoxing City in 2021 by retrospectively collecting drug susceptibility data of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Burkholderia cepacian from thirteen tertiary hospitals. A total of 24,142 strains were collected from thirteen hospitals. The isolation rates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, P. mirabilis, E. cloacae, and B. cepacian were 29.25%, 18.83%, 11.03%, 8.43%, 3.80%, 3.12%, and 0.75%, respectively. Among them, 2.86% were carbapenem-resistant E. coli, 12.98% were CRKP, 31.27% were CRPA, and 34.77% were CRAB. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales were more sensitive to ceftazidime-avibactam and polymyxin. The drug resistance rates of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii to polymyxin were 0 and 1.3%, but the resistance rates to ceftazidime-avibactam were 10.5% and 26.0%, respectively. Based on results from epidemiological data, CRKP had a high isolation rate and non-fermenting bacteria had a high resistance rate to ceftazidime-avibactam. All hospitals should strengthen monitoring and enact continuous intervention to reduce the generation and spread of drug-resistant bacteria.
Topics: Humans; Escherichia coli; Retrospective Studies; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Tertiary Care Centers; Carbapenems; Polymyxins
PubMed: 38252044
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the Association of Medical... Sep 2023There is a paucity of studies investigating the population-based epidemiology of (MPP) group infections. Our objective was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and...
BACKGROUND
There is a paucity of studies investigating the population-based epidemiology of (MPP) group infections. Our objective was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of MPP group bloodstream infections (BSI), and explore species-specific differences.
METHODS
Population-based surveillance was conducted in the western interior of British Columbia, Canada, between April 1, 2010 and March 30, 2020.
RESULTS
Sixty-two incident MPP group BSI occurred for an annual incidence of 3.4 per 100,000 residents; rates for , , and species were 0.5, 2.6, and 0.3 per 100,000 population, respectively. The median year of age was 72.5 and was different ( = 0.03) among the groups. Most (92%) MPP group BSIs were of community-onset. Significant differences were observed in the distribution of clinical focus of infection, with most notably 81% of BSI due to genitourinary focus as compared to 60% and 22% for species and , respectively. Comorbid illnesses that increased the risk for development of MPP group BSI (incidence rate ratio; 95% CI) were HIV infection (37.0; 4.4-139.6), dementia (11.5; 6.1-20.7), cancer (6.4; 3.2-11.9), stroke 6.5 (2.8-13.3), and diabetes 2.7 (1.3-5.0). Thirteen, one, and none of the cases with , , and species BSI died within 30 days of index culture for respective all cause case-fatalities of 27%, 11%, and 0% ( = 0.1).
CONCLUSIONS
Although collectively responsible for a substantial burden of illness, the epidemiology of MPP group BSI varies significantly by species.
PubMed: 38250289
DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2022-0038 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024To solve the problem with pan-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative microbes, newly approved drugs such as ceftazidime/avibactam, cefiderocol,...
To solve the problem with pan-drug resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative microbes, newly approved drugs such as ceftazidime/avibactam, cefiderocol, plazomicin, meropenem/vaborbactam, and eravacycline have been introduced in practice. The aim of the present study was to collect carbapenemase-producing clinical isolates, to characterize their carbapenemase genes and clonal relatedness, and to detect their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials and the above-mentioned newly approved antibiotics. Sixty-four carbapenemase producers were collected in a period of one year from four Bulgarian hospitals, mainly including (89% of the isolates) and also single , and isolates. The main genotype was (in 61%), followed by (23%), (7.8%) and (7.8%). Many isolates showed the presence of ESBL ( in 76.6%) and AmpC ( in 37.5% or in 7.8% of isolates). The most common MLST type was ST11 (57.8%), followed by ST340 (12.5%), ST258 (6.3%) and ST101 (6.3%). The isolates were highly resistant to standard-group antibiotics, except they were susceptible to tigecycline (83.1%), colistin (79.7%), fosfomycin (32.8%), and aminoglycosides (20.3-35.9%). Among the newly approved compounds, plazomicin (90.6%) and eravacycline (76.3%) showed the best activity. Susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam and meropenem/vaborbactam was 34.4% and 27.6%, respectively. For cefiderocol, a large discrepancy was observed between the percentages of susceptible isolates according to EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints (37.5%) and those of CLSI (71.8%), detected by the disk diffusion method. This study is the first report to show patterns of susceptibility to five newly approved antibiotics among molecularly characterized isolates in Bulgaria. The data may contribute to both the improvement of treatment of individual patients and the choice of infection control strategy and antibiotic policy.
PubMed: 38247640
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010081 -
Microbiology Spectrum Mar 2024Management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in postmenopausal women can be challenging. The recent rise in resistance to most of the available oral antibiotic options...
UNLABELLED
Management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in postmenopausal women can be challenging. The recent rise in resistance to most of the available oral antibiotic options together with high recurrence rate in postmenopausal women has further complicated treatment of UTI. As such, intravesical instillations of antibiotics like gentamicin are being investigated as an alternative to oral antibiotic therapies. This study evaluates the efficacy of the candidate intravesical therapeutic VesiX, a solution containing the cationic detergent Cetylpyridinium chloride, against a broad range of uropathogenic bacterial species clinically isolated from postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI (rUTI). We also evaluate the cytotoxicity of VesiX against cultured bladder epithelial cells and find that low concentrations of 0.0063% and 0.0125% provide significant bactericidal effect toward diverse bacterial species including uropathogenic (UPEC), , , , and while minimizing cytotoxic effects against cultured 5637 bladder epithelial cells. Lastly, to begin to evaluate the potential utility of using VesiX in combination therapy with existing intravesical therapies for rUTI, we investigate the combined effects of VesiX and the intravesical antibiotic gentamicin. We find that VesiX and gentamicin are not antagonistic and are able to reduce levels of intracellular UPEC in cultured bladder epithelial cells.
IMPORTANCE
When urinary tract infections (UTIs), which affect over 50% of women, become resistant to available antibiotic therapies dangerous complications like kidney infection and lethal sepsis can occur. New therapeutic paradigms are needed to expand our arsenal against these difficult to manage infections. Our study investigates VesiX, a Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-based therapeutic, as a candidate broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent for use in bladder instillation therapy for antibiotic-resistant UTI. CPC is a cationic surfactant that is FDA-approved for use in mouthwashes and is used as a food additive but has not been extensively evaluated as a UTI therapeutic. Our study is the first to investigate its rapid bactericidal kinetics against diverse uropathogenic bacterial species isolated from postmenopausal women with recurrent UTI and host cytotoxicity. We also report that together with the FDA-approved bladder-instillation agent gentamicin, VesiX was able to significantly reduce intracellular populations of uropathogenic bacteria in cultured bladder epithelial cells.
Topics: Humans; Female; Urinary Bladder; Uropathogenic Escherichia coli; Cetylpyridinium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Urinary Tract Infections; Gentamicins; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli Infections
PubMed: 38240572
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02712-23 -
Archives of Razi Institute Aug 2023species (spp.) is considered one of the widely spread pathogens worldwide. spp. can be detected in contaminated water, soil, and manure, aiding the decomposition of...
species (spp.) is considered one of the widely spread pathogens worldwide. spp. can be detected in contaminated water, soil, and manure, aiding the decomposition of organic substances from animals. is a gram-negative bacterium that causes a wide range of human illnesses. This study aimed to find some virulence genes in Proteus spp. from different sources, including the laboratories of government hospitals in Karbala, Al-Hussies, and Al-Muthanna, Iraq. Fifty swab samples were collected from patients' wounds, ears, and sputum. Clinicians collected swab samples for identification. In total, 17 sputum samples, 13 ear samples, and 20 wound samples were collected from 27 (54%) females and 23 (46%) males. The virulence genes and were identified after the genomic diagnosis of spp. Thirteen isolates were identified using the primer, and 16 isolates were identified using the primer. The DNA sequence analysis of and genes revealed that all samples shared 99.52% identity for the gene, whereas the gene differed from one sample to the next. The sequence results are available at the NCBI under the accession numbers (LC661938) and (LC661939), respectively.
Topics: Male; Animals; Female; Humans; Proteus mirabilis; Virulence; Iraq; Proteus
PubMed: 38226368
DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1295 -
Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry 2023The aim of this study was the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm using , and on a biofilm of in a dentinal substrate design. The endodontic...
The aim of this study was the development of a complex multispecies endodontic biofilm using , and on a biofilm of in a dentinal substrate design. The endodontic pathology is a biofilm-mediated infection, and the aim of root canal therapy is to reduce, as much as possible, the bacterial population. Thus, it is important to develop a laboratory endodontic biofilm to test the effect of new irrigation and obturation techniques on reduction of bacterial count. The culture of from ATCC 29212 began with aerobic cultivation on blood agar, followed by transfer to Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth with 5% sucrose. Incubation occurred in a shaker at 37 °C for 24 h, followed by an additional 24-h static phase. After 10 d, , , and Candida albicans were introduced sequentially in three distinct groups. Group 1: the order of addition was , , and ; Group 2: the order was , , and ; and Group 3: , , and After 16 days, the biofilm was carefully extracted, transferred to sterile BHI, and dissected using a sterile needle technique. Subsequently, an optical density test, bacterial counts, and colony enumeration were performed on various agar plates. Group 2 in which was added directly after followed and showed significantly greater total bacterial count than the other two groups.
PubMed: 38204478
DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2281091