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An external focus promotes motor learning of an aiming task in individuals with hearing impairments.European Journal of Sport Science Jun 2024Research has shown that external relative to internal focus (IF) instructions may improve motor performance as well as cognitive function (e.g., attentional stability...
Research has shown that external relative to internal focus (IF) instructions may improve motor performance as well as cognitive function (e.g., attentional stability and task-focus). The aim of the study was to examine the influence of attentional focus instructions on skill acquisition and learning of an aiming task in individuals with hearing impairments. The participants (N = 39, Mage = 17.87 ± 1.88 years) performed a bowling task with their dominant hand to knock down as many pins as possible. On day 1, they were randomly divided into three attentional focus groups; IF (focus on your throwing hand), external focus (EF) (focus on the pins), and control (no-focus) instructions. Each participant performed 36 trials, divided into 3 blocks of 12 trials. Attentional focus instructions were given before each block, with a brief reminder provided after each 3 trials. On day 2, retention and transfer (further distance) tests were performed. Results showed that while there were no significant differences between groups in the pre-test, the EF group outperformed both IF and control groups in retention and transfer tests. No significant difference was found between the control and IF. The findings suggest that the advantages of the external relative to the IF and no-focus instructions may generalize to individuals with hearing impairments.
PubMed: 38940066
DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12157 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2024
Review
Topics: Humans; Cocaine-Related Disorders; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Cocaine; Animals; Yin-Yang
PubMed: 38940056
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2906215 -
Journal of Global Health Jun 2024Emotion-oriented approaches have demonstrated effectiveness in the care of the elderly. However, related studies have reported conflicting results. We aimed to explore... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Emotion-oriented approaches have demonstrated effectiveness in the care of the elderly. However, related studies have reported conflicting results. We aimed to explore the pooled effect of emotion-oriented approaches on the psychological outcomes and cognitive function of older adults through a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
METHODS
We searched eight databases - CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science - for RCTs from inception to 11 January 2024. Participants aged 60 years or older who received emotion-oriented approaches as the intervention, and reported outcomes of interest in the studies were included. The primary outcome was psychological outcomes (depression, self-esteem, life satisfaction and loneliness), and the secondary outcome was global cognitive function. The pooled effect size was computed in comprehensive meta-analysis 3.0 software using Hedges' g (g) with random-effects model. Furthermore, heterogeneity was assessed through Cochrane's Q and I tests. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. To explore potential sources of heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted.
RESULTS
We included 37 RCTs and found that emotion-oriented approaches improve depression (g = -0.82, 95% CI = -1.08, -0.56), self-esteem (g = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.31, 1.64), life satisfaction (g = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.37, 0.88), loneliness (g = -2.22, 95% CI = -3.80, -0.64) and global cognitive function (g = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.49) in older adults. We also observed significant follow-up effects on depression (g = -1.40, 95% CI = -2.45, -0.34) and loneliness (g = -3.48, 95% CI = 6.02, -0.94).
CONCLUSIONS
Emotion-oriented approaches are promising interventions in improving psychological outcomes and global cognitive function in older adults. Health care workers should receive training to promote and integrate emotion-oriented approaches into routine care of older adults emphasising the importance of collaborative efforts among health care professionals and caregivers to ensure holistic care delivery.
Topics: Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Aged; Cognition; Emotions; Depression; Middle Aged; Loneliness; Self Concept; Aged, 80 and over; Personal Satisfaction
PubMed: 38939961
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.14.04123 -
JACC. Advances Jan 2024Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased rates of incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women.
BACKGROUND
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased rates of incident ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine mechanisms of the PTSD-IHD association in women.
METHODS
In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study, data were obtained from electronic health records of all U.S. women veterans who were enrolled in Veterans Health Administration care from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2017. Propensity score matching was used to match women with PTSD to women without PTSD on age, number of prior Veterans Health Administration visits, and presence of various traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors at index visit. Cox regression was used to model time until incident IHD diagnosis (ie, coronary artery disease, angina, or myocardial infarction) as a function of PTSD and potential mediating risk factors. Diagnoses of IHD, PTSD, and risk factors were defined by International Classification of Diseases-9th or -10th Revision, and/or Current Procedural Terminology codes.
RESULTS
PTSD was associated with elevated rates of developing each risk factor. Traditional risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes) accounted for 24.2% of the PTSD-IHD association, psychiatric risk factors (eg, depression, anxiety, substance use disorders) accounted for 33.8% of the association, and all 13 risk factors accounted for 48.5% of the association.
CONCLUSIONS
Traditional IHD risk factors explained a quarter of the PTSD-IHD association in women veterans, and over half of the risk of IHD associated with PTSD remained unexplained even when adjusting for a wide range of risk factors. To be actionable, factors underlying the remaining PTSD-IHD association warrant timely investigation.
PubMed: 38939802
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100744 -
JACC. Advances Apr 2024Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is on the rise globally and, along with mental health conditions, will represent the largest public health burden, especially in a world... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is on the rise globally and, along with mental health conditions, will represent the largest public health burden, especially in a world impacted by climate change. Behavior, psychological mechanisms, and CVD are closely correlated. Evidence-based psychological interventions targeting behavior and psychological mechanisms exist across the CVD spectrum. This statement proposes the development of a subspecialty "cardiovascular psychology" to develop integrated pathways of behavioral care delivered to CVD populations. Scope of practice is discussed as it relates to diagnosing and treating comorbid health disorders, behavioral change interventions, pain management, lifestyle and wellbeing, neuropsychological assessment, and cognitive rehabilitation. An agenda on reforms for financials, training pathways, and diversification of the workforce is presented. Finally, normalizing the integration of behavioral health as part of CVD treatment is a shared responsibility across professional organizations and the community to realize value-based CVD care.
PubMed: 38939655
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100910 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) lag behind younger children and adults in the achievement of HIV care and treatment targets for HIV epidemic control. Treatment...
BACKGROUND
Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) lag behind younger children and adults in the achievement of HIV care and treatment targets for HIV epidemic control. Treatment outcomes for adolescents may be influenced by their experiences with the support provided in HIV programs. We report on the experiences of virally unsuppressed adolescents and their caregivers with the current support in primary healthcare settings in Namibia.
METHODS
A qualitative descriptive and exploratory study was conducted in 13 public primary healthcare facilities in Windhoek, Namibia. A total of 25 in-depth interviews were conducted with unsuppressed adolescents ( = 14) and their caregivers ( = 11) between August and September 2023. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim, and uploaded into ATLAS.ti software, and subjected to thematic content analysis.
FINDINGS
Three main support domains for the unsuppressed adolescents emerged from our analysis, namely: psychosocial, clinical and care, and socioeconomic support. The psychosocial support was delivered through peer support (teen clubs and treatment supporters) and enhanced adherence counselling mostly. The clinical and care support included implementing adolescent-friendly HIV services, differentiated service delivery approaches, and caregivers and healthcare worker care support for improved ART adherence, clinic attendance and continuous engagement in care. Socioeconomic support was provided for nutritional support, transport to access clinics, and school supplies, as well as income-generating projects.
CONCLUSION
Psychosocial, clinical and care, and socioeconomic support are key elements in addressing the needs of adolescents challenged with achieving viral suppression. Health systems may benefit from whole-of-society and whole-of-government approaches to meet the needs of ALHIV that are beyond the scope of health service delivery such as nutritional, education and socioeconomic influences on both the health and well-being of ALHIV.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Namibia; Qualitative Research; Caregivers; Male; HIV Infections; Female; Social Support; Adult; Interviews as Topic; Young Adult
PubMed: 38939569
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1380027 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024This study aims to assess the extent of social alienation in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and examine how personal mastery and perceived social support...
AIM
This study aims to assess the extent of social alienation in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and examine how personal mastery and perceived social support mediate the association between emotional intelligence and social alienation in this patient population.
METHODS
This study adopts a cross-sectional survey design. A total of 192 patients were recruited from a tertiary hospital located in Henan Province, China, using a convenience sampling method. We have developed a structural equation model to investigate the mediating influence of personal mastery and perceived social support on the emotional intelligence and social alienation of patients undergoing Peritoneal dialysis.
RESULTS
Peritoneal patients exhibited an social alienation score of 42.01 ± 3.15. Elevated EI levels (coefficient = -0.616, < 0.001) were significantly correlated with reduced social alienation. The mediation model demonstrated that personal mastery and perceived social support fully mediated the impact of emotional intelligence on social alienation.
CONCLUSION
The social alienation of peritoneal dialysis patients is serious, and healthcare professionals should pay attention to patients' social alienation, improve patients' emotional intelligence through relevant interventions, increase personal mastery and perceived social support, and finally reduce social alienation.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Peritoneal Dialysis; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Social Support; China; Emotional Intelligence; Adult; Surveys and Questionnaires; Aged
PubMed: 38939568
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1392224 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what...
BACKGROUND
During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health teams tried several approaches to circulate accurate health information and engage with community members to understand what they need from public health services. Two such approaches were community champions and community participatory action research (CPAR). This study evaluates two champion programmes and a CPAR programme in terms of what worked, for whom, and in what contexts, including the funding and resourcing associated with implementation.
METHODS
Between June 2022 and June 2023, a realist evaluation of three distinct case studies (COVID-19 champions, Vaccine Champions, and CPAR programmes) in the city of Southampton in England was conducted in three stages: development of initial programme theories and collection of additional contextual information, including funding and resources associated with delivering each programme; initial programme theory testing; synthesis of final programme theories. Data was collected primarily through semi-structured interviews ( = 29) across programme and training leads, voluntary services, community organisations, volunteers, and local community members, and one focus group with local community members ( = 8).
RESULTS
The City Council used £642 k from two funding awards to deliver the programmes: COVID-19 Champions £41 k; Vaccine Champions £485 k; and CPAR programmes £115 k. Twenty-eight initial programme theories were generated, which were "tested" to support, refine, or refute context-mechanism-outcome relationships, resulting finally in a set of 22 programme theories across the three programmes. Six demi-regularities were generated, each featuring in multiple programme theories, and providing data on how and why these programmes can work, and in which contexts: (1) building trust through community connections; (2) fostering relationships and collaboration; (3) provision of training and resources; (4) local community knowledge and expertise; (5) community representation and leadership; (6) appropriate communication and information sharing.
CONCLUSION
This study provides new knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting the implementation of community champion and CPAR approaches during public health emergencies. These findings suggest that representation and involvement of community members, establishing and building on trust, adequate training and resources, and clear communication from trusted community members and organisations are catalysts for meaningful engagement with communities. Research Registry identifier: researchregistry8094.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; England; Community-Based Participatory Research; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Program Evaluation; Public Health; Focus Groups
PubMed: 38939557
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1355944 -
International Journal of Public Health 2024When adverse events (AE) occur, there are different consequences for healthcare professionals. The environment in which professionals work can influence the experience....
OBJECTIVES
When adverse events (AE) occur, there are different consequences for healthcare professionals. The environment in which professionals work can influence the experience. This study aims to explore the experiences of second victims (SV) among health professionals in Argentina.
METHODS
A phenomenological study was used with in-depth interviews with healthcare professionals. Audio recordings and verbatim transcriptions were analyzed independently for themes, subthemes, and codes.
RESULTS
Three main themes emerged from the analysis: navigating the experience, the environment, and the turning point. Subthemes were identified for navigating the experience to describe the process: receiving the impact, transition, and taking action.
CONCLUSION
SVs undergo a process after an AE. The environment is part of this experience. It is a turning point in SVs' professional and personal lives. Improving the psychological safety (PS) environment is essential for ensuring the safety of SVs.
Topics: Humans; Qualitative Research; Argentina; Female; Male; Health Personnel; Adult; Interviews as Topic; Middle Aged; Workplace
PubMed: 38939516
DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1607399 -
International Journal of Public Health 2024Acknowledging peer support as the cornerstone in mitigating the psychosocial burden arising from the second victim phenomenon, this study assesses the economic benefits...
OBJECTIVES
Acknowledging peer support as the cornerstone in mitigating the psychosocial burden arising from the second victim phenomenon, this study assesses the economic benefits of a Peer Support Program (PSP), compared to data of the Resilience In Stressful Events (RISE) program in the US, within the acute inpatient care sector in Germany.
METHODS
Employing a Markov model, this economic evaluation analyzes the cost benefits, including sick day and dropout costs, over a 1-year period, comparing scenarios with and without the Peer Support Program from a hospital perspective. The costs were calculated as an example based on a hospital with 1,000 employees. The estimations are considered conservative.
RESULTS
The anticipated outcomes demonstrate an average cost saving of €6,672 per healthcare worker participating in the Peer Support Program, leading to an annual budgetary impact of approximately €6,67 Mio. for the studied hospital.
CONCLUSION
The integration of a PSP proves economically advantageous for German hospitals, not only preserving financial resources but also reducing absenteeism, and mitigating turnover, thereby enhancing overall patient care.
Topics: Humans; Germany; Peer Group; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Social Support; Markov Chains; Absenteeism
PubMed: 38939515
DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1607218