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Biotechnologia 2022In recent years, an increase in environmental pollution has been observed due to rapid industrialization, unsafe agricultural practices, and increased human activities...
In recent years, an increase in environmental pollution has been observed due to rapid industrialization, unsafe agricultural practices, and increased human activities on energy reservoirs. The wide use of petroleum hydrocarbon products as energy sources has contaminated the soil and the environment, thereby posing serious threats to all life forms, including humans. This study aimed to investigate the role of poultry droppings and pig dung in enhancing the bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil. Soil samples were collected, processed by air drying and sieving, weighed in experimental bowls (5000 g), and contaminated with 250 ml of diesel. Then, poultry droppings and pig dung were added to the soil samples in different ratios, namely 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 2 : 1. The diesel-contaminated soil sample without treatment served as the control. Thirty days after exposure to the experimental treatment regimes, the total bacterial count and the hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial count of the diesel-contaminated soil ranged from 0.4 × 10 to 2.7×10 CFU/g and from 0.1×10 to 2.1×10 CFU/g, respectively. The total fungal count and the hydrocarbon-utilizing fungi count ranged from 0.6 × 10 to 2.1×10 SFU/g and from 0.2×10 to 1.7×10 SFU/g, respectively. sp., sp., and sp were found to be active degraders. A significant reduction in the total aliphatic hydrocarbon (TAH) content of the diesel-contaminated soil was reported, with remediation approaching 95% in 30 days when the poultry droppings - pig dung mixture was added to the soil. The remediation of diesel-contaminated soils is important for the enhancement of the ecosystem. This study has shown that the use of farm waste such as the poultry droppings - pig dung mixture can enhance the remediation of diesel-contaminated soils.
PubMed: 36685702
DOI: 10.5114/bta.2022.120707 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023This study explores the efficacy of bamboo essential oil (BEO) incorporated at 15 ppm (T1, BEO-I) and 30 ppm (T2, BEO-II) on the overall physicochemical and oxidative...
This study explores the efficacy of bamboo essential oil (BEO) incorporated at 15 ppm (T1, BEO-I) and 30 ppm (T2, BEO-II) on the overall physicochemical and oxidative stability, microbial deterioration, and sensory acceptability of meatballs stored for 20 days under refrigerated conditions. Analysis of various parameters, including physicochemical quality, color (CIE L*, CIE a* and CIE b*), generation of oxidative products (TBARS), microbial growth, and sensory acceptability of meatballs were evaluated at 5-day intervals. In addition, the total phenolics and flavonoid content of BEO were estimated, and fatty acids were determined by Gas chromatography (GC.) To gain insights into the biological activities of the BEO, antioxidant assays were determined in vitro using various methods. The antibacterial activity of BEO was also evaluated against Gram-positive ( and ) and Gram-negative (, Typhimurium, , , and ) bacterial strains. The BEO contained a good quantity of total phenolics and flavonoids. In addition, the oil exhibited very potent antioxidant activity scavenging reactive oxygen and other such species, effectively showing IC at a very minimal concentration. Further, the BEO exhibited a strong antibacterial effect with MICs within 2 µL and MBCs from 5 to 7 µL for Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. At both the concentrations used, BEO did not show any negative effect on the color of cooked meatballs but rather increased the microbiological and oxidative stability during the overall storage period. Meatballs treated with BEO had considerably reduced oxidative changes in terms of TBARS levels compared to the control. The total viable microbial count was lowest in BEO-treated meatballs and the highest in control. Both control and treated meatballs had a desirable flavor and good acceptability. The sensory attributes and aroma of treated meatballs were better and acceptable during the storage study, whereas the control samples were disliked by the panelists on 15th day. From this study, it can be concluded that bamboo essential oil could be used as a benign and non-toxic preservative to improve the quality and shelf life of cooked meatballs stored under refrigerated conditions.
PubMed: 36613438
DOI: 10.3390/foods12010218 -
The Canadian Journal of Infectious... 2022Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for (), particularly in India. This...
Globally, the issue of microbial resistance to medicines and heavy metals is getting worse. There are few reports or data available for (), particularly in India. This investigation intends to reveal the bacteria's ability to transmit genes and their level of resistance as well. The wastewater samples were taken from several hospitals in Lucknow City, India, and examined for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria that were resistant to antibiotics and heavy metals. The microbial population count in different hospital wastewaters decreases with increasing concentrations of metal and antibiotics. Among all the examined metals, Ni and Zn had the highest viable counts, whereas Hg, Cd, and Co had the lowest viable counts. Penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin, among the antibiotics, demonstrated higher viable counts, whereas tetracycline and erythromycin exhibited lower viable counts. The MIC values for the isolates tested ranged from 50 to 16,00 g/ml for each metal tested. The multiple metal resistance (MMR) index, which ranged from 0.04 to 0.50, showed diverse heavy metal resistance patterns in all isolates (in the case of 2-7 metals in various combinations). All of the tested isolates had methicillin resistance, whereas the least number of isolates had ofloxacin, gentamycin, or neomycin resistance. The isolates displayed multidrug resistance patterns (2-12 drugs) in various antibiotic combinations. The MAR indexes were shown to be between (0.02-0.7). From the total isolates, 98%, 84%, and 80% had urease, gelatinase, and amylase activity, whereas 68% and 56% displayed protease and beta-lactamase activity. Plasmids were present in all the selected resistant isolates and varied in size from 42.5 to 57.0 kb and molecular weight from 27.2 to 37.0 MD. The transmission of the antibiotic/metal resistance genes was evaluated between a total of 7 pairs of isolates. A higher transfer frequency (4.4 × 10) was observed among antibiotics, although a lower transfer frequency (1.0 × 10) was observed against metals in both the media from the entire site tested. According to exponential decay, the population of hospital wastewater declined in the following order across all sites: Site II > Site IV > Site III > Site I for antibiotics and site IV > site II > site I >site III for metal. Different metal and antibiotic concentrations have varying effects on the population. The metal-tolerant from hospital wastewater was studied in the current study had multiple distinct patterns of antibiotic resistance. It could provide cutting-edge methods for treating infectious diseases, which are essential for managing and assessing the risks associated with hospital wastewater, especially in the case of .
PubMed: 36523753
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3399137 -
ACS Omega Dec 2022Synthesis of dimeric nitro-substituted imidazolium salts under the conventional/solvent-free method is reported. The solvent-free method is more important than the...
Synthesis of dimeric nitro-substituted imidazolium salts under the conventional/solvent-free method is reported. The solvent-free method is more important than the conventional one because of its shorter reaction time, higher yield from easily available starting material, environmental safety, and so forth. Counter anion exchange is carried out using inorganic salt, which is dissolved in deionized water at room temperature. In antibacterial studies, dimeric nitro-substituted imidazolium cations with bromide counter anions showed excellent inhibition against and bacteria. These experimental results were further supported by molecular docking studies. All the compounds () () showed excellent antibacterial activity than the standard drugs (gentamycin, nalidixic acid, oflaxacin, ciproflaxacin, and amikacin). Molecular docking studies showed strong hydrogen bonding, polar and hydrophobic interactions between the dimeric imidazolium salts, and /// receptors.
PubMed: 36506216
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06833 -
ACS Omega Nov 2022A Schiff base bearing two methyl substituents, namely, 6,6'-((1,1')-((2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl) bis(azanylylidene)) bis(methanylylidene)) bis(2-methylphenol)...
A Schiff base bearing two methyl substituents, namely, 6,6'-((1,1')-((2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl) bis(azanylylidene)) bis(methanylylidene)) bis(2-methylphenol) [HAD1Me] was synthesized and characterized through physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. Then, the Schiff base was complexed with Pd(II) and Ni(II) to form [Pd(AD1Me)] and [Ni(AD1Me)], respectively. Both metal complexes were successfully obtained and characterized through several analyses, ., melting point, elemental analysis, molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, FTIR, H NMR, UV-vis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. A quantitative analysis of the intermolecular interactions in the crystal structures has been performed using Hirshfeld surface analysis. Both metal complexes were crystallized in a monoclinic crystal system with the space group of 2/. Additionally, the deprotonated phenolic oxygen atom (O1/O2) and azomethine nitrogen atom (N1/N2) of the ligand chelate the Pd(II) and Ni(II) ions, forming a slightly distorted square-planar complex containing three six-membered rings encircling the metal core with dsp hybridization. The shift of ν(C=N) to a higher frequency in FTIR by 26-28 cm indicated that the complexation to Pd(II) and Ni(II) through the azomethine N was established. It was further supported through the shifting of the azomethine proton signal to higher or lower chemical shifts with Δδ = 0.43-1.15 ppm in H NMR. In addition, the shifting of the n-π*(C=N) band in UV-vis spectra with Δλ = 24-40 nm indicated the involvement of azomethine nitrogen in the complexation. All the compounds showed no significant antibacterial activity against three bacterial strains, namely, subsp. Rosenbach (ATCC 6538), Clarke (ATCC 700,610), and (ATCC 6380), as the percent growth inhibition calculated was less than 90%.
PubMed: 36467908
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04688 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Naphthoquinones are an important class of natural organic compounds that have antimicrobial effects. However, the mechanisms of their action remain to be elucidated....
Naphthoquinones are an important class of natural organic compounds that have antimicrobial effects. However, the mechanisms of their action remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of the chemically synthesized naphthoquinone derivative, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, was investigated in this study against 10 different microorganisms. Its inhibitory activity was evident against Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, and Candida albicans, and its MIC50 values were determined to be 14, 10, 6, 2, 4, 1.2, and <0.6 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the crystal violet uptake, TTC dehydrogenase activity, protein/DNA leakage, and DNA damage of the compound in these microorganisms were also investigated to reveal the antimicrobial mechanisms. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to detect physiological damage to the cell membrane of S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and C. albicans, which was most severe in the crystal violet uptake assay. The overall results showed that 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone exhibited its effects on S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans by various mechanisms, especially membrane damage and membrane integrity disruption. It also caused DNA leakage and damage along with respiratory chain disruption (78%) in C. albicans. Similarly, it caused varying degrees of reduction in the respiratory activity of S. aureus (47%), S. epidermidis (16%), B. cereus (12%), S. enteritidis (9%), and P. vulgaris (8%). Therefore, 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone proved to be a very effective antifungal and antibacterial agent and could be considered a new potential drug candidate, inspiring further discoveries in these microorganisms.
PubMed: 36358192
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111537 -
Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against (). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared...
The objective of the study was to develop a transdermal nanoformulation of hesperidin (HSP) against (). Based on the low water solubility of HSP, we prepared HSP-enabled AuNPs stabilized with xanthan gum (XA), referred to as HSP@XA@AuNPs. The HSP@XA@AuNP formulation was evaluated for particle size (43.16 nm), PDI (0.565), zeta potential (-31.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (56.7%). The HSP@XA@AuNPs gel was developed by incorporating selected formulation grades into a 1% Carbopol gel base and characterized by physical evaluation and rheological studies. The color of the HSP@XA@AuNP gel was light pink, and the texture was very smooth and non-greasy. The gel was shown to be odorless. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape of HSP@XA@AuNPs further. The drug release was 73.08% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs and 86.26% for the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel in 500 min. The prepared gel showed antimicrobial activity against with an MIC of 1.78 μg/mL. In conclusion, the HSP@XA@AuNPs gel could be an advanced modality for treating .
PubMed: 36286156
DOI: 10.3390/gels8100655 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2022This study investigated the prevalence, antibiogram, virulence, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and non-β-lactam encoding genes of species isolated from...
This study investigated the prevalence, antibiogram, virulence, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and non-β-lactam encoding genes of species isolated from infected dogs in Ismailia province, Egypt. The study was conducted on 70 fecal swabs collected from dogs with diarrhea for bacteriological identification of spp The positive isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility, molecular tests of virulence, ESBLs, and non-β-lactam encoding genes. Prevalence of spp. was 35.7% (25/70), including ( = 23) and ( = 2). The spp prevalence revealed diversity, higher in males than females, in ages < 12 weeks. Investigation of antimicrobial resistance was found against penicillin and amoxicillin (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (32%), cephalosporins: cefotaxime and ceftazidime (36%), and monobactam: aztreonam (28%) as ESBLs, in addition to tetracycline (32%) and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (100%). The strains retrieved by PCR revealed C, A, and A virulence genes with variant prevalence as 92%, 60%, and 52%, respectively. In addition, the recovered strains contained ESBL genes with a dramatic variable prevalence of 100%, 92%, 36%, and 32%, to , , , and , respectively, and non β-lactam encoding genes with a prevalence of 100%, 48%, 44%, 20%, and 12%, to 1, A, I1, A, and A1. Moreover, 28% (7/25) of recovering strains were MDR (multidrug-resistant) up to four classes of antimicrobials, and 48% (12/25) of the examined strains were MDR up to three antimicrobial classes. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, our study could be the first report recording MDR spp. in dogs in Egypt.
PubMed: 36276974
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.952689 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022α-Keto acids are important raw materials for pharmaceuticals and functional foods, which could be produced from cheap feed stock by whole cell biocatalysts containing...
α-Keto acids are important raw materials for pharmaceuticals and functional foods, which could be produced from cheap feed stock by whole cell biocatalysts containing L-amino acid deaminases (L-AADs). However, the production capacity is limited by the low activity of L-AADs. The L-AAD mediated redox reaction employs the electron transport chain to transfer electrons from the reduced FADH to O, implying that the interaction between L-AAD and the cell membrane affects its catalytic activity. To improve the catalytic activity of L-AAD from , we redesigned the membrane-bound hydrophobic insertion sequences (INS, residues 325-375) by saturation mutagenesis and high-throughput screening. Mutants D340N and L363N exhibited higher affinity and catalytic efficiency for L-leucine, with half-life 1.62-fold and 1.28-fold longer than that of wild-type L-AAD. D340N catalyzed L-leucine to produce 81.21 g⋅L α-ketoisocaproate, with a bioconversion rate of 89.06%, which was 17.57% higher than that of the wild-type. It is predicted that the mutations enhanced the interaction between the protein and the cell membrane.
PubMed: 36246292
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025845 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as active pharmaceutical ingredients because of their excellent antibacterial and biological activities. Herein, we used the...
Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as active pharmaceutical ingredients because of their excellent antibacterial and biological activities. Herein, we used the green-chemistry-synthesis procedure, also known as the metathesis method, to develop three series of ionic liquids using 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium, butyl pyridinium, and diethyldibutylammonium as cations, and bromide (Br), methanesulfonate (CHSO), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf), dichloroacetate (CHClCO), tetrafluoroborate (BF), and hydrogen sulfate (HSO) as anions. Spectroscopic methods were used to validate the structures of the lab-synthesized ILs. We performed an agar well diffusion assay by using pathogenic bacteria that cause various infections (; ; ; ; ; ; ) to scrutinize the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ILs. It was established that the nature and unique combination of the cations and anions were responsible for the antibacterial activity of the ILs. Among the tested ionic liquids, the imidazolium cation and NTf and HSO anions exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The antibacterial potential was further investigated by in silico studies, and it was observed that bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf) containing imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids showed the maximum inhibition against the targeted bacterial strains and could be utilized in antibiotics. These antibacterial activities float the ILs as a promising alternative to the existing antibiotics and antiseptics.
Topics: Agar; Ammonium Compounds; Anions; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bromides; Carbon Dioxide; Cations; Escherichia coli; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; Hydrogen; Imidazoles; Imides; Ionic Liquids; Mesylates; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sulfates
PubMed: 36235187
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196650